MANAV RACHNA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

LAB FILE

COMPUTER NETWORKS LAB (CSH227B-P)

SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Manoj Kumar

SUBMITTED BY: P . SOWMIKA REDDY
ROLL NO: 2K23CSUN01165
COURSE: BTECH CSE -4C
GROUP: G2
 MANAV RACHNA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

S. No. Lab Assignment Topic Date Page No. Faculty Remarks

1. Study of different types of Network 13/01/2025 3-5

cables and practically implement the
cross-wired cable and straight through
cable using clamping tool.
2. Making of cross cable and straight 27/01/2025 6-8
cable.
3. Study of basic network command and 03/02/2025 9-12
Network configuration commands.

4. Study and verification of standard 17/02/2025 13-14

Network topologies i.e. Star, Bus,
Ring etc.
5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
 Lab: 1

Study of different types of Network cables and practically implement the

cross-wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool

Network Cables:

Network cables are essential components that connect devices within a network, enabling data
transmission and communication. The primary types of network cables include coaxial cables, twisted
pair cables, and fiber optic cables, each with distinct characteristics and applications.

Types of Network Cables

1. Coaxial Cables

Coaxial cables feature a central conductor (usually copper) surrounded by an insulating layer, a
metallic shield, and an outer insulating sheath. This construction provides protection against
electromagnetic interference (EMI), making them suitable for transmitting high-frequency
signals.

Types of Coaxial Cables:

o RG-6: Commonly used in cable television and internet services, RG-6 cables have a
larger conductor and better shielding, allowing for higher bandwidth and longer distances
compared to older coaxial cables.
o RG-59: Typically used for low-frequency transmissions, such as analog video signals.
RG-59 cables have a smaller conductor and less shielding, making them less suitable for
high-frequency data transmission.
o RG-11: Designed for long-distance signal transmission, RG-11 cables have a thicker
conductor and superior shielding, reducing signal loss over extended runs.
2. Twisted Pair Cables

Twisted pair cables consist of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together. The twisting
reduces electromagnetic interference and crosstalk between pairs, enhancing signal quality. These
cables are widely used in Ethernet networks and are categorized based on performance
characteristics.

Types of Twisted Pair Cables:

o Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Lacks additional shielding; commonly used in

Ethernet networks due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of installation.
o Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Includes additional shielding to protect against EMI; used
in environments with high interference.

Categories of Twisted Pair Cables:

o Cat5e (Category 5e): Supports data rates up to 1 Gbps over distances up to 100 meters;
commonly used in residential and commercial networks.
o Cat6 (Category 6): Supports data rates up to 10 Gbps over shorter distances (up to 55
meters); features improved shielding and tighter twists compared to Cat5e.
o Cat6a (Category 6a): Enhanced version of Cat6; supports 10 Gbps over distances up to
100 meters; better shielding reduces crosstalk and EMI.
o Cat7 (Category 7): Supports data rates up to 10 Gbps over 100 meters; features
extensive shielding and is designed for high-performance applications.

3. Fiber Optic Cables

Fiber optic cables transmit data as light pulses through strands of glass or plastic fibers, enabling
high-speed data transmission over long distances with minimal signal loss. They are immune to
electromagnetic interference, making them ideal for environments with high EMI or for long-
distance communication.

Types of Fiber Optic Cables:

 o Single-Mode Fiber (SMF): Features a small core diameter (approximately 9 microns)
and transmits infrared laser light (wavelengths around 1310 or 1550 nm). Designed for
long-distance communication, often exceeding 10 km, due to minimal signal attenuation.
o Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF): Has a larger core diameter (50 or 62.5 microns) and
transmits infrared light (wavelength around 850 nm) from LEDs. Suitable for shorter
distances (up to 600 meters) due to higher modal dispersion.

Difference between Coaxial vs. Twisted Pair vs. Fiber Optic Cables

Feature Coaxial Cables Twisted Pair Cables Fiber Optic Cables

Construction Central conductor, Pairs of insulated Core of glass or plastic
insulating layer, copper wires twisted fibers, surrounded by
metallic shield, outer together; may include cladding and protective
insulating layer. shielding. layers.
Data Transmission Moderate speeds; Suitable for speeds up Extremely high speeds,
Speed suitable for traditional to 10 Gbps (Cat6a and exceeding 100 Gbps.
cable internet. above).
Distance Effective over Effective up to 100 Capable of transmitting
moderate distances (up meters without signal data over several
to 500 meters for boosters. kilometers without
10BASE5). significant loss.
Interference Moderate resistance Susceptible to Highly resistant to
Resistance due to shielding. electromagnetic electromagnetic
interference; improved interference.
in shielded variants
(STP).
Cost Relatively low cost. Generally cost- Higher initial cost;
effective; varies with decreasing as
category type. technology advances.
Usage Legacy Ethernet Most common in Backbone networks,
networks, cable LANs, telephone long-distance
television, and internet systems, and general telecommunications,
services. networking. and high-speed data
transfer
 Lab: 2

Making of cross cable and straight cable

Straight-through and crossover cables are two types of Ethernet cables used to connect network devices.
Both fall under the category of twisted pair cables, specifically Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables,
commonly used in networking.

Cable Structure

Each Ethernet cable contains eight wires, organized as four twisted pairs. These wires are color-coded
for identification and proper arrangement during termination.

RJ45 Connector and Pinout Standards

The RJ45 connector is used to terminate Ethernet cables and comes in two standards: T568A and
T568B. Each standard defines the wiring arrangement, where pins work as input (IN) and output (OUT)
for Ethernet data transfer. The main difference between T568A and T568B is the wiring of the green
and orange pairs.

RJ45 Cable Pinout Color Codes

T568A Standard

T568A is commonly used for Ethernet cables. It is backward compatible with one-pair and two-pair
USOC (Universal Service Ordering Code) wiring.

Pin Wire Color Signa Description

l
1 White/Green TX1+ Transmit +
 2 Green TX1- Transmit –
3 White/Orange RX+ Receive +
4 Blue TX2+ Bi-Directional Transmit +
5 White/Blue TX2- Bi-Directional Transmit –
6 Orange RX- Receive –
7 White/Brown TX3+ Bi-Directional Transmit +
8 Brown TX3- Bi-Directional Transmit –

T568B Standard

T568B offers better protection from noise and better signal isolation compared to T568A. However, it
is only backward compatible with a one-pair USOC wiring scheme.

Pin Wire Color Signa Description

l
1 White/Orange TX1+ Transmit +
2 Orange TX1- Transmit –
3 White/Green RX+ Receive +
4 Blue TX2+ Bi-Directional Transmit +
5 White/Blue TX2- Bi-Directional Transmit –
6 Green RX- Receive –
7 White/Brown TX3+ Bi-Directional Transmit +
8 Brown TX3- Bi-Directional Transmit –
Making a Straight-Through Cable

A straight-through cable has the same wiring standard on both ends (either T568A to T568A or
T568B to T568B). It is used for connecting different types of devices, such as a computer to a switch
or router.

Steps:

1. Prepare the Cable:

o Cut the cable to the desired length.
o Strip approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the outer jacket from both ends.
2. Arrange the Wires:
o Untwist the pairs and arrange the wires according to T568A or T568B on both ends.
3. Trim and Insert:
o Ensure the wires are aligned and trim them evenly to about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm).
o Insert the wires into an RJ45 connector (clip facing down) and make sure each wire
reaches the end.
4. Crimp:
o Use an RJ45 crimping tool to press and secure the connector.
5. Repeat:
o Repeat the process on the other end of the cable.

Making a Crossover Cable

A crossover cable has T568A on one end and T568B on the other end. It is used for connecting
similar devices, such as computer to computer or switch to switch without a hub.

Steps:

1. Prepare the Cable:

o Cut the cable to the required length.
 o Strip approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the outer jacket from both ends.
2. Arrange the Wires:
o One end should follow T568A standard.
o The other end should follow T568B standard.
3. Trim and Insert:
o Align and trim the wires evenly to about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm).
o Insert the wires into the RJ45 connectors carefully.
4. Crimp:
o Use a crimping tool to secure the wires inside the connector.

Lab: 3

Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands

Introduction

Network commands help troubleshoot, configure, and analyze networks. They let users check
connectivity, get system details, and fix network issues. Whether you're a beginner or an IT professional,
understanding these commands makes network management easier.

Some of the most useful network commands, along with their descriptions and syntax:

1. IPCONFIG

The ipconfig command displays IP address information of a computer. It shows details like IP address,
subnet mask, and default gateway.

Syntax: ipconfig

Common Uses:

 View the current network configuration.

 Find your computer’s IP address.
 Get details about network adapters.

Additional Options:

 ipconfig /all → Shows detailed information, including MAC address and DNS details.
 ipconfig /release → Releases the current IP address (used with DHCP).
  ipconfig /renew → Requests a new IP address from the DHCP server.
 ipconfig /flushdns → Clears the DNS cache, fixing certain connectivity issues.

2. NSLOOKUP

The nslookup command checks domain name system (DNS) records. It helps find the IP address of a
domain or verify DNS settings.

Syntax: nslookup <domain_name>

Example: nslookup google.com

Common Uses:

 Find the IP address of a website.

 Check if a DNS server is working properly.

3. HOSTNAME

The hostname command simply displays the computer's name on a network.

Syntax: hostname

Common Uses:

 Identify your computer’s name when connected to a network.

4. PING

The ping command checks if a device or website is reachable on a network. It sends small packets and
measures the response time.

Syntax: ping <destination>

Example: ping google.com

Common Uses:

 Check if a website is up.

 Test local network connectivity.
 Identify packet loss or high latency.
Additional Options:

 ping -t google.com → Pings continuously until stopped.

 ping -n 5 google.com → Sends 5 ping requests instead of the default.

5. TRACERT

The tracert command shows the path data takes from your device to a website or server.

Syntax: tracert <destination>

Example:

Example: tracert google.com

Common Uses:

 Identify network delays or bottlenecks.

 See how data travels across multiple network hops.

6. NETSTAT

The netstat command provides details about active network connections, including ports and protocols
used.

Syntax: netstat

Common Uses:

 View open network connections.

 Check for suspicious activity.

Additional Options:

 netstat -a → Shows all active connections.

 netstat -n → Displays numerical addresses instead of resolving names.
 netstat -b → Shows the programs using network connections.

7. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

The arp command manages the mapping of IP addresses to MAC addresses in a local network.
Syntax: arp -a

Common Uses:

 View the ARP cache, which stores IP-to-MAC address mappings.

 Troubleshoot local network connectivity.

8. SYSTEMINFO

The systeminfo command displays detailed system information, including network settings.

Syntax: systeminfo

Common Uses:

 Get details about the operating system, including hotfixes and BIOS info.
 Check network-related system settings.

9. PATHPING

The pathping command is like a mix of ping and tracert. It checks packet loss at each hop along the route.

Syntax: pathping <destination>

Example: pathping google.com

Common Uses:

 Find network congestion points.

 Get detailed latency statistics for troubleshooting.

10. ROUTE

The route command displays or modifies the IP routing table, which controls how network traffic is
directed.

Syntax: route print

Common Uses:

 View the routing table.

 Add or remove network routes.
Additional Options:

 route add <destination> MASK <subnet_mask> <gateway> → Adds a new route.

 route delete <destination> → Removes a route.

Lab: 4

Study And Verification Of Standard Network Topologies

1. Star Topology

In star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

2. Bus Topology

In bus topology, all devices are connected to a single central cable (backbone).
3. Ring Topology

In ring topology, each device is connected to two neighboring devices, forming a closed loop.

4. Mesh Topology

In mesh topology, every device is directly connected to every other device.

5. Hybrid Topology

A hybrid topology combines two or more standard topologies (e.g., Star + Bus).