DAY 21

Thursday, August 13, 2020 9:41 AM

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ( DML )

It is used to Manipulate the Object by performing insertion , updating and deletion .

1. INSERT
2. UPDATE
3. DELETE

1. INSERT : It is used to insert / create records in the table .

Syntax: INSERT INTO Table_Name VALUES( v1 , v2 , v3 …… ) ;

CUSTOMER
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES( 1 , 'DINGA' , 9876543210 ,'BANGALORE' ) ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 DINGA 9876543210 BANGALORE
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES( 2 , 'DINGI' , 9876543211 ,'MANGALORE' ) ;
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 DINGA 9876543210 BANGALORE
2 DINGI 9876543211 MANGALORE

PRODUCT
PID PNAME PRICE CID
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)

INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES( 11 , 'iPhone' , 10000 , 2 );

PID PNAME PRICE CID
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)
11 iPhone 10000 2
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES( 22 , 'Mac Book' , 20000 , 1 );
PID PNAME PRICE CID
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)

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11 iPhone 10000 2
22 Mac Book 20000 1

2. UPDATE :It is used to modify an existing value .

Syntax: UPDATE Table_Name

SET Col_Name = Value , Col_Name = Value ,,,,,
[WHERE stmt ] ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
2 ABDUL 9876543210 MANGALORE

 WAQT update the phone number of Abdul to 7778889994

UPDATE CUSTOMER
SET CNO =
7778889994
WHERE CNAME ='ABDUL' ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
2 ABDUL 7778889994 MANGALORE

 WAQT change the address of the customer to Mysore whose cid is 1 .

UPDATE CUSTOMER
SET ADDRESS = 'MYSORE'
WHERE CID = 1 ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 MYSORE
2 ABDUL 7778889994 MANGALORE

3. DELETE : It is used to remove a particular record from the table .

Syntax: DELETE FROM Table_Name

[ WHERE stmt ];

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)

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1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
2 ABDUL 1234567891 MANGALORE
 WAQT remove abdul from the list of customers .

DELETE FROM CUSTOMER

WHERE CNAME ='ABDUL' ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE

ASSIGNMENT ON DML STATEMENTS :

1. WAQT update the salary of employee to double their salary if

He is working as a manager .

2. WAQT change the name of SMITH to SMIITH .

3. WAQT modify the job of KING to 'PRESIDENT' .

4. WAQT to change name of ALLEN to ALLEN MORGAN .

5. WAQT hike the salary of the employee to 10% . If employees earn less than
2000 as a salesman .

6. WAQ TO delete the employees who don’t earn commission .

7. WAQ to remove all the employees hired before 1987 in dept 20

8. Differentiate between TRUNCATE and DELETE statements .

TRUNCATE DELETE
Belongs to DDL Belongs to DML

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 Removes all the records from the Removes a particular record from the
Table permanently . Table .
Auto COMMIT Not auto COMMIT .

3. TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE ( TCL )

"It is used to control the transactions done on the database ".

The DML Operations performed on the Database are known as Transactions
such as Insertion , Updating and Deletion .

We have 3 Statements :
1. COMMIT
2. ROLLBACK
3. SAVEPOINT

1. COMMIT : "This statement is used to SAVE the transactions into the DB ".

Syntax: COMMIT ;

Example :
Query WORKPLACE DATABASE

 CREATE T1 NAME SAL NAME SAL

 INSERT INTO T1
VALUES( 'A' , 100 ) ; NAMESAL NAMESAL
A100A100
COMMIT ;

 INSERT INTO NAME SAL NAME SAL

T1 ) ;
A 100 A 100
VALUES( 'B' , 200
 INSERT INTO T1 ) ; B 200 B 200
VALUES( 'C' , 300 C 300
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COMMIT ;

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 VALUES( 'C' , 300 ) ; B 200 B 200
COMMIT ; C 300 C 300

NAME SAL
 UPDATE T1 A 1000
SET SAL = 1000 B 200
WHERE NAME = 'A' ; C 300

 COMMIT ; NAME SAL

A 1000
B 200
C 300

2. ROLLBACK :

This statement is used to Obtain only the saved data from the DB .
It will bring you to the point where you have committed for the last time .

SYNTAX: ROLLBACK ;

3. SAVEPOINT :

This statement is used to mark the positions or restoration points . (nothing

related to DB ) .

SYNTAX: SAVEPOINT Savepoint_Name ;

Example :

Query WORKPLACE SAVEPOINT

 INSERT INTO T1 NAME SAL Savepoints

VALUES( 'A',100) ; A 100 S1
 SAVEPOINT S1 ; B 200
 INSERT INTO T1
VALUES( 'B' , 200 ) ; C 300 S2
 INSERT INTO T1 D 400

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 VALUES( 'B' , 200 ) ; CDE 300 S2
 INSERT INTO T1 F 400
VALUES( 'C' , 300 ) ; 500
 SAVEPOINT S2 ; S3
600
 INSERT INTO T1
VALUES( 'D' , 400 ) ;
 INSERT INTO T1
ROLLBACK TO S3
VALUES( 'E' , 500 ) ;
 SAVEPOINT S3 ; ROLLBACK TO S2
 INSERT INTO T1 ROLLBACK TO S1
VALUES( 'F' , 600 ) ;

SYNTAX: ROLLBACK TO Savepoint_Name ;

4. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE :

"This statement is used to control the flow of data between the users ".

We have 2 statements :
1. GRANT
2. REVOKE

1. GRANT : THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO GIVE PERMISSION TO A

USER .

SYNTAX: GRANT SQL_STATEMENT

ON TABLE_NAME
TO USER_NAME ;

2. REVOKE : THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO TAKE BACK THE

PERMISSION FROM THE USER .

SYNTAX: REVOKE SQL_STATEMENT

ON TABLE_NAME
FROM USER_NAME ;

Example :

User 1 : SCOTT User 2 : HR

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 User 1 : SCOTT User 2 : HR

EMP SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM SCOTT.EMP ;
A 100
B 200

GRANT SELECT ON EMP

TO HR ;

EMP SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM SCOTT.EMP ;
A 100
B 200

REVOKE SELECT ON EMP

FROM HR ;

SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM SCOTT.EMP ;
A 100
B 200

TRY !!!!

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SQL> SHOW USER ; USER is "SCOTT" SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: HR Enter password: ***** Connected.
SQL> SHOW USER ; USER is "HR"

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Connected.
SQL> SHOW USER
; USER is "HR"
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM
SCOTT.EMP; FROM
SCOTT.EMP
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: SCOTT
Enter password: *****
Connected.
SQL> GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO HR;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: HR
Enter password:
***** Connected.
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM SCOTT.EMP;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

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DAY 22
Friday, August 14, 2020 9:39 AM

What is Normalization ?

" It is the process of reducing a large table into smaller tables in order to remove
redundancies and anomalies by identifying their functional dependencies is
known as Normalization . "

Or

"The process of decomposing a large table into smaller table is known as

Normalization ."

Or

"Reducing a table to its Normal Form is known as Normalization . "

T1 T2
T3

What is Normal Form ?

A table without redundancies and anomalies are said to be in Normal Form .

Levels of Normal From .

1. First Normal Form ( 1NF )
2. Second Normal Form ( 2NF )
3. Third Normal Form ( 3NF )
4. Boyce - Codd Normal Form ( BCNF )

Note : If any Table / entity is reduced to 3NF , then the table is said to be normalized.

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 1. First Normal Form ( 1NF ) :
- No duplicates records .
- Multivalued data should not be present .

QSPIDERS
QID NAME COURSE
QID NAME C1 C2 C3
1 A JAVA
1 A JAVA MT
2 B JAVA , SQL
2 B JAVA SQL
3 C MT , SQL
3 C SQL MT
1 A MT

2. Second Normal Form ( 2NF )

- Table should be in 1NF
- Table should not have Partial Functional Dependency .

EMPLOYEE - ( EID , ENAME , SAL , DEPTNO , DNAME , LOC )

Eid ename sal Deptno dname Loc
1 A 100 10 D1 L1
2 B 120 20 D2 L2
3 C 320 10 D1 L1
4 D 251 10 D1 L1

Eid - ename ,sal

Deptno - dname , loc

:- ( Eid , deptno ) -> ( Ename , Sal , Dname , Loc ) composite key attribute
results in PFD

R1 - ( EID , ENAME , SAL )

R2 - ( DEPTNO , DNAME , LOC ) Eid ename sal
Deptno dname Loc
1 A 100
10 D1 L1
2 B 120
20 D2 L2
3 C 320
4 D 251
3. Third Normal Form ( 3NF )
- Table should be in 2NF .
- Table should not have Transitive Functional Dependency .

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Employee - ( EID , Ename , Sal , comm , Pin code , state , country )

EID -> ENAME :- Transitive Functional Dep

SAL
COMM
PINCODE -> STATE
COUNTRY
R1- ( eid , ename , comm )
R2- ( pincode , state , country )

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