Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India

Vol. 43 NO. 2, 2023, 300–316

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2023.43.02.4

Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its

Impact on Regional Development: A Case Study of
Bhojpur District, Bihar
Fouzia Rahman1 and Sanjay Kumar2

Abstract
The medium of transportation facilitates the movement of people, products, and services. It
has consistently played a significant role in the expansion of urbanization, industry, and
modernization. It has been shown that effective transportation systems are crucial for
fostering social cohesion and economic prosperity in a region. India has some rural and
urban regions with strong transportation connectivity, but many villages lack well-
organized and efficient transportation systems. The present work covers the district's
regional development in connection to road connectivity, its development, and the level of
transportation. For showing road network connectivity, the Graph Theory has been used
and the level of transport development has been examined by using aggregate transport
score (ATS). The level of regional development has been demonstrated using the composite
index, which normalizes various socioeconomic factors. Using georeferencing and
digitizing, software like ArcGIS facilitates network analysis, processing of spatial data, and
the creation of maps. Road transportation was discovered to have a positive relationship
with regional development in the district.
Keywords: Road Connectivity, Transport Development, ATS, Composite Index, Regional
Development.

Introduction
The geographical approach of the socioeconomic, industrial, and settlement
framework that facilitates the development of the transportation network is explained by

1. Assistant Professor, P.G Department of Geography Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara.
Email: [email protected]
2. Associate Professor, P.G. Department of Geography, Maharaja College Veer Kunwar Singh
University. Email: [email protected]
Received on 10.01.2022; Accepted on 07.05.2023.

ISSN 0970-972X
©2023 Prof. S. C. Rai
http//www.printspublications.com
 Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its Impact on Regional Development…. 301

transportation geography (Hoyle, 1973). An efficient transportation system determines

any kind of development, whether it is social, economic, or cultural (Singh, 1971). For an
area to flourish, transportation must be available as a production input (Finch and
Trewartha, 1949). Road Transportation its accessibility and efficiency influence the growth
of a region (Shukla, 1992). In addition to addressing people's needs, it inspires human
resources to pursue further development. Road Transportation plays an important role in
the physical transformation of the surface as well as the quantity and capabilities of the
human population (Bruhnes and Zeydel, 1925). The socioeconomic environment and
standard of living are strengthened by road transportation. Even though there are decent
road connectivity in Indian cities and its rural areas, many villages still don't have access
to good transportation system. Therefore, planners and policymakers must monitor the
development of transportation in these areas.
The district, which is situated in a historically significant region of western Bihar, can
develop independently with the aid of widely accessible resources including water, fertile
soil, and primarily flat terrain. Although the neighborhood is relatively near to the state
capital, it has not yet achieved that stage of development. The primary cause is that
transportation infrastructure, both inside and between the areas, is less developed. Only a
small number of areas have been developed such as the district headquarters or the area
around it. The district of Bhojpur has a significant position in the state due to its proximity
to two significant rivers, the Ganga and the Sone, as well as it shares a state boundary with
Uttar Pradesh. The district has relatively little intra- and inter-regional industrial and
commercial activity because of a lack of transportation infrastructure. The development of
the agricultural and industrial sectors is neither uniform nor equal. The expansion of the
transport infrastructure is necessary for the overall growth of all blocks of the districts. It
decreases regional imbalance and facilitates the transition between highly developed and
less developed regions. The main objectives of this study is (i) to examine the contribution
of road transportation to the development of the Bhojpur District, (ii) to evaluate the spatial
structure of the road transport network and (iii) to determine the correlation between road
transportation and regional development.

Study Area
The district of Bhojpur has been chosen as the study area for the present work. The
geographical extent of the study area is 25°10'N to 25°40'N latitude and 83°45'E to 84°45'E
longitude (Fig. 1). The district covers 2395 sq. km area in total. According to census 2011,
the district has a total population of 2728407 people and a population density of 1139
people per sq. km. There are 14 blocks in the district, 997 inhabited villages, and 6 statutory
towns. The transportation facility serves 64.79% of the district's population. Pucca Road is
accessible to 81.81% of the population. The district roads are maintained by RCD, PWD,
REO, Zila Parishad, and the municipality.

Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India

302 Fouzia Rahman and Sanjay Kumar

Fig. 1: Location of Study Area, Bhojpur District.

Source: Census of India, 2011

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 Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its Impact on Regional Development…. 303

Materials and Methods

Data Sources
The present work is based on secondary sources. Data has been collected from the
District Census Handbook 2011, Road Construction Department, Govt. of Bihar and
Bhojpur district and Zila Parishad office, Bhojpur district.

Methodology
The present study is based on quantitative as well as qualitative methods. The
methodology utilized in this study focuses on the collection of data on existing road
networks and their impact on regional development. Vertices and edges have been
determined for developing the road network graph. Settlements with more than a
thousand populations have been referred to as vertices or nodes. The National Highway,
State Highway, Major District Road, Mettled Road and Village Roads have been
considered when forming edges or arcs in ArcGIS 10.7.1. Choropleth maps have been
created using geo-referencing and digitization with ArcGIS 10.7.1. The following methods
are used to analyze the present study:

Road Density
Road density is calculated by dividing the total road length by the total area of the
blocks in the district (equation 1).
Total Road Length
Road Density = (1)
Total Area

Network Connectivity
The Graph Theory has been utilized along with different indices to analyze the
connectivity of the road network. There are three indices of graph theory have been used
in the present study such as, Alpha (α), Beta (β), and Gamma () index.
Alpha Index: Equation 2 may be used to express the alpha index
e  v +1
Alpha Index (α) = (2)
2v  5
Where, e = Number of edges
V = Number of nodes (Vertices)
Beta Index: Equation 3 may be used to express to define of the beta index.
e
Beta Index (β) = (3)
v
Where e = Number of Edges
V = Number of Nodes (Vertices)
Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India
304 Fouzia Rahman and Sanjay Kumar

Gamma Index: The formula below may be used to calculate the gamma index
(equation 4).
e
Gamma Index () = (4)
3 ( v  2)
Where e = Number of Edges
V = Number of Nodes (Vertices)

Level of Transport Development

 Aggregate Transport Score (ATS) has been utilized for determining the level of
transport development in the study area.

Level of Regional Development

 Ten socioeconomic indicators are taken into account while analyzing the regional
development in the research area.
 The Composite Index of Development has been utilized to assess the level of
regional development in the Bhojpur district. It was calculated in two steps, first
determining the blocks' level of development in terms of a discrete variable, then
integrating the results to produce a composite development index that takes the
entire variable into account. The co-efficient of a block in terms of a single variable
is expressed as per equation 5.
P
CDI = i  100 (5)
PI
Where, CDI = The coefficient of development for variable i
Pi = Percentage of variable i, in the real areal unit.
PI = Mean Percentage of variable i, in study region.
By integrating the development indices, we get the composite index of development
by equation 6:
CDI1 + CDI 2 + CDI 3 ........ CDIn
CID = (6)
N
Where, CID = Composite index of development
N = Number of Variables.
By superimposing the map of regional development with the map of transport
development, a bi-variant map has been created.
 To illustrate the relationship between transport development and regional
development, a matrix table has also been created.

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 Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its Impact on Regional Development…. 305

Road Network and Road Density

The district has a variety of roadways, including national highway, state highway,
major district roads, and minor village roads. Two national highways (NH-30 and NH-84)
and two state highways (SH-12, and SH-102) serve the district as shown in Figure 2. NH
84 is the link road between Patna to Buxar via Ara and NH 30 connects Patna to Bikramganj
via Ara. SH 12 also known as Ara- Sasaram road and SH 102 known as Behea – Piro road
as shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Road Network, Bhojpur District 2011

Source: Road Construction Department Govt. of Bihar & census of India, 2011

Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India

306 Fouzia Rahman and Sanjay Kumar

The road networks in the district broadly have been divided into two categories,
surfaced and unsurfaced roads as shown in table 1. Blocks namely Jagdishpur, Ara, and
Shahpur enjoy a good road length in the study area.
The density of the road network indicates the length of the road per unit of
geographical area, which determines the level of connectivity and accessibility of the road
network system (Pandey, 1990). Taaffe et al., (1963) examined the road density in Ghana
and Nigeria and concluded that it should be taken into consideration as a significant
influence. Road density per unit is a more basic metric that may be used to describe the
actual distribution of specialized routes on the ground, whether those routes are plentiful
or scarce. The district of Bhojpur has an average road network density of 0.83 km/sq.km
(Fig. 3) and has been divided into three density regions (Fig. 4).
Table 1
Types and Length of Road, Bhojpur District (2011)
Total Road
Surfaced Unsurfaced
Sr. Area Total Road Density
Blocks Road Road
No. (Sq.km) (km) (km/
(km) (km) Sq.km)
1. Tarari 201 36.15 143.17 179.32 0.89

2. Shahpur 151.4 60.01 65.95 125.96 0.83

3. Behea 140.1 26.12 83.35 109.47 0.78

4. Barhara 208.1 53.94 128.60 182.54 0.87

5. Koilwar 168.5 42.70 100.95 143.65 0.85

6. Ara 185 55.14 154.75 209.89 1.13

7. Sandesh 132.1 29.61 81.85 111.46 0.84

8. Udwant 170.5 24.80 122.85 147.65 0.86

Nagar
9. Jagdishpur 257.8 77.66 134.68 212.34 0.82

10. Agiaon 156 35.33 70.03 105.36 0.67

11. Garhani 112 26.15 67.69 93.84 0.68

12. Piro 218.4 41.59 190.75 232.34 1.06

13. Charpokhari 109.3 23.22 50.93 74.15 0.68

14. Sahar 127 37.12 46.84 83.96 0.66

Source: Road Construction Department, Govt. of Bihar.

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 Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its Impact on Regional Development…. 307

Based on Table 1 the entire district has been classified into three road density regions
as shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3. Road Density, Bhojpur District 2011

Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India

308 Fouzia Rahman and Sanjay Kumar

High Road Density Region (Above 0.85 km/sq.km): Blocks namely Ara (1.13), Barhara
(0.87), Koilwar (0.85), Udwant Nagar (0.86), Piro (1.06) and Tarari (0.89) are lying in this
category. Ara scored the highest rank as it is the district headquarters.
Moderate Road Density Region (0.70 to 0.84 km sq.km): This category includes blocks
namely Shahpur (0.83), Behea (0.78), Jagdishpur (0.82), and Sandesh (0.84).
Low Road Density Region (Below 0.69 km/sq.km): there four blocks are lying in this
class such as Charpokhari (0.68), Agiaon (0.67), Sahar (0.66), and Garhani (0.68). As a result
of the absence of an active market, an industry market hub, and an urban center, these
places lack a decent road length thus showing low road density.

Analysis of Existing Road Network Using Graph Theory

A graph is composed of several nodes, sometimes referred to as vertices, linked by a
number of lines, also referred to as edges (Garrison and Marble, 1962). Vertices are the dots
at the junction of two or more edges, while edges are the lines connecting two distinct
vertices. The present study is based on these three important measures of graph theory:
Alpha Index (): The alpha index is the proportion between the number of circuits that
have been observed and the number of possible circuits (Raza and Aggarwal, 1986). Alpha
index is in the range of 0 to 1. A high index number indicates greater connectivity.
Beta Index (β): It is the proportion of the network's nodes (vertices) to its edges. When
the beta index value surpasses 1, it shows the network is extremely complicated and a high
beta index value indicates good connectivity (Raza & Aggarwal, 1986).
Gamma Index (): The gamma index measures the difference between the actual
number of edges and the network's maximum number of edges which may exist. Its values
vary from 0 to 1. Where 1 indicates that the network is complete (Taaffe & Gauthier, 1994).
Table 2
Aggregate Transport Score (ATS), Bhojpur District, 2011
Road
Sr. Alpha Gamma
Blocks Nodes Edges Beta Index Density ATS
No. Index Index
2011
1. Tarari 58 89 0.28 1.53 0.52 0.89 0.8

2. Shahpur 58 105 0.43 1.81 0.62 0.83 0.92

3. Behea 52 82 0.31 1.57 0.54 0.78 0.8

4. Barhara 48 87 0.43 1.81 0.63 0.87 0.93

5. Koilwar 52 85 0.34 1.63 0.56 0.85 0.84

6. Ara 72 150 0.56 2.08 0.71 1.13 1.12

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 Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its Impact on Regional Development…. 309

7. Sandesh 34 53 0.31 1.55 0.55 0.84 0.81

8. Udwant Nagar 48 74 0.28 1.54 0.56 0.86 0.81
9. Jagdishpur 61 110 0.42 1.8 0.62 0.82 0.92
10. Agiaon 49 75 0.29 1.53 0.53 0.67 0.75
11. Garhani 36 52 0.27 1.44 0.5 0.68 0.72
12. Piro 69 135 0.5 1.95 0.67 1.06 1.04
13. Charpokhari 44 80 0.26 1.47 0.51 0.68 0.73
14. Sahar 37 54 0.26 1.45 0.51 0.66 0.72
Source: Compiled by Researcher
Results and Discussion
After calculating network indices and road density aggregate transport score has been
compiled to show level of transport development in the study area. After that its
correlation with regional development has been presented.

Level of Transportation Development

Aggregate Transport Score (ATS) has been used to analyze the level of transportation
development. AB Mukherjee introduced the idea of the ATS in 1974. Table 2 shows the
aggregate transport score that has been determined. According to this score, the district
has been divided into three levels of transport development, are as follow (as shown below
in fig. 4).
1. Blocks with a high level of transportation development (above 0.90): This class
includes five blocks namely Piro (1.04), Ara (1.12), Shahpur (0.92), Barhara (0.93), and
Jagdishpur (0.92). Piro and Jagdishpur are the district's sub divisional office, while
Ara is the district’s administrative headquarter. So that they are enjoying high level of
transport facility.
2. Blocks with a moderate level of transportation development (0.80 - 0.89): This group
includes the five blocks Koilwar (0.84), Sandesh (0.81), Udwant Nagar (0.81), Behea
(0.80), and Tarari (0.80). Koilwar, Udwant Nagar, and Tarari blocks are situated in an
area with a high road density. Pucca Road provides good connectivity between
Sandesh and Behea.
3. Blocks with a low level of transportation development (below 0.79): This category
includes the four blocks Agiaon (0.75), Charpokhari (0.73), Garhani (0.72), and Sahar
(0.71). (0.72). All four of these blocks are located in low roads density region.
Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India
310 Fouzia Rahman and Sanjay Kumar

Fig. 4. Transport Development, Bhojpur District 2011

Regional Development in Bhojpur District

To analyse the regional development there are ten socio-economic indicators have
been taken into consideration. These ten indicators are as follow (Table 3):
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 Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its Impact on Regional Development…. 311

Table 3
Selected Development Indicators
Sr. Sr.
Particulars Particulars
No. No.
(i) Population Density (D1) (vi) Percentage of Villages having Medical
Facilities (D6)
(ii) Percentage of Household Workers (D2) (vii) Percentage of Settlements having Banking
Facilities (D7)
(iii) Percentage of Literacy (D3) (viii) Percentage of Villages having Market
Facility (D8)
(iv) Percentage of irrigated Area to total (ix) Percentage of Other Workers (D9)
Cultivable Area (D4)
(v) Percentage of Villages having Educational (x) Percentage of Villages having Post Office
Facilities (D5) (D10)
Source: Compiled by Researcher
Table 3 presents ten socioeconomic indicators that have been considered for analysing
the regional development in the study area. Since these are the key factors determining
socioeconomic development in any region. Here population density is also considered as
one of the indicators. Since Bhojpur district is basically agriculture-based economy and
according to a report titled "Population growth and economic development: Policy
Questions" 1986 increased population density on agricultural land will favourably
influence investments in transportation, communication, irrigation, markets, and other
types of infrastructure (Hakeem, 2017). Transportation network at the same time is
essential to develop the socioeconomic condition of any given area in specific time. Hence,
for evaluating impact of road transport development on regional development of the study
area these indicators have been taken into consideration.

Level of Regional Development

The level of regional development has been determined using the ten socioeconomic
indicators (Table 3). After applying above formulas mentioned in equation 5 and 6, the
composite index of development for variables (D1, D2…….D10) has been computed and
presented in Tables 4 and 5..
Table 4
Coefficient of Development (CDI), Bhojpur District
Sr.
Blocks D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
No.
1. Shahpur 122.22 232.95 100.71 73.94 95.95 84.89 101.66 110.99 142.81 107.48
2. Ara 218.12 78.21 109.86 67.14 105.89 174.01 107.32 130.17 125.07 56.32
3. Barhara 100.77 159.84 99.42 59.80 106.38 53.22 91.2 156.87 133.71 141.5

Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India

312 Fouzia Rahman and Sanjay Kumar

4. Koilwar 104.61 59.65 101.64 53.93 110.41 79.85 98.06 183.19 143.56 124.23
5. Sandesh 72.44 109.46 96 105.40 98.91 97.08 113.72 129.24 97.48 139.56
6. Udwant 80.72 51.32 99.85 115.19 96.01 100.01 101.56 100.60 95.92 77.78
Nagar
7. Behea 111.06 76.70 101.76 87.65 90.22 102.07 99.51 72.31 112.71 74.53
8. Jagdishpur 89.27 139.01 97.54 113.83 101.51 86.63 100.64 76.88 83.51 90.57
9. Piro 102 91.89 101.54 125.03 101.02 78 100.64 72.31 70.70 98.38
10. Charpokhari 80.81 85.03 99.06 118.85 87.56 78.14 95.45 27.71 74.97 110.28
11. Garhani 80.37 59.28 96.05 104.77 98.04 86.51 91.52 54.23 85.27 80.73
12. Agiaon 82.90 101.51 97.68 120.07 102.34 54.48 103.96 69.07 82.91 98.99
13. Tarari 79.24 99.05 102.2 126.23 96.01 121.51 98.69 154.06 74.62 110.19
14. Sahar 75.67 62.87 96.51 128.28 107.11 62.83 96.13 62.36 76.68 99.37
Source: Compiled by Researcher
Table 5
Composite Index of Development (CID), Bhojpur District
Total Coefficient of Composite Index of
Sr. No. Blocks
Development (CDI) Development (CID)
1. Shahpur 1173.60 117.36
2. Ara 1172.11 117.21
3. Barhara 1102.71 110.27
4. Koilwar 1059.13 105.91
5. Sandesh 1059.29 105.92
6. Udwant Nagar 918.96 91.89
7. Behea 928.52 92.85
8. Jagdishpur 979.39 97.93
9. Piro 941.51 94.15
10. Charpokhari 857.86 85.78
11. Garhani 836.77 83.67
12. Agiaon 913.91 91.39
13. Tarari 1061.80 106.18
14. Sahar 867.81 86.78
Source: Compiled by Researcher
Road Transport Development and Regional Development
There are ten socioeconomic indicators have been used to assess regional development
in the Bhojpur district (Table 3). These ten variables are used to produce a composite index
map and superimposed on the transportation development map to get a bi-variant map as
shown in figure 5.
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 Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its Impact on Regional Development…. 313

Fig. 5. Transport Development and Regional Development

Based on this bi-variant map (Fig. 5), a matrix table has also been constructed to divide
the area into nine groups. Using those nine characteristics, the district has been further
divided into three categories (Table 6).
(i) High: (High RTD & High RD, Moderate RTD & High RD, High RTD & Moderate
RD): This category has eight blocks namely Ara, Shahpur, Barhara, Koilwar,
Tarari and Sandesh. Ara is district headquarter so automatically it is developed

Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India

314 Fouzia Rahman and Sanjay Kumar

whereas rest have high transport development so that other regional variables
are showing high.
(ii) Moderate: (High RTD & Low RD, Moderate RTD & Moderate RD, Low RTD &
High RD) in these category five blocks are lying namely Jagdishpur, Piro, Behea,
Agiaon and Udwant Nagar. Jagdishpur and Piro are sub-divisional office
whereas Udwant Nagar and Agiaon have good irrigation facility and Behea has
good medical facility.
(iii) Low: (Moderate RTD & Low RD, Low RTD & Moderate RD, Low RTD & Low
RD) this class Sahar, Charpokhari and Garhani blocks. These blocks are having
low transport development consequently all indicators of regional development
are showing low.
(Where, RTD = Road Transport Development, RD = Regional Development)
Table 6
Transport Development and Regional Development
Ara
High
Jagdishpur Barhara
(Above 0. 90)
Road Transport Development

Piro Shahpur
Sandesh
Moderate
Behea Tarari
(0.80-0.89)
Udwant Nagar Koilwar
Sahar
Low
Charpokhari Agiaon
(Below 0.79)
Garhani

Low Moderate High

(Below 90) (91-100) (Above 101)

Regional Development
Source: Compiled by Researcher

High Moderat Low

Conclusion
The present study shows that there is a positive relationship between road transport
and regional development. Transport connectivity and road network linkages always
accelerate the regional development. Similar to this, places with inadequate road
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 Geo-spatial Appraisal of Existing Road Networks and its Impact on Regional Development…. 315

connectivity often have fewer roofs for expansion. Blocks near state and national highway
often have a high level of transport and regional development and vice-versa. Block Ara
has highest road density and high level of road transport development. Since it is the
headquarters of district administration and served by two national highways. Due to good
road network facility it provides the educational, medical economic and other facilities to
its peripheral areas. Blocks near district headquarters are influenced by the center and they
are also enjoying high and moderate level of transport development and regional
development. Whereas Jagdishpur and Piro are subdivsional office of Bhojpur district so
that it is showing a high level of road network development and moderate level of regional
development. Blocks namely Charpokhari, Sahar, Agiaon and Garhani are showing low
level of road transport development and low level of regional development. These blocks
are situated far from district headquarters. Due to poor transport connectivity and lack of
educational, medical, economic and agricultural market facility they are lying in the low
level of regional development class. Hence, it can be seen that high level of road transport
facility enhances the socio-economic development in the study area.
It is clear from the present study that the development of irrigation facilities, the
commercialization of agricultural products through an expanded market network and
social transformation through improved access to essential services are all made possible
by the expansion of transportation into rural areas. Therefore, the development of road
transportation promotes regional development in context of space and time. So that, in this
perspective micro-level planning becomes essential and with proper planning, new
transport networks should be constructed in the remote villages to provide them an equal
chance at growth and development.

Acknowledgments
The authors want to pay their gratitude to the Hon’ble vice chancellor and Head of the
Department of Geography, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara for providing necessary
facilities to complete this work. The authors are also thankful to the Road construction
Department, Govt. of Bihar and Rural work Department, Bhojpur District.

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Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India