New Era University

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Civil Engineering

CE 415C-18 Structural Design of Towers

& Other Vertical Structures
First Semester
SY 2023-2024

Engr. Winfred G. Liwanag II, M. Eng

Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of College of Engineering and Architecture
New Era University
[email protected]
© August 2023
Chapter 2 – Gravity Loads
on Structures

New Era
University
 Topic Outline
I. Specifications and Building Codes
II. Design Process
III. Philosophies of design – ASD and LRFD
IV. Types of Loading
V. Load Cases
VI. Dead Load
i. Selfweight
ii. Super-imposed DL

VII. Live Load

i. Arrangement of Live Load
ii. Patterned or Sequential Loadings
iii. Reduced Live Load

VIII. Impact Loading

IX. Common Design Loads and Loading Key plan
X. Load Combination
XI. Application in MIDAS Gen

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 Specifications and Building Codes
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, 7TH
EDITION (NSCP 2015), VOLUME 1
 Earthquake Load Provisions based on UBC 1997 and updated
Active Fault Maps presented by region (colored)
 Wind Load Provisions based on ASCE7-10 and Wind Contour
Maps (colored) for the entire Philippine Archipelago

• International Building Code lBC-2009

• American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE/SEI 7-10
• American Concrete Institute ACI318-14M
• American Institute for Steel Construction AISC-05 with Supplementary Seismic Provisions
• American Iron and Steel lnstitute AISl S l 00-2007
• Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook of America
• Concrete Masonry Handbook, 6th Edition
• American National Standard Institute ANSI EIA/TIA-222-G-I-2007
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards

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 Design Process

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Architectural
Final Design
Functional Plans

Structural
Detailing
System

DESIGN AND DETAILING

Trial Sections Connection Design

MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

Yes
No
Modelling Revise Section Acceptable

Estimation of
Loads Member Design

Analysis

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 Philosophies of design – ASD and LRFD

NSCP 2001 Allowable Stress Used for over 100

Design (formerly called
(and older) years (1920’s)
Working Stress Design)

Design Philosophy
Allowable Strength (1920’s to 1970’s)
Design (ASD)
NSCP 2010
(onwards)
Load Factor and
Resistance Design (1970’s to present)
(LRFD)

A Design Philosophy or design procedure is a set of assumptions and procedures which are
used to meet the conditions of serviceability, safety, economy and functionality of the structure.
Several design philosophies have been introduced from different parts of the world.

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 Design Procedures: LRFD and ASD NSCP 2015

The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the Required Strength ≤ Available Strength
required strength not exceed the available strength

Required strength = Due to Load effects and Load Load and Factor Resistance Allowable Strength Design
requirements Design (LRFD) (ASD)

Available Strength = Due to Material Specs, Member Sizes,

Reinforcement Details Ru ≤ Фn Rn Ra ≤ Rn / Ω

Ru, Ra, Rn - applicable to all as in general sense (moment, axial,

shear, torsion) ∑(γi Qi) ≤ Фn Rn ∑Qi ≤ Фn Rn

Where: Ru – required strength (design strength)

Ra – required strength (allowable strength) Factored Loads Service (Working) Loads

Rn – nominal strength/ capacity

Фn – resistance factor/strength reduction (usually < 1) Understrength was Understrength was divided
multiplied
Ωn – safety factor (usually > 1)
γi – load factor (usually > 1 but not always) Resistance Factor Safety Factors (Experience
Qi – load “I” (such as dead, live, wind load, etc) (Probability) and Judgement)

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 Basic Loads
Those loads of constant magnitude that remain in one
Dead Load: Selfweight + position throughout the life of the structure. They
Imposed DL + Partitions include the weight of the structure under consideration
as well as any fixtures that are permanently attached to
Gravity Loads it.
Those loads that can change in magnitude and position.
Live Load: Occupants, They include occupancy loads, warehouse materials,
Equipment, Vehicles, etc construction loads, overhead service cranes, and
equipment operating loads.

Basic Loads Those loads caused

Wind Load: Wind by the environment in
pressure converted to which the structure is
load on each floor located. For buildings,

Lateral Loads Water Pressure, Soil the environmental

loads are caused by
Pressure
Seismic Load: Basic rain, snow, ice, wind,
shear converted to load temperature, and
earthquakes. Strictly
on each floor speaking, these are
also live loads, but
But wait they are the result of
there’s more! Temperature, Creep, the environment in
Shrinkage which the structure is
Secondary and located.
Internal Loads
Settlement,
Prestressing

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 Dead Load

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 CODE PROVISIONS - DEAD LOAD, D

 Dead Load
1) Self weight only
2) Super-imposed DL
i. Slab
ii. Wall Partitions

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 CODE PROVISIONS - DEAD LOAD, D

 Dead Load
1) Self weight only
2) Super-imposed DL
i. Slab
ii. Wall Partitions

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 CODE PROVISIONS - SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOAD

Weight of slab, wslab

 wslab = γslab * tslab (in kPa)

Refer to
Weight of Floor Finish Table 204-2
(in kPa
Weight of Ceiling Finish
already)
Include allowance for
utilities: mechanical
and electrical

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 CODE PROVISIONS - DEAD LOAD, D

 Dead Load
1) Self weight only
2) Super-imposed DL
i. Slab
ii. Wall Partitions

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 CODE PROVISIONS - SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOAD
Wall partitions
Case 1 - Applied directly on beam/girder Case 2 - Applied on top of slab

Note: If the partition loads (in actual construction)

will provide value greater than 1.0 kPa, then use
your engineering judgement to adjust accordingly.

Weight of wall, wwall

 wwall = Concrete Masonry Units * heightwall (in kN/m)

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 Live Load

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 CODE PROVISIONS - LIVE LOAD, L

 Live Load
1) Floor Live Load (Section 205.3)
2) Roof Live Load (Section 205.4)

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 CODE PROVISIONS - LIVE LOAD, L

 Live Load
1) Floor Live Load (Section 205.3)
2) Roof Live Load (Section 205.4)

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 CODE PROVISIONS - LIVE LOAD, L

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 CODE PROVISIONS - LIVE LOAD, L

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 CODE PROVISIONS - LIVE LOAD, L

 Live Load
1) Floor Live Load (Section 205.3)
2) Roof Live Load (Section 205.4)

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 CODE PROVISIONS – ROOF LIVE LOAD, Lr

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 Arrangement of Live Load

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 CODE PROVISIONS - LIVE LOAD, L

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 LIVE LOAD PATTERN LOADS BMD Live Load

For Two-Way Slab Systems

@Mid Span
(Max +M)
 Alternate Spans loaded with 75% of Live Load to produce
maximum positive moment at mid span and maximum @Supports
(Max -M)
negative moment at supports.

@Supports
 Adjacent Spans loaded by 75% of Live Load to produce (Max -M)
maximum negative moment at supports and maximum
positive moment at mid span.
@Mid Span
(Max +M)

 The Critical Moment Envelop compared with Full Live load

Note: The BMD in this figure is in inverse sign convention.

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 LIVE LOAD PATTERN LOADINGS – Example Problem

Refer to the figure shown.

Given: L = 9m L L L L
S1 = S3 = 3m
S2 = 4m S1
A B C D E

Dead load (including selfweight) = 4.5 kPa

F G H I J
S2

Live load = 4.8 kPa K L M N O

S3

For maximum stresses, apply the following: P Q R S T

a. Patterned loading for live load

b. Ultimate load combination, U = 1.2D + 1.6L

Use AISC Manual 14th Edition page 3-226 (onwards) for the possible load patterns and corresponding,
reactions, shears and moments.

1. Calculate the maximum factored reaction in kN at L.

2. Calculate the minimum factored reaction in kN at O.
3. Calculate the maximum factored moment in kN-m at L.

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Live Load (Adjacent Span)

LIVE LOAD PATTERN LOADS – Example Problem

SOLUTION:
L=9m L L L

A B C D E
S1

F G H I J
S2=4m

Live Load (Alternate Span)

K L M N O
S3=3m

P Q R S T

Dead load, pDL = 4.5 kPa

Live load, pLL = 4.8 kPa
Tributary width for beam KLMNO, s = ½(s2+s3) = 3.5m
Factored uniform DL, WuDL = 1.2(4.5)(3.5) = 18.9kN/m
Factored uniform LL, WuLL = 1.6(4.8)(3.5) = 26.88kN/m

Dead Load
1. Calculate the maximum factored reaction in kN at L.
governs

RLmax = 1.143(WuDLL) + [ 1.223 (WuLLL) or 0.572 (WuLLL) ]

RLmax = 1.143(18.9*9) + [ 1.223 (26.88*9) ]
RLmax = 490.29kN (answer)

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Live Load

LIVE LOAD PATTERN LOADS – Example Problem

SOLUTION:
L=9m L L L

A B C D E
S1

F G H I J
S2=4m

Live Load K L M N O
S3=3m

P Q R S T
2. Calculate the minimum factored reaction in kN at O.

ROmin = 0.393(WuDLL) + [ 0.442 (WuLLL) or -0.054 (WuLLL) ]

ROmin = 0.393 (18.9*9) + -0.054 (26.88*9) ]
ROmin = 53.79kN (answer)

3. Calculate the maximum factored moment in kN-m at L.

Dead Load

MLmax = 0.1071(WuDLL2) + [ 0.1205 (WuLLL2) or 0.0536 (WuLLL2) ]

MLmax = 0.1071(18.9*92) + [ 0.1205 (26.88*92) ]
MLmax = 426.32kN-m (answer)

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 Reduced Live Load

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 REDUCED LIVE LOAD
For some types of buildings having
very large floor areas, many codes will
allow a reduction in the uniform live
load for a floor, since it is unlikely that
the prescribed live load will occur
simultaneously throughout the entire
structure at any one time.

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 REDUCED LIVE LOAD, TRIBUTARY AREA
Tributary Area For Beams/Girders:
Case 1: One-way slab distribution, LY⁄LX ≥ 2 Case 2: Two-way slab distribution, LY⁄LX < 2
For Column:

L1 L1 L1

L1
L2

Tributary L2
Area
L2

 Equivalent Uniform Load  Equivalent Uniform Load - Triangular

L2
𝑤𝑢 𝐿𝑥 𝑘𝑁 𝑤𝑢 𝐿𝑥 𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝐴𝐷 = 𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝑊𝐷𝐶 = 𝑖𝑛
2 𝑚 3 𝑚
 Equivalent Uniform Load - Trapezoidal
2
𝑤𝑢 𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥 𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝐴𝐷 = 𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 3− 𝑖𝑛
6 𝐿𝑦 𝑚
Where: LX = length of shorter span, LY = length of longer span

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 REDUCED LIVE LOAD – Example Problem
A three-storey building has interior columns spaced 8m apart in two perpendicular directions.

Design Loads: Roof DL = 5.2 kPa

Floor DL (typical each floor) = 7.3 kPa
Roof LL = 0 kPa
3rd Floor LL = 2.5 kPa
2nd Floor LL = 6.1 kPa
In accordance with NSCP provision, check if reduced design floor live load is applicable,
𝟒. 𝟓𝟕
𝑳 = 𝑳𝒐 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 +
𝑨𝟏
where:
Lo = unreduced live load
A1 = influence area = 4 x tributary area for a column
The reduced live load shall not be less than 50% of the unit live load Lo for members receiving load from one level only,
nor less than 40% of the unit live load for other members.

Based on the tributary area of an interior column.

1. Compute the total axial load in kN on a column at the second floor level due to service LL.
2. Calculate the total axial load in kN on a column at the ground floor level due to service LL.
3. Determine the total dead load in kN on a column at the ground floor level.
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 REDUCED LIVE LOAD – Example Problem
SOLUTION:
A three-storey building has interior columns spaced 8m apart in two
perpendicular directions. Determine reduced live load value. L1 = L2 = 8m
Tributary Area, At = L1 x L2 = 8 * 8 = 64m2 > 40m2
Design Loads: Roof DL = 5.2 kPa Influence Area, Ai = 4 x At = 4 * 64 = 256m2
Floor DL (typical each floor) = 7.3 kPa 𝟒.𝟓𝟕
Roof LL = 0 kPa 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒐 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + = 𝑳𝒐 *k
𝑨𝒊
3rd Floor LL = 2.5 kPa
2nd Floor LL = 6.1 kPa
Reduced live load factor, k = (0.25+4.57√256)
L1 L1 L1 Reduced live load factor, k = 0.536 = 53.6%

Lroof = 0 Droof = 5.2 Roof Deck This is greater than 40% and 50% based on code.
L1
L2
L3rd = 2.5 D3rd = 7.3
Tributary L2 3rd Floor
1. Compute the total axial load in kN on a column
at the second floor level due to service LL.
Area
L2
L2nd = 6.1 D2nd = 7.3 2nd Floor
PL=L3rd x At x k = 2.5*64*0.536
L2 PL=85.76 kN (answer)
Ground Floor

PLAN ELEVATION

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 REDUCED LIVE LOAD – Example Problem
SOLUTION:
A three-storey building has interior columns spaced 8m apart in two
perpendicular directions. 2. Calculate the total axial load in kN on a column
at the ground floor level due to service LL.
Design Loads: Roof DL = 5.2 kPa
Floor DL (typical each floor) = 7.3 kPa PL=(L2nd x At x k)+(L3rd x At x k)
Roof LL = 0 PL=(2.5*64*0.536)+(6.1*64*0.536)
3rd Floor LL = 2.5 kPa PL=295.01 kN (answer)
2nd Floor LL = 6.1 kPa
L1 L1 L1 3. Determine the total dead load in kN on a column
at the ground floor level.
Lroof = 0 Droof = 5.2 Roof Deck

L1 PD=(Droof + D3rd + D2nd)

L2
PD=(5.2+7.3+7.3)*64
L3rd = 2.5 D3rd = 7.3
Tributary L2 3rd Floor
PD=1267.2 kN (answer)
Area
L2
L2nd = 6.1 D2nd = 7.3 2nd Floor

L2

Ground Floor

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 Impact Loading

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 IMPACT LOAD

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 IMPACT LOAD – Example Problem
Determine the magnitude of the service load
concentrated force for which the beam in figure
below supporting an elevator must be designed.
The elevator, which weighs 14kN, can carry a
maximum of six people with an average weight of
0.72kN.

SOLUTION:

From the table above, the impact factor, I of 100 (percent)

applies to all elevator loads. Therefore, the weight of the elevator
and its passengers must be doubled.

Service load (Static) = D + L = 14kN + (6*0.72) = 18.32 kN

Service load (with Impact) = 18.32 * 2 = 36.64 kN

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 Common Design Loads in Buildings

A table above should be prepared and included in Design Criteria for easy reference and loading in your
structural or mathematical model.

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 Loading Key Plan

Included in your Preliminary Design Report

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 LOAD CASES

Different possibilities of occurrence of the Basic Loads

 Dead Load
 Self weight only
 Additional Dead Load
 Imposed DL
 Wall Partitions

 Live Load
 Full live load
 Pattern of live loads
 Impact Factor

 Wind load effects

 Different wind directions left-right (x, y)

 Seismic load effects

 Different earthquake direction left - right (x, y)

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 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Different possibilities of occurrence of the Load Cases

 Service load combinations

 Simple addition and subtraction of load cases

 Ultimate load combinations

 Factored combination of load cases
 Consider importance of loads
 Consider probability of variance
 Consider probability of simultaneous application

Gravity EQ

Analyze for Load Cases - Design for Load Combinations

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 Loads and Load Combinations
ASD - Basic Load Combinations (NSCP 203.4.1) LRFD - Basic Load Combinations (NSCP 203.3)

Note: Equation 203-11 should be D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + (Lr or R)]

ASD – Alternate Basic Load Combinations (NSCP 203.4.2)

Where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load set forth in Section 208.6.1
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
P = ponding load
R = rain load on the undeflected roof
T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature change, shrinkage,
moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential settlement, or combinations thereof
W = load due to wind pressure
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load, or
Note: Equation 203-13 D + H + F + 0.75[ L + Lr +(0.6W or E/1.4)] = 0.5 for other live loads

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 Any Questions?

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 Assignment No. 1

See file Assignment No. 1

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