Pol Science IX
Pol Science IX
Part IV A (Article 51 A)
Fundamental Duties
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle
for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to
do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all
the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,
rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour
and achievement;
*(k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to
his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.
Note: The Article 51A containing Fundamental Duties was inserted by the Constitution
(42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 (with effect from 3 January 1977).
*(k) was inserted by the Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 (with effect from
1 April 2010).
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àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
lÓÙ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
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ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
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ï˛yÓ˚y lï%˛l xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲÙye ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õy§ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ Ù)°ï˛
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lyñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Óñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆàyê˛y !¢ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye @˝Ã•#ï˛y ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚Ó–
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÜÏ ˛ lï%˛l xy!AàˆÏܲ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ à!ë˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zßΨ l˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~l !§ •z
xyÓ˚ !ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛y!°ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ •!Ó˚ Óy§%ˆòÏ Ól ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ
Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y xôƒy˛õܲ ˆÎyˆÏàw ÎyòÓ ~ÓÇ xôƒy˛õܲ §%•y§ ˛õy° !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ
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xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈–
xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z§Ó fl%Òˆ° Ï Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù)°ƒ §¡õòñ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲӰ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ ~ÓÇ
ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚l ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ å~Ù ~•zã˛ xyÓ˚ !í˛ä ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ Ù,îy° !Ù!Ó˚
~ÓÇ xôƒy˛õܲ !ç !˛õ ˆò¢˛õyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ÓôyˆÏl Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y !Ó˲yà myÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ çyï˛#Î˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î §!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù° ) ƒ §ÙÎ˚ G xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ£Ïˆ≈ òÏ Ó˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôlƒÓyò
K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ly ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛
Ìyܲy ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ Ü˛ï,˛≈ ˛õ«˛ §Ó≈òy ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ˆÜÏ ˛ fl∫yàï˛ çylyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z §ÇˆÏ¢yôl# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ õyˆÏÓ˚–
CHIEF ADVISORS
Yogendra Yadav, Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi
Suhas Palshikar, Professor, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University
of Pune, Maharashtra
ADVISOR
K.C. Suri, Professor, Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
M EMBERS
Alex M. George, Independent Researcher, Eruvatty, District Kannur, Kerala
Amman Madan, Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Malini Ghose, Nirantar, Centre for Gender and Education, New Delhi
Manish Jain, PGT, currently doctoral student, Department of Education, University of
Delhi, Delhi
Muzaffar Assadi, Professor, Department of Political Science, Mysore University,
Manasgangothri, Karnataka
Niraja Gopal Jayal, Professor, Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi
Pankaj Pushkar, Lecturer, Directorate of Higher Education, Government of Uttaranchal,
Dehradun
Sabyasachi Basu Roychowdhary, Professor, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
MEMBER-COORDINATOR
Sanjay Dubey, Reader, DESSH, NCERT, New Delhi
fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚y!=˛
xyÙÓ˚y í˛z!ÏÕ‘!áï˛ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyl fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ÈüüüÈ xO$ xyl®ñ !˛õ!ç!ê˛ñ !çÉ~ÙÉ ˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ fl%Ò°ñ
xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ ˛õ%Ó˚Ù ˆ§QÓ˚ VIIñ lï%˛l !ò!Õ‘ó x!Ùï˛ñ xyò!¢≈°y fl%Ò°ñ @˝ÃyÙ §yܲy°ñ í˛yܲâÓ˚ ã˛yï˛y!°ñ
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•zˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õy!ê≈˛lñ !˛õ!ç!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ í˛zFã˛Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ ˜òÙ%áñ •zê˛ylàÓ˚ñ xÓ˚%îyã˛°≤ÈÏò¢– !◊ÙyÌ#
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ܲƒyàˆÏ° ܲyê%≈˛lˆÜ˛ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲ!Ó˚ !ò ܲyê%≈˛l§‰ xÊ˛ ~ˆÏO° Ó!°àlñ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆ܲ ã˛y˛õy!Rñ !fiê˛ˆÏÊ˛l
!˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!Ó˚Î˚y§ñ •zÙyò •yIyçñ ˆl!Ó˚!°Ü˛lñ çl !ê˛∆˲yÓñ •z!Ó˚ܲ ~!°ñ !§Ùyܲyñ ~ÙÉ•zÉˆÜ˛yˆÏ•l •zï˛ƒy!ò
@˝ÃrÌfl∫c !Óï˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ–
xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ÈüÈ °y ˆl!§Î˚l åã˛y•z°äñ §yí˛zÌ xy!Ê˛Ü˛y !•!fiê˛∆ xl °y•zlñ !ç!§ ~Ù ~Ù
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çlƒ–
xyÙÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ¢ÇܲÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ÉˆÜ˛ °-îñ ˆÙ!Ó˚G !ÙÓ˚yu˛y ~ÓÇ •!Ó˚¢ ã˛w ¢%Üœ˛y
åܲyܲäÛÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyAà!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ôlƒÓyò !òÓƒy!l
x!lˆÏÎ˚°ˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü,˛ï˛ xl%!°!˛õÓ˚ çlƒ–
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≤Ãyܲ‰Ü˛Ìl
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~•z ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓl⁄
§yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 39
!lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 55
Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)
~•z Ó•zˆÏï˛ àîï˛sf §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ àï˛ 100 ÓSȈÏÓ˚
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢§Ù)ˆÏ• àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤çyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
fl∫yô#lˆÏò¢ §Ù)ˆÏ• Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛– !ܲv àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~•z Îyey˛õÌ á%Ó §•ç G
§%àÙ !SȰ ly– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛Ó•% í˛zayl˛õï˛l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~•z §yÊ˛°ƒ
~álG x!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ~ÓÇ x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛–
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zayl G ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ à“ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆòˆÏ¢ àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌy Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyܲˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ly ÌyܲˆÏ° çlàî ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l
•Î˚ ˆ§•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~•z à“à%!°ˆÏï˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ §y!Ó˚ÓÂô Ùyl!ã˛e
~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àîï˛sf ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ í˛zay˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ àîï˛sf §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yT˛…§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçG !ӈϟ’£Ïî‡!lÓ˚#«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤ß¿ çyˆÏàñ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈ⁄
1
©La Nación
11•z ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1973
§yˆÏ° Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ â^˝ê˛y
1É1 àîï˛ˆÏsÓ
f ˚ ò%!ê˛ à“
xyˆÏà !ã˛!°Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ÚÚxyÙyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ◊!Ùܲàîñ !ã˛!° ~ÓÇ ˆòl– xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ® !SȈϰl !ã˛!°Ó˚ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ò°
˲Ól °y ÙˆÏlí˛yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆlï˛y ~ÓÇ 1970 §yˆÏ° Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛
!lÓ˚y˛õ_y Ó˚«˛# ˆÓ!T˛ï˛ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ myÓ˚y «˛Ùï˛y ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xlƒÓ˚yG !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ çˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ – Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛
Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ §y°Ë˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ~•z xrôܲyÓ˚ G !ï˛=˛ Ù%•ï) ˛≈ ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ – !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ® à!Ó˚Ó ~ÓÇ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚
xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ® 刕°ˆÏÙê˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏÓl !Ó°¡∫ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢#â•z xyˆÏ®y°l ¢%Ó˚% í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
˛õ!Ó˚!•ï˛ä – ~•z !ã˛ˆÏe ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~Ùl §Ó Ù•Í Ó˚yhflÏy á%ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SȰ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ%là≈ë˛lñ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚
ï%˛!Ù ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ÎyˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y fl∫yô#l çlàî í˛zß¨ï˛ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌy çlƒ !ÓlyÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ ò%ô ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!Ù•#l Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ç!Ù
ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈy˛õ ˆòáˆÏï˛ !Óï˛Ó˚î– !ï˛!l !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ï˛yÙy ~ÓÇ
àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ã˛!° ò#â≈ç#Ó# •í˛zܲ– çlàî
˛õyFSÈ⁄
ò#â≈ç#Ó# •í˛zܲú ◊Ùç#!Ó Ùyl%£Ï ò#â≈ç#Ó# •í˛zܲú ~çyï˛#Î˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ Ó˚Æy!l l#!ï˛Ó˚
~!ê˛•z xyÙyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˲y£Ïî ~ÓÇ xy!Ù ï˛#Ó !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç!ÙòyÓ˚ñ ôl#ܲˆÏ◊!î
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ˆÎ xyÙyÓ˚ ~ xydÓ!°òyl ܲáˆÏly•z ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !àç≈yÓ˚ §ò§ƒàî ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !SȰ–
ly– xyÙyÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ~Ùl ~ܲ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛!°Ó˚ xlƒylƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°G §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z
!ÓŸªy§ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˲#Ó˚%ñ !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ G !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ® ˆÜ˛l £Ïí˛¸ÎsfܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y §yçy ˛õyˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~!ê˛ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ §y°Ë˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï 1973 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xË%˛ƒayl
!ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ãyôylƒ ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ– !ï˛!l ï˛ál ò!«˛î xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ åMilitary Coup of 1973ä
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl⁄ ˆÜ˛l ôl# xÓ!fiÌï˛ !ã˛!° lyÙܲ ~ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ !SȈϰl– 1973 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 11 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ §Ü˛yˆÏ° §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ 1973 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 11 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ §Ü˛y°ˆÏÓ°y §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l# §Ù%oÓ®Ó˚ òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y Ùsf#
x§vT˛‡!ÓÓ˚=˛ !SȰ⁄ Óy!•l# ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yã)˛ƒï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l ~•z ˲y£Ïî ï˛yÓ˚ òƈÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ° §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l# ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ Ó!® •l–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 2
§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ãôyl Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õòï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ly–
ˆòl– !ܲv Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ® ˛õòï˛ƒyà ~ÓÇ ˆò¢ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛
ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv ïÑ˛yÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆÎ §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ܲàî xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ®ˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ç#Ól ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù)• !Ó˛õò í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆòˆÏ¢ àîï˛sf ÓçyÎ˚
!ï˛!l ˆÓ˚!í˛ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£Ïî ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ó•% çl§yôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ !˛õˆÏly!¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏálñ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛•z ÎyÓ˚ xÇ¢ xyÙÓ˚y lyly˲yˆÏÓ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !lÎ≈yï˛l G •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÙsf#ˆÏܲ
˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ– ï˛ál §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l# Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ Ë˛Ól !âˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SȰ ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l !ã˛!°Ó˚ !ÓÙyl Óy!•l#Ó˚ ˆçlyˆÏÓ˚° Ó!® ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xy•zl§Çàï˛
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ˆÓyÙy Ó£Ïî≈ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l#Ó˚ xƒy°ÓyˆÏê≈˛y Óƒy!ã˛ˆÏ°ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ Ü ˛
~•z xyÜ˛ÙˆÏî Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ® Ù,ï%˛ƒÓÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲ ÎyÓ˚y !˛õˆÏly!¢Ó˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ Óy!•l#Ó˚ !SȰ !ܲ ⁄ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~•z xydï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy•z !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˲y£ÏˆÏî í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ≤ÃhflyÏ Ó ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ°
Ï l– ˆçlyˆÏÓ°
˚ Óƒy!ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ Ó!® ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– çlàî ܲï,˛≈ܲ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Óô §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ flf# G ܲlƒyˆÏܲ ܲyÓ˚yàyˆÏÓ˚ Ó!® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l#ˆÏܲ
§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l# à˲#Ó˚ £Ïí˛¸Îsf G Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ «˛Ùï˛yã)˛ƒï˛ xÙyl%!£Ïܲ !lÎ≈yï˛l ã˛y°yˆÏly •Î˚– §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l# ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !ܲ ⁄
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛l •yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ çlàîˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓ˚y
1973 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 11 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫ˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ Îy xˆÏlˆÏܲ !lˆÏáÑyç •l– ˆÜ˛í˛z çyˆÏl ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yˆÏàƒ
âˆÏê˛!SȰ ˆ§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ x!˲Îyl– §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ãôyl
ˆçlyˆÏÓ˚° !˛õˆÏly!¢ ~•z §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc !lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚ 2006È ~Ó˚ çyl% Î ˚ y Ó˚ #
!SȈϰl– Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ã˛!°Ó˚ xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ® ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x§vT˛ !SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚y v Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe !ã˛!° ˆò¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚– Ó˚Ç !ÓçÎ˚# !وϧ° Óƒy!ã˛ˆÏ°Ì
lyly˲yˆÏÓ ~•z §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xË%˛ƒaylˆÏܲ §y•y΃ G §•yÎ˚ï˛y ˆ˛õ°!§° !òˆÏÎ˚ xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÙÌ≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ Ó=˛Óƒ
!ã˛!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !˛õˆÏly!¢ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ •l ~ÓÇ !Ù° xyˆÏSÈ⁄ Ó˚yáˆÏSÈl– ~•z SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ 17 ÓSÈÓ˚ ¢y§l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – çlàî ܲï,˛≈ ܲ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ v ~ܲÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàç ˆÌˆÏܲ °y!ï˛l !ܲ ˲yÓ˚ ï ˛ G !ã˛!°Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ «˛Ùï˛y ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xyˆÏ Ù !Ó˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÈ ü È ˆ ܲyˆÏ l y ˆò¢ §¡õ!Ü≈ ˛ ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Óy!•l#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y Îy •zFSÈy ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ áÓÓ˚yáÓÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚– §Çà,•#ï˛ §ÇÓyòà%!° !ܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄
§Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ !SȰ⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 4
xlƒyÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ ÓÓ˚áyhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ܲçl Ù!•°y ˆÜ ˛l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ 1989
x˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˆÊ˛Ó˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ òy!Ó !lˆÏÎ˚– §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~!≤ð ÙyˆÏ§ GÎ˚yˆÏ°¢yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÎ˚
~•z ôÙ≈âê˛ !SȰ ˆÓxy•z!l– ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã%˛!=˛˛õe fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ã%˛!=˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°Ë%˛=˛ ˆê˛∆í˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SȰ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîÙ%=˛ fl∫yô#l !lÓ≈yã˛l–
fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !SȰ ly– ôÙ≈âê˛ §!°í˛y!Ó˚!ê˛ !§ˆÏlê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ 100!ê˛ xy§ˆÏl
ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ çy•yç !lÙ≈yî ܲyÓ˚áylyÓ˚ ≤Ãy=˛l ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ 99!ê˛ xy§ˆÏl !ÓçÎ˚# •Î˚– 1990
!Óò%ƒÍܲÙ#≈ ˆ°ã˛˛ GÎ˚yˆÏ°¢y xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆÎyà ˆòÎ˚– §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ÙyˆÏ§ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛
í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÓï˛lÜ˛Ù òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ 1976 §yˆÏ° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ~ܲy!ôܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z ܲyÓ˚áyly ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚áyhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– GÎ˚yˆÏ°¢y GÎ˚yˆÏ°¢y ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l–
¢#â•z ôÙ≈âê˛# ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï˛y •l– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚
ôÙ≈âê˛ §ÙhflÏ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ôÙ≈âê˛# ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y
v Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛ ˆò¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÓˆÏí˛¸y òyÓ# ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆò¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ lyÙ !°ˆÏáy–
ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫yô#l ˆê˛∆í˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ v 1980 ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó≈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰
òyÓ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó!®ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%!=˛§• ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ¢y§l !SȰ⁄ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe ˆ§•z
§ÇÓyòÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ xÓ§yl ˆò¢à%!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– v ˆÎ §Ü˛° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ï%˛!Ù Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
xyˆÏ®y°l ~ï˛ ˆÓ¢# çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y xÌã˛ 1980 ò¢ˆÏܲ
ˆÎ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyˆÏ®y°lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ˛õy°ƒy[˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ly ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç •Î˚– GÎ˚yˆÏ°¢yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ 21òÊ˛y ã%˛!=˛ fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
•ˆÏ° ôÙ≈âˆÏê˛Ó˚ xÓ§yl âˆÏê˛– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ (Two Features of Democracy)
fl∫yô#l ˆê˛∆í˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l àë˛l ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ôÙ≈âê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ ôÙ≈# à“
x!ôܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏï˛ §¡øï˛ •l– ˆí˛™Ü˛ ˛õí˛¸°yÙ– !ã˛!°Ó˚ âê˛ly!ê !SȰ xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ®Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ
åGdanskä ã%˛!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ §!°í˛y!Ó˚!ê˛ lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zÍáyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛õˆÏly!¢Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc §Ó≈y!ôܲ
ˆê˛∆í˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ê˛y•z ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ Ó˚yT˛…à!% °Ó˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ àîï˛sf
≤ÃÌÙ fl∫yô#l ˆê˛∆í˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l– ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ à“– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛˛ xÈüÈàîï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ
§!°í˛y!Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ çl!≤ÃÎï˚ ˛y §Ù@˝Ã ˛ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛˛ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ àîï˛ˆÏsf í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ–
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ §Çáƒy ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸yÎ˚– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ál ã˛ˆÏ ° y ~•z àˆÏ “ í˛z ˆ Ï Õ ‘ ! áï˛ ò% ! ê˛
§Ó≈Óƒy˛õ# ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ xÓl!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó¢,C°ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xÈüÈàîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
˛õ!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ Ó ˚ y xÓl!ï˛ âˆÏ ê ˛– ˆçlyˆÏ Ó ˚ ° ܲ!Ó˚– !ã˛!°Ó˚ !˛õˆÏly!¢Ó˚ åPinochetä ¢y§l ~ÓÇ
çyÓ˚%ψÏçϰ§!ܲÓ˚ åJaruzelskiä §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyï˛!AÜ˛ï˛ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛˛ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ 1981 §yˆÏ° !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xy•zl ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲï˛sf ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
Ó°ÓÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §!°í˛y!Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!° ¢y!§ï˛ •ˆÏ ï ˛y xyÓ˚ ˛ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏ u ˛Ó˚ ¢y§l
ܲyÓ˚yàyˆÏÓ˚ Ó!® ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ §Çàë˛l ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°– ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ òyÓ# ܲÓ˚ï˛ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô
!•§yˆÏÓ ¢y§l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õˆÏly!¢ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ •Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 1988 §yˆÏ° §!°í˛y!Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛l fl∫yô#l
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!l ÓÓ˚Ç ˆáy°yá%!°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó,•Í
ˆlï,˛ˆÏc xyˆÏÓy˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆì˛í˛z SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˆê˛∆í˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄
˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Î!òG í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆê˛∆í˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚là%!°Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒàï˛ !Ù° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
Ü˛Ù•…y§Ùyl xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õy!°¢ v çlàî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSȮوÏï˛y ¢y§Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ܲ#⁄
ˆ˛õy°ƒy[˛
!ã˛!° xƒyˆÏ°ˆÏ® !ã˛!° !˛õˆÏly!¢ !ã˛!° ˆÓ!ã˛ˆÏ°Ì ˆçÓ%̊ˆç
Ï °!flÒ ˆ˛õy°ƒy[˛ GˆÏÎ˚°¢y–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 6
1É2 àîï˛sf ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛e
(The Changing map of Democracy)
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•% âê˛lyÓ˚ §y«˛# – ~•z Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˆò¢
ˆÎÙl àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à“ñ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%!° 1900 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z àîï˛y!sfܲ
˛õˆÏÌ Óyôy§Ù)•ñ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xË%˛ƒayl ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– !mï˛#Î˚ Ùyl!ã˛e!ê˛ 1975 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
àîï˛ˆÏsf !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙñ àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ x@˝ÃàÙl ~ÓÇ àîï˛sf !ÓçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈ!Ó!ê˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚
!l‹;ÙˆÏîÓ˚ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lÙ%ly ~•z à“à%!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢à%!°ˆÏï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ
í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲ ⁄ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ù)° ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï xyÙÓ˚y ~Ü%˛¢
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ ~ˆÏ§ 2000 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ
Ó˚yT˛…§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚– ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ò,!T˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚!SÈ–
~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~áyˆÏl !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùyl!ã˛e ˆòáyˆÏly ~•z Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùyl!ã˛e ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲï˛à%!° ≤ß¿ ܲ!Ó˚– !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏáy !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ~•z ˆò¢à%!°ˆÏï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ Îyey˛õÌ Ü˛#Ó˚˛) õ !SȰ⁄ ~Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˛õÌ
ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ⁄ ≤ÃÌÙ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe ˆ§•z !ܲ á%Ó §•ç G §%!l!ò≈T˛ !SȰ⁄ ܲál àîï˛sf ≤çyÓ˚
§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎà%!°ˆÏï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÂÏ ôÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xM˛ˆÏ° ⁄
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ õˆÏÓ˚ 1950 §yˆÏ° àîï˛sf Óï≈˛Ùyl !SȰ–
Ùyl!ã˛e 1É1/ 1900ÈüÈ1950 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ
í˛zͧ / ~•z Ùyl!ã˛eà%!°Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ§Ù)• Ùƒy!Ó˚°ƒyu˛˛ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Pality iv Project dataset ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z í˛yê˛yˆÏ§ê˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
àîï˛sf •° ˛õSÈ® xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆlï˛y G l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y– !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ≤ây§!lܲ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ lyà!Ó˚ܲ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y– !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ çylyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆòá
/ http:/www.cidcm.umd.edu
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 8
~•z Ùyl!ã˛e xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xhs˝ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ lyÙ §y° ~ÓÇ Ù•yˆÏò¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§y° xy!Ê˛Ü˛y ~!¢Î˚y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ °y!ï˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy
1950
1975 ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
2000 x@˝Ãà!ï˛
v 1É1 Ùyl!ã˛e ˆ§•z§Ó ˆò¢à%!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%!° 1900 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1950 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆòˆÏ¢
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚
v 1É1 ~ÓÇ 1É2 Ùyl!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§•z §Ó ˆò¢ §Ù)• !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ §Ü˛° ˆòˆÏ¢ 1950 ~ÓÇ 1975 §yˆÏ° àîï˛sf
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚–
v 1É2 ~ÓÇ 1É3 ˆÌˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z§Ó ˆò¢§Ù)• !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%!° 1975 ~ÓÇ 2000 §yˆÏ° àîï˛y!sfܲ
ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛zߨ#ï˛ •Î˚–
v °y!ï˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ§•z§Ó ˆò¢à%!° á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%!° 1975 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
•Î˚–
v Ó,•Í Ó˚yT˛…à%!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%!°ˆÏï˛ 2000 §yˆÏ°G àîï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚!l–
~•z Ùyl!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ã˛ˆÏ°y âˆÏê˛!l– ~!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ !ܲS%È xM˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚yÇ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ܲÙï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xlƒylƒ xM˛ˆÏ° SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰
!Ó®%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ß¿à%!° í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ Ù•yˆÏò¢à%!°ˆÏï˛ 1900 §y° ~ÓÇ 1950 §yˆÏ° ˆÓ!¢
ˆàˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ lçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl !SȰ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰
!òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ù•yˆÏòˆÏ¢ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !SȰ•z ly– Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚
v §Ù@˝Ã !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ôˆÏÓ˚•z àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î v Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆòˆÏ¢•z àîï˛y!sfܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰy ˆï˛y
âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y Ó°y !ܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe í˛zˆÕÏ !‘ áï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°G ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ÓˆÏí˛¸y xLjϢ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ àîï˛sf
àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢ §Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl ˛õ)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ~áˆÏly àîï˛sf ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚!l– 2000 §yˆÏ° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÓ!¢– xM˛°§Ù)ˆÏ• ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆòˆÏ¢•z àîï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ˆÓ¢#
v ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈e §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î !l– à%%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 10
!ï˛!l !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– !ï˛!l ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õï˛l
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xï˛ƒhs˝ §!ܲÎ˚ !SȈϰl– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)Ó≈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò¢à%!° ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛
~lˆÏܲyÙy åNkrumahä •l âylyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤ÃôylÙsf#– •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî Ù%=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° !ï˛!l Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õò @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛–
˛õ![˛ï˛ çG•Ó˚°y° ˆlˆÏ•Ó%̊Ó˚ Órô% !SȈ° Ï l ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ó≈Ï ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛…§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚
xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ !SȈϰl xl%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy– ÙˆÏôƒG !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §y!ôï˛ •Î˚– ˛õy!ÜhflÏyl ~ÓÇ
ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚Ó% ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ly •ˆÏÎG
˚ !ï˛!l âylyÓ˚ xyç#Ól Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ÓyǰyˆÏòˆÏ¢ 1990 §yˆÏ° §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓ§yl
˛õˆÏò !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l– !ܲv x!ã˛ˆÏÓ•˚ z 1966 §yˆÏ° §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsf í˛zß#¨ ï˛ •Î˚– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçy Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
Óy!•l# ï˛yˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛yã%˛ƒï˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ âylyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ «˛Ùï˛y áÓ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢y§lï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
xˆÏlܲ ˆò¢ fl∫yô#lï˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsf í˛zß#¨ ï˛ •ˆÏ°G ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ òy!Î˚c
ˆ§§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !SȰ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊ x!˲K˛ï˛y– x˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Î!òG ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l fiÌyÎ˚# !SȰ ly–
ˆ§áyˆÏl àîï˛sf ò#â≈ܲy° fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚!l– 1999 §yˆÏ° ˆçlyˆÏÓ˚° Ù%¢yÓ˚Ê˛ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚
§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ¢y§l !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏll– 1905 §yˆÏ° lï%˛l
Ó˚yçy «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚•z !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆòÎ˚
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
x!ôܲyÓ˚à%!° •Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
v ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xƒyê˛°y§ åAtlasä Ó•zˆïÏ ˛ âyly ˆò¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ
Î!òG §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó•%
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y âylyÓ˚ Ó˚yçôyl# xyܲyÎ˚
~шÏܲ ˆòáyG– 2000 §yˆÏ° !ܲ âylyÎ˚ àîï˛sf !SȰ⁄
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z xÓfiÌy ~áˆÏly ã˛°ˆÏSÈ–2005 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚y!Ù
v ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ §yÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 140!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó•% ò°#Î˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ~lˆÏܲyÙyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ í˛zòƒyl–
Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y⁄ xÌÓy
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~•z §Çáƒy xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢– ~lˆÏܲyÙyÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ 20
!l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y⁄
1980 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 80ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ xÈüÈàîï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ 1992 §yˆÏ°
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~!ê˛ xl%ˆÏÙyòl °y˲
Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌyÈ xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~Ùl Ó•% ˆò¢ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl çlàî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !Ó°ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î
fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
(Recent Phase)
1980 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsf ÓˆÏí˛¸y §yÊ˛°ƒ
xyˆÏ§– °y!ï˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó•% ˆòˆÏ¢ àîï˛sf ˛õ%l/
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl ~
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ âê˛ly
ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛
•zí˛z!lÎ˚l ˛õyŸª≈Óï˛#≈ Ó•% ܲ!Ùí˛z!l!T˛ ˆò¢ §Ù)•ˆÏܲ
lyly˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ï˛– 1949ÈüÈ90 §yˆÏ° ˆ˛õy°ƒyu
~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y xlƒylƒ Ó˚yT˛…§Ù)• ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!lÎ˚sfî Ù%=˛ •Î˚ – ï˛yÓ˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï 1991 §yˆÏ° ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l
ˆË˛ˆÏAà ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l 15!ê˛ ≤ÈòÏ ¢
!lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ !SȰ– ˆ§•z ˆò¢à%!° àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– ˙ §Ó ˆò¢à%!°Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§l
¢%˲ çß√!òl 60
ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ xyÇ §yÇ §%!ܲ
©Stephane Peray, Thailand, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
ï˛yÓ˚y ~áˆÏly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆçˆÏ° Ó!® ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ÙyÎ˚ylÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚
ly– ~Ùl!ܲ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ~ÓÇ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ~•z ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ !lÎ≈yï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 6 ˆÌˆÏܲ 10 °«˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÙyÎ˚ylÙyÓ˚Óy§# !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÍáyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
xlƒe xy◊Î˚ !lˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚–
ÙyÎ˚ylÙyÓ˚ •° ~Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ ˆÎ!ê˛ ÓyÙ≈y à,•Ó!® Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G §%!ܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
lyˆÏÙ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !SȰ– ˆò¢!ê˛ 1948 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ÚÚÓyÙ≈yÎ˚ àîï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§l Ù%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •° ÓyÙ≈yÓ˚ çlàî ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒylƒ
àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv 1962 §yˆÏ° çy!ï˛ˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòyñ fl∫yô#lï˛yñ §òÌ≈ܲ
~ܲ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§l ~ÓÇ §Ó≈ydܲ ç#Ól Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xÓ§yl •Î˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ 1990 ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ï˛!l
§yˆÏ° ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÌÙ §yôyÓ˚î !lÓ≈yã˛l •Î˚– xyÇ §yÇ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛!£Ïï˛ •l– Î!òG ~áˆÏly ÙyÎ˚ylÙyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§% ! ܲÓ˚ ˆlï, ˛ ˆÏ c àîï˛y!sf Ü ˛ lƒy¢ly° !°à ò° çlàî ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
åNational League for Democracyä !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ÙyÎ˚ylÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ¢y§Ü˛
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z Ê˛°yÊ˛°ˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
•hflÏyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!Ó ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ !lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚
¢y§Ü˛àî §%!ܲ§• xlƒylƒ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ
v xƒyê˛°y§ Ó•zˆÏï˛ ÙyÎ˚ylÙyÓ˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆlï,˛Ó,®ˆÏܲ à,•Ó®# ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– x§ÇრÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚yçƒ!ê˛ ÙyÎ˚ylÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §#Ùyly §Ç°@¿⁄
ÙyÎ˚ylÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ܲÙ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î x˛õÓ˚yˆÏôG ˆç°Ó!® åܲyÓ˚yÓ˚Â% ôä ܲˆÏÓ˚
v xyÇ §yÇ §%!ܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ ç#Ól# ˆ°ˆÏáy–
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
v ÙyÎ˚ylÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# xÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÏÂô §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly Ù)°Ü˛
ܲyàˆÏç !°!áï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòlà%!° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
l#!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ⁄ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏô ôÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° 20 ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 12
1É4 ÈüÈ xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ àîï˛sf (Democracy at the Global Level)
àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚
!¢«˛Ü˛ ◊#Î%=˛ !§Ç !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°l ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îy xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l
!¢ˆÏáSÈ ï˛y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– SÈye !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ (International Organisation)
ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl– ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ ≤ß¿!ê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ
Ê˛!Ó˚òy ıÈ xyÙÓ˚y çyl°yÙ ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ï˛y•° §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛õ# Ó˚yT˛…§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛sf
xM˛ˆÏ° àîï˛sf §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §¡õÜ≈˛
Ó˚yˆÏç¢ ıÈ §!ï˛ƒ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y !ܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !SȰ⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Óy§ ܲÓ˚!SÈ– xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y §%!Ó˚®ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛zay!˛õï˛˛ ≤ß¿ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ìyܲy !ܲ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈ– Î!ò •уy •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ó≈Ï ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚
§%!fløï˛y ıÈ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ú ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲÌy §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ܲ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
Ó°ˆÏ°⁄ xy!Ù ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏl ˆòá°yÙ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓy§#Ó˚y •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
•zÓ˚yܲ òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •zÓ˚yˆÏܲÓ˚ çlàî ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ܲv !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ly•z– ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
ly•z ÎyÓ˚ xy•zl §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ìyܲy
ܲáˆÏly•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ÓŸª àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ≤ÈÏÎy烖 Î!ò ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ly ÌyˆÏܲñ Î!ò
Ê˛!Ó˚òy ıÈ xy!Ù !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y§Ü˛ G ¢y§l ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y
Ó°!SÈ ly– xy!Ù ¢%ô% Ó°!SÈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~áyˆÏl í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
Ó˚yT˛…àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ܲÓ˚Ó– ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ•z •ˆÏFSÈ
Ó˚yˆÏç¢ ıÈ !ܲv ~•z ò%•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲ# ⁄ Î!ò ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛Óà≈ çlàî ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆò¢§Ù)• àîï˛y!sfܲ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲÌy !ܲ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §Ó çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ àîï˛y!sfܲ •ˆÏFSÈ⁄ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
•zÓy˚ ܲ Î%ˆÂÏ ôÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï §Óy•z •zÓy˚ ˆÏܲÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏSÈ–
§%!fløï˛y ıÈ lyú ~ê˛y xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÓyôàÙƒ •Î˚!l–
!¢«˛Ü˛ ıÈ xy!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚!SÈ– Ê˛!Ó˚òy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢
àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏSÈ !ܲv §%!fløï˛y
G Ó˚yˆÏçˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒ ~ܲê˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ùï˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ!ê˛ Ù)°ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛Óà≈
àîï˛y!sfܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚G xlƒylƒ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛ 1905
§yˆÏ° ˆÙ!:ˆÏܲyˆÏï˛
§%!fløï˛y ıÈ •уy Ù•y¢Î˚– ~ê˛y•z §!ë˛Ü˛– ˆÎ âê˛ly!ê˛ •zÓy˚ ܲ
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ÎyÓ˚
Î%ˆÏÂô •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ !SȰ
§%!Ó˚®Ó˚ ı xy!Ù !môy@˝ÃhflñÏ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyhs˝çy≈ !ï˛Ü˛
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆá°y– !ã˛e
hflψÏÓ˚ àîï˛sf §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– §Ù@˝Ã !ӈϟªÓ˚ !¢“# ~áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yl
!ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆÜ˛ ~•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl⁄
Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛⁄ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ly•z ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ Ó°!ê˛ ~áyˆÏl
~!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ Óy xàîï˛y!sfܲ •Î˚⁄ ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ⁄ ~áyˆÏl
ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ܲyÓ˚y⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 14
§Ó≈Ó,•Í xÌ≈°@¿#ܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ù– çyï˛#Î˚§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚à%!° Îál ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî àîï˛y!sfܲ
~•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ 188 §ò§ƒ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ å1 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛
2012•zÇä §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z– §Çàë˛là%!° !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˛õˆÏÌ •Ñyê˛ˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
§ò§ƒÓ˚yT˛…à!% ° ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xÌ≈òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ §Ó≈Ó•, Í ¢!=˛ôÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚yT˛… !SȰ Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…
ï˛yÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá•z ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ !lÓ˚)!˛õï˛ •Î˚– Ùy!Ü≈˛l ~ÓÇ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚lñ ~•z ò%•z ¢!=˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛… ~ÓÇ
Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…ñ çy˛õylñ çyÙ≈y!lñ Ê˛y™ñ ˆ@˝Ãê˛ !ÓˆÏê˛lñ !ã˛lñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ùe ¢!=˛à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ Ùï˛y˜Ïlܲƒñ
•zï˛y!°ñ ˆ§Ô!ò xyÓ˚Óñ ܲylyí˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y ~•z 10!ê˛ §Çâ£Ï≈ ~ÓÇ lyly ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓŸª §Çàë˛là%!° G°ˆÏÊ˛y!•ç !SȈϰl
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛•z 52 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y lyly˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚
x!˛õ≈ï˛– Óy!ܲ 178!ê˛ §ò§ƒ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ x!ï˛ x“ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…•z Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲÙye ã˛Ó˚Ù
åˆ˛õrê˛yàlä ~ܲçl
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî «˛Ùï˛y lƒhflÏ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yôyÓ˚#Ó˚yT˛… åSuper Powerä– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~•z
í˛zFã˛˛õòfiÌ Ü˛Ù≈ã˛yÓ˚# –
§Çàë˛l à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ !ÓŸªÓƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ≤ÃË)˛c !ÓŸª§Çàë˛là%!°Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ !ï˛!l •zÓ˚yˆÏܲ Ùy!Ü≈˛l
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆË˛yê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛– ≤ÃÌy lyly˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– xy@˝Ãy§ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ
xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ xÌ≈Ùsf#Ó˚ myÓ˚y ÙˆÏlyl#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ Ó ~ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆÎ àîï˛sf !SȈϰl– !ÓŸªÓƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚
ˆ§ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲàî•z §Ó≈òy !ÓŸªÓƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y Óy §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
˛õò x°ÇÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xyˆÏ®y°l ˆl•z– ˆÎ §Ü˛° çlàî xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xy§yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z àîï˛sf ÓƒyAà!ã˛e ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓ!¢ xy@˝Ã• ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !Óàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲÓSÈÓ˚ ~•z ÓƒAà!ã˛ˆÏe !ÓŸªÓƒyAܲ
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓ˚y ôˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y SÈyí˛¸y•z !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ çlàî G xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ#
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– Î%ˆÂÏ ôÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ܲÌy
v §!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%ˆO Ï Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ G xlƒylƒ §Çàë˛l !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ≤ÃË)˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ~ÓÇ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
v !ÓŸªÓƒyAܲ G xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l àˆÏí˛¸
!§Âôyhs˝ §¡∫!°ï˛ áÓÓ˚yáÓÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~•z í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl çyï˛#Î˚ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ
ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ çlàî ˆÎ xyˆÏ®y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸⁄
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~•z ò%•z ÙˆÏï˛y–
ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ Ù!sf§Ë˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl fiÌyÎ˚# Ùsf#Ó˚
!ÓŸªÓƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛ §Ù@˝Ã xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ à,•#ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
«˛Ùï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛# ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÓ⁄ xÌÓy
xy!Ù Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy
~Ùl ~ܲ xy•zl§Ë˛y ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õÑyã˛ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ çlƒ
§òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y lƒyhflÏ– ˆ˛õrê˛yàˆÏl xy!Ù
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ
~à%!°ˆÏܲ !ܲ ï%˛!Ù àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ˆ§•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
çyï˛#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚à!% ° ˆÎ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ l#!ï˛ G xyò¢≈ xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆÓ¢#Ó˚ Ë ˛yà xyhs˝ ç ≈ y !ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏ l ï˛y
xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛–
!ÓŸª §Çàë˛là%!° ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ lÎ˚ñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~à%!° xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢
àîï˛y!sfܲ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓyhflÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ í˛zͧy• ÓƒOܲ lÎ˚– ÓyhflψÏÓ
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 16
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ï˛ál ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •Î˚ Îál §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚
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àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 18
3– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Ó=˛Óƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ó=˛Óƒ!ê˛ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛zÂô,ï˛ °y•zl!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈyüüüÈ
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àä çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yT˛…à%!°ˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛y x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
âä ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ü˛° Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòy Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
4– l#ˆÏã˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ó˚yT˛… G ˆ§ §Ü˛° Ó˚yˆÏT˛… ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˆÙ°yG ı
ܲä !ã˛!° ܲä !Ó!ê˛¢ í˛z˛õ!lˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ¢y§l ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!=˛
áä ˆl˛õy° áä §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yl
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àä ˆ˛õy°ƒy[˛ àä ~ܲò°#Î˚ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓ§yl
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6– §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ¢!=˛ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ í˛zÍáyï˛ •ˆÏ° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫yô#lï˛y •Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y
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ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Î%!=˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ü˛ä ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ˆò¢ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛là%!°ˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÓ!¢ xÌ≈ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y
x!ôܲ ÙÎ≈yòy G «˛Ùï˛y òy!Ó Ü˛!Ó˚–
áä xyÙyÓ˚ ˆò¢ ˆSÈyê˛ G ò!Ó˚o •ˆÏ°G §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòy òy!Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§Âôyhs˝ xyÙyÓ˚
ˆò¢ˆÏܲG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
àä xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ôl# Ó˚yT˛…§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÓ!¢ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ò!Ó˚o Ó˚yT˛…à%!°Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ !Ó§ç≈l !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
âä xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛là%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó,•ÍÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÓ!¢ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
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8– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ®y°l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ò)Óò˚ ¢≈ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y
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x!ï˛!ÌÈüÈ 1 : ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yT˛…– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ çlƒ §Ç@˝ÃyÙÓ˚ï˛
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z §ÙÌ≈l çylyˆÏÓ–
x!ï˛!Ì ÈüÈ 2 : ~ê˛y ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˛õIlܲ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z •zÓ˚yˆÏܲÓ˚
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!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyܲÙîˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó!•/¢!=˛
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x!ï˛!ÌÈüÈ3 : ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛l xyÙÓ˚y xlƒ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ •hflˆÏ «Ï ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚Ó⁄ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù xÓfiÌy
•ˆÏ° §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲÌy•z ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓÓ–
~•z Ùhs˝Óƒà%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ Ü˛#⁄ ~•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˲yÓSÈ⁄
!Ó!˲ߨ òˆÏ° !Ó!˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ SÈyeSÈye#Ó˚y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÇÓyò§Ù)• §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÎ!ê˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl àîï˛y!sfܲ lÎ˚– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lçÓ˚ òyG–
v ܲ# ܲ# âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xàîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛… ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚⁄
v ˙ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl x!˲ˆÏÎyà G òy!Óà%!° ܲ# ܲ# ⁄
v Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ òyÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#°⁄
v àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ xlƒï˛Ù ≤Ãôyl ˆlï,˛Ó,® ܲyÓ˚y⁄
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎÙl ˆòGÎ˚y° ˛õ!eܲyñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòlñ SÈ!Ó ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z §Ç@˝ÃyÙà%!°
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 20
!mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy åIntroductionä :
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ à“ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲ!Ó˚–
ˆ§áyˆÏl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xàîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y
ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ~•z ˆò¢à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !˲ߨ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §Ü˛° à“ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÙlÈüÈ àîï˛sf ܲ#⁄ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ܲ# ܲ# ⁄ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ àîï˛sf ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸
í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ xyÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl °«˛ƒ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y– ~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ xàîï˛y!sfܲ
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ# ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚Ó– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï §yôyÓ˚î àîï˛y!sfܲ
ôyÓ˚îy x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó,•_Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Ó–
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó•% ˆòˆÏ¢
§¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚)˛õ âê˛ly âê˛ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ê˛y•z ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ß¿–
21
2É1 : àîï˛sf ܲ#⁄ (What is Democracy ?)
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌÓy âylyÓ˚ ~lˆÏܲyÙy åNkrumahä §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
à“ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ– ~•z à“à%!°ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ §Çàë˛l G §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~•z
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚à%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙyÎ˚ylÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
àîï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛ˆÏܲ xàîï˛y!sfܲ ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Ù° xyˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆÜ˛l xyÙÓ˚y Ó°Ó
Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §Ü˛° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎñ ~ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚à%!° àîï˛y!sfܲ lÎ˚⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ ӈϰ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ˆÏÎÏ ˚ ï%˛!Ù ~•z ≤ß¿à%!° !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°Ó˚
!ܲ !ܲS%È ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ⁄ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
v !˛õˆÏly!§Ó˚ åPinochetä ¢y§l «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ v àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚–
G ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!°– v xàîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚–
v ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õy°ƒyu˛˛–
v ~lˆÏܲyÙy åNkrumahä §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l àîï˛sf !•§yˆÏÓ xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ÓÓ˚ ⁄
âylyÓ˚ !ã˛e– (Why define democracy ?)
˲yÓSÈ ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° !ܲ §Ó ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ⁄ ˆÜ˛l ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ~ál ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆÙ!Ó˚Ó˚
xyÙÓ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ~§Ü˛° ˆò¢à%!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z í˛zay!˛õï˛ xy˛õ!_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ò,!T˛ ˆòGÎ˚y Îyܲ– àîï˛sfˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓÓ⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎà˚ !% ° !˛õˆÏly!§ åPinochetä ~˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly
¢y!§ï˛ !ã˛!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌñ ˆ˛õy°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ¢y§l ~ÓÇ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ≤ß¿ xyˆÏSÈ–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 22
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xlƒylƒ SÈyeSÈye#Ó˚yG xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xÇ¢ xy!Ù ˆòˆÏá!SÈ àîï˛sf ¢∑!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !@˝Ãܲ ¢∑ !í˛ÙyˆÏܲ!ê˛Î˚y
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ !¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ åDemokratiaä ¢∑ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛z q ( ï ˛– @˝ à #ܲ¢∑
ˆòl– Úˆí˛ˆÏÙy§ÛåDemosä ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ çlàî ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛!ê˛Î˚y
ˆÙ!Ó˚ åMerryä ı Ù•y¢Î˚yñ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ xy˛õ!_ åKratiaä ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ¢y§l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÌ≈
xyˆÏSÈ – xy!Ù ≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y§l– ~ê˛y•z §!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈– ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ àîï˛sf §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ çylˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ !ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄
ã˛y•z!SÈ– ~ê˛y !ܲ Î%!=˛§Çàï˛⁄ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ !ܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# ı ~ê˛y ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z_Ù
í˛z˛õyÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SȰ ly⁄ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ xÌ≈ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˛õÌ– xy!Ù ¢%ô% Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ §Ó≈òy §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y !ܲ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚⁄ Ê˛°≤ç) •Î˚ ly– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ó≈òy
!¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# ı ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ xy!Ù ¢%l°yÙ !ܲv ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyà%!° ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓy– ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !SȰ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ ˆ§ê˛y ˆ§Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÓ ly– xyÙÓ˚y ܲ°Ùñ Ó,!T˛ Óy ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !•§yÓ !lܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫Î˚Ç!ܲÎ˚ Îsf– Îy á%Ó
˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y ¢∑à%!° ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ ç!ê˛° xLjÏܲÓ˚ !•§yÓÈüÈ!lܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
~•z ¢∑à%!° ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ Óy §ÇK˛y çylyÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ˆ°áyñ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲyñ àyl ˆ¢yly G !§ˆÏlÙy ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ⁄ ~ܲê%˛ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ܲyçG ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ¢∑ ~ܲ •ˆÏ°G xÌ≈
~•z ¢∑à%!°Ó˚ !ܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ §ÇK˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚⁄ !ܲv ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó%Ͳõ!_àï˛
xy§ˆÏ° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˆÓyV˛y xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §yò,¢ƒ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÎyÎ˚– ˆÙ!Ó˚ ı Ù•y¢Î˚yñ Ó›àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÙ!Ó˚ ı ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛l §Ü˛° !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇK˛y çyly fl∫yÌ≈ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õÌ ˆl•z–
xy!Ù àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y
!˲ߨ ÓƒyáƒyG ¢%ˆÏl!SÈ–
!¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# ı Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
àîï˛sf •°ñ çlàî•#lñ
§ÙÎ˚ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ••z ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y çylyÓ˚ !¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# ı ï%˛!Ù xyÙyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ Ó%ˆÏV˛SÈ– ã˛ˆÏ°yñ
çlàî ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– à%!í˛¸ à%!í˛¸ Óy Ù%£Ï°ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó£Ï≈yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó,!T˛ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛°ˆÏÙ Ü˛yçà%!° ܲ!Ó˚–
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ çlàîˆÏܲ ܲÎ˚
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!T˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– ˆÜ˛l
§!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ G §ÇK˛y çyly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y ~•z §ÇK˛y @˝Ã•î
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z ܲÌy ≤ÈÏÎy烖 xyÙÓ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ܲÓ˚Ó ly⁄
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ xl%§Ó˚î
çlàî àîï˛sfˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y §Ó≈òy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ~Ùl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆÎÙlñ ܲ°Ùñ Ó,!T˛ Óy ˲y°Óy§yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xÌ≈
!•§yˆÏÓ xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È !°!á– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ܲ°Ù
Ó˚!Ó ı §ÇK˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲyë˛ ˆ˛õl!§°ñ Óy¢ñ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ xyˆÏàÓ˚!òl xy˛õ!l ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÓ y•yÙ ã˛Ü˛ xÌÓy Ó˚ ! .l ˆ˛õ!™° ~Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì Ü˛°ˆÏ Ù Ó˚
!°AܲˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!=˛!ê˛ ~˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÈüüüÈ ÚÚàîï˛sf ˛õyÌ≈ Ü ˛ƒà% ! ° ˛õ!Ó˚ fl ÒyÓ˚ Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó í˛z ˆ Ï Õ ‘ á ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ y –
•° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚yñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y§l–ÛÛ v ~•z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# !¢áˆÏ°⁄
!e˛õ%Ó˚yÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢y§l ܲ!Ó˚– ~ê˛y v àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ xÌ≈ ˆÓyV˛˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒ– ˆÜ˛l ~•z xÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ܲï˛ê˛y §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
!¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# ı xy!Ù Ó°!SÈ ly ˆÎ ~ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌy !ܲS%Èê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç §ÇK˛y
çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Óy !ܲS%È ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ (A Simple Definition)
•ˆÏ°•z ~ê˛y §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù ˛õÌ •ˆÏÓ ~ ܲÌy xy!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy•zñ
ΈϢyòy ı Ù•y¢Î˚yñ xy!Ù !ܲ xlƒ !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒ G
˛õy!Ó˚⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒà%!° xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 24
2É2 ı àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ (Features of Democracy)
v àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x!ôܲ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !ܲ Îy á%!¢ ï˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄˚ xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ
àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ e%!ê˛à%!° Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z !ܲ !ܲS%È !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyç
àîï˛sf •° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚l ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §¡øyl
¢y§Ü˛àî çlàˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l– xyÙÓ˚y çylyˆÏly àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ܲ çÓ˚%!Ó˚⁄
àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ~•z §•ç §ÇK˛y myÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢%Ó%˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ– ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~•z
~•z §ÇK˛y xˆÏlܲà%!° ≤ß¿ í˛zay˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
v ~•z §ÇK˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢y§Ü˛Óà≈ ܲyÓ˚y⁄ àîï˛sf •ˆÏï˛
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˆlï,˛Ó,® ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛ ≤Ãôyl
ˆàˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
•GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ àîï˛ˆÏsf §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y ≤Ãôyl !§Âôyhs˝§Ù)•
ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ (Major decisions by elected leaders)
v !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õÂô!ï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l §Çà!ë˛ï˛ 1999 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ÙyˆÏ§ ˆçlyˆÏÓ˚°
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏË˛ç ˆÙy¢yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛
¢ï≈˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ xË%˛ƒayl •Î˚– !ï˛!l àîï˛y!sfܲ í˛zz˛õyˆÏÎ˚
v çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÇ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏ◊!î !lÓ≈yã˛l !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Óï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ xÌÓy !lˆÏçÓ˚y ¢y§Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ãôyl ¢y§Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õò!Ó
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~•z x!ôܲyÓ˚ !ܲ §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ˛õò @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ 2002
§Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ àîï˛sf !ܲ !ܲS%È §yˆÏ° àîˆÏ˲yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢y§l«˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õÑyã˛
lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ ~•z x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ÓSÈÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ àîÙyôƒÙñ ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚
v §Ó≈ˆ¢ Ï ˆÏ£Ï ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §Çàë˛l §Ù)• ~ÓÇ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ӈϰl
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚⁄ àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÙy¢yÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ~•z àîˆÏ˲yê˛ Ù)°ï˛ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyñ
ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
˛õˆÏí˛¸y
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 26
©Nerilicon, El Economista , Mexico, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
17 May 2005
§y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˆÙ!:ˆÏܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°
PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
¢y§l «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ò°à%!° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï G ܲáˆÏly•z çÎ˚°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ l– ˛õˆÏí˛¸y
çlàî ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l PRI ò° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°yˆÏ˲Ó˚
çlƒ xˆÏlܲ ˆlyÇÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ô¢° G xlƒyÎ˚ ˛õÌ xÓ°¡∫l
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §Ó˚ Ü ˛y!Ó˚ ܲÙ≈ ã ˛yÓ˚ # ˆÏ Ü ˛•z àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ àë˛l
ò°#Î˚§Ë˛yà%!°ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛– ~Ùl!ܲ åBuilding
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛àî PRI òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆË˛yê˛ Democracyä ~•z
ˆòGÎ˚ y Ó˚ çlƒ x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏ ò Ó˚ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛l– !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyˆÏÙ °y!ï˛l
§ÇÓyòÙyôƒÙà%!°G !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ò°à%!°Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ §ÇfiÌy ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ÓƒhflÏ ÌyÜ˛ï˛–
~•z ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛
ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x§%!ÓôyÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆ¢£Ï
•Î˚– ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Ì!°à%!°
Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆË˛yê˛ ˆÜ˛wà%!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ~áyˆÏl ܲ# xÌ≈ ≤Ãܲy¢
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ï˛– PRI ò° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~•z ÓƒyAà !ã˛e!ê˛
˛õˆÏ«˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l# ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛– !ܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%!°ˆÏï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ !ã˛e ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ ⁄
ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ï˛y !ܲ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ ⁄ ~•z í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%!°
˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ò°ˆÏܲG «˛Ùï˛yã%˛ƒï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ~Ó˚)˛õ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ
!lÓ≈yã˛l# ÓƒÓfiÌy xˆÏlܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚– !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È çylÓ–
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù)°ƒ ˆl•z– ï˛yÓ˚y ¢%ô%
~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ñ ~ܲ ˆË˛yê˛ G §ÙÙ)°ƒ
¢y§Ü˛ò° ~ÓÇ òˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%ˆÙÏ yòl≤ÃyÆ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚•z !lÓ≈yã˛l (One Person, One Vote,
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ !ܲ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫yô#l !lÓ≈yã˛l One Value)
ÓˆÏ ° x!˲!•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ó ⁄ ˆÙ!:ˆÏ Ü ˛yˆÏ Î ˚ Ó ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e àîï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó≈çl#l
xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yô#l Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆflÏ ÒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲï˛ê˛y §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆ§
Ù)°ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ÓyhflψÏÓ ï˛y •Î˚ lyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ– §Ó≈çl#l
fl∫yô#l Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ ˆl•z– çlàî ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#!ï˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ò°ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆ§áyˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛° Ó˚yT˛…•z @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆl•z– ~ !lÓ≈yã˛là%!°ˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly•z ò%l#≈!ï˛Ù%=˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l §Ü˛° §Ùyl ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ ~áˆÏly í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛–
Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– v ˆ§Ô!ò xyÓ˚ˆÏÓ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z–
àîï˛sfˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ v •zˆfiÏ ê˛y!lÎ˚yÓ˚ åEstoniaä lyà!Ó˚ܲ xy•zl ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ
xyÙÓ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ¢%ô% ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy°â% lyà!Ó˚ܲàî
!lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y•z àîï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ΈÏÌT˛ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly–
lÎ˚– !Óܲ“ ≤ÃyÌ≈#ˆÏܲ ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆ§•z§Ó v !Ê˛!çÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l# xy•zˆl Ï Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÓLjϢyq(ï˛ !Ê˛!çÎ˚yl
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ Îál lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ fl∫ˆòÏ ¢# !Ê˛!çÎ˚ylˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ •zFSÈy xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ «˛Ùï˛yã%˛ƒï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢–
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ“ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÙÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
àîï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ fl∫yô#l ~ÓÇ ò%l#≈!ï˛Ù%=˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
§yjyÙ ˆ•yˆÏ§lˆÏܲ
«˛Ùï˛yã%˛ƒï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
•zÓ˚yˆÏܲ ~•z !ã˛e!ê˛
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ
ܲyÓ˚yhs˝Óy˚ ˆÏ° ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢“# ~áyˆÏl
ܲ# Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl⁄
≤ÃÌÙ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ~•z !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚
Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲˆÏÓ˚•z àîï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– ~!ê˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚
òyÎ˚ÓÂôï˛y •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– àîï˛ˆÏsf ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆË˛yê˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ ÙÎ≈yòy§¡õߨ ܲÙ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ lyly˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ≈yï˛l ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ë˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòˆÏl Óyôy ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛–
!ܲS%È çylÓ– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò G
!ӈϫ˛y˲ xyˆÏ®y°l ˆÓxy•z!l ˆây!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ¢y§l ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §#!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ˆÓ˚!í˛ˆÏÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ãò¢≈l !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó=˛Óƒ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– fl∫yô#l §ÇÓyò˛õe ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆÎ §Ü˛°
(Rule of law and respect for §yÇÓy!òܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l
right) ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ï˛yÓ˚y lyly˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛l– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
1980 §yˆÏ° §Çáƒy°â% ˆŸªï˛yAà ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ •yï˛ Ü˛áˆÏly ܲáˆÏly xyòy°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏò¢ xÙylƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ
ˆÌˆÏܲ !ç¡∫yˆÏÓyˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ùl!ܲ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çˆÏl !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l
!ç¡∫yˆÏÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyܲyÓ˚#ò° Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó°≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l–
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó⁄ çyl%ÈüÈ!˛õÊ˛ åZANU-PFä ¢y§l «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ x!ô!¤˛ï˛– !ç¡∫yˆÏÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈òy ~•z çyl%ò°•z çÎ˚°y˲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ¢y§Ü˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl
!Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ˆÙyàyˆÏÓ åMugabeä çl!≤ÃÎ˚ •ˆÏ°G ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl !ܲv ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚– çl!≤ÃÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl !ï˛!l xˆÏlܲ x˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫l xàîï˛y!sfܲ •ˆÏï˛˛ õyˆÏÓñ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆlï,˛Óà≈G ˜fl∫Óy˚ ã˛yÓ˚#
§ÇÓyò xy!Ù ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ– ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó•% §Ç!Óôyl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ï˛!l Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ü˛Ù¢ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù – ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó ly⁄ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ °«˛ Ó˚yáy §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 28
©Eric Allie, Pioneer Press, US, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ òy!Î˚c G ܲï≈˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ¢%ô% çlàˆÏîÓ˚
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ò°§• §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫yô#l ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛ lÎ˚ñ xlƒylƒ fl∫yô#l §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ G òyÎ˚ÓÂô
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÌyˆÏܲl– ˛õM˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓy˚
Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ çylÓ–
ܲï˛à%!° ˆÙÔ!°Ü x!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚y– ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈
Ù%=˛ !ã˛hs˝yñ fl∫yô#l Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤Ãò¢≈lñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇfiÌy ~ÓÇ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ á%шÏç ˛õy•z– §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ xy•zl
àë˛l ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô# ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# xyˆÏ®y°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lyà!Ó˚ܲ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
x!ôܲyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆò¢ ¢y§l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲ §ÙylÙÎ≈yòy §¡õߨ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
˛õˆÏí˛¸y
lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z x!ôܲyÓ˚ fl∫yô#l ~ÓÇ §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒ
§ÇK˛yÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚
!Óã˛yÓ˚ÓƒÓfiÌy myÓ˚y §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– £Ï¤˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~ (Summary Definition) !ã˛l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!°
!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ çylÓ– ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ Îy•z– ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȰyÙ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç §ÇK˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ à%à%° G •zÎ˚y•%
!ӣψÏÎ˚ ܲï˛à%!° ¢ï≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚– ~!ê˛ !SȰñ ÚÚàîï˛sf •° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÓ˚lñ GˆÏÎ˚Ó§y•zˆÏê˛ fl∫yô#l G
àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl !ÓçÎ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ Îy •zˆÏFSÈ ï˛y•z ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢y§Ü˛àî çlàî ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l–ÛÛ ~•z ôyÓ˚yÓy!•ܲ Ùï˛≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ܲï˛à%!° !l!ò≈T˛ §ÇK˛y!ê˛ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !lÓ˚flf
xy•zl ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Çáƒy°â% ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ܲS%È ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y– SÈye G ܲyÙyˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ!Óà%!°
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xˆÏlܲà%!° í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# ܲ# ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ìyܲy ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ï˛y í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
•z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛yÓ˚ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ xy•zl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ àîï˛sf •° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆòÎ˚– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ á%шÏç
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° !l!ò≈T˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ G ܲï≈˛Óƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÓ˚î Óy Ó˚)˛õ– ˆÎáyˆÏlÈüüüÈ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚–
v çlàî ܲï,˛≈ܲ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !ܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆÎñ àîï˛sf•z §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù⁄ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚
!§Âôyhs˝§Ù)• !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xyˆÏSÈ⁄
v !lÓ≈yã˛l •ˆÏÓ fl∫yô#l G fl∫FSÈ ÓySÈy•zˆÎ
Ï Ó˚ ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ÎyÓ˚ ï˛y!Ùly / !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# ӈϰˆÏSÈl
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çlàî Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È !Óáƒyï˛ •ˆÏ°G !Óly !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ
v ~•z ÓySÈy•z Óy Ùï˛≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y G §%ˆÏÎyà ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ~ê˛y !ܲ §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ ˆÎ §Ü˛ˆÏ° Ë%˛° ˛õÌ
§Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ – xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ Èl⁄
v çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z fl∫yô#l Ùï˛≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ç!° / !ë˛Ü˛ú ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ Ë%˛° ˛õÌ– àîï˛sf
§yÇ!Óôy!lܲ xy•zl G lyà!Ó˚ܲ x!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ òyÎ˚ÓÂô xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È⁄ xô≈¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ àîï˛sf ~ˆÏò¢ˆÏܲ òy!Ó˚oï˛yÓ˚ x!˲¢y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~áˆÏly Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l–
2É3 àîï˛sf ˆÜ˛l⁄ (Why Democracy) Ó˚!Óly / !ܲv àîï˛sf ~áyˆÏl ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ « ˛ àîï˛sf §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ !ÓhflÏ y !Ó˚ ï ˛ ~•z òy!Ó˚oï˛y !ܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî⁄ xÌÓy àîï˛y!sfܲ
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# Îál SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ •ˆÏ°•z !ܲ òy!Ó˚oï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
Ó°ˆÏ°l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù Ó˚)˛õ •° àîï˛sf ï˛ál•z ç!° / Îy•zˆÏ•yܲ ~ê˛y ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ù)°
~!ӣψÏÎ˚ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ _Ù §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ l–
àîï˛sf •° ¢%ô% !Ó¢,C°yñ x!fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛yñ ò%l#≈!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
àîï˛ˆÏsf !Óï˛ˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚ §%!Óôy ˲[˛yÙ#– Ó˚yçl#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z °í˛¸y•z ܲˆÏÓ–˚
(Debating merits of Democracy) ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆÜ˛ ˲yˆÏÓ⁄
ΈϢyòy / xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ Óy§ ˛õÓl / ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xyÓ˚ ܲ# •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄
ܲ!Ó˚– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ ˆÎñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°y⁄ ly!ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xy!Ù !¢áy !ò!òÙ!îÓ˚ ˆò¢ ¢y§l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl Ó˚yçyˆÏܲ xyÙsfî
§Ó≈e çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲyÙƒ– ˆÎ
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– çylyˆÏly⁄
§Ü˛° Ó˚yˆÏT˛… xyˆÏà àîï˛sf !SȰ ly ˆ§à%!° ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚
~!ê˛ˆÏܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÓ˚y!ç / xy!Ù !ë˛Ü˛ çy!l lyñ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲçl
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛… ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ü˛° !Óáƒyï˛
ˆ◊!îܲ«˛ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ¢!=˛¢y°# ˆlï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ӈϰ xy!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚– !Î!l
Óƒ!=˛àî•z çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ï˛y•ˆÏ°
•Î˚– ï˛y•z lÎ˚ ܲ#⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 30
xy•zl§Ë˛y ~ÓÇ !lÓ≈yã˛lˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ à%Óc%˚ ly !òˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ v àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ âl âl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ~ܲçl ˆlï˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z §Ü˛° ˛Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆò¢ x!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
«˛Ùï˛y Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛y v àîï˛sf ¢%ô% Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~ê˛y•z ~ܲÙye ~ˆÏò¢ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆá°y– ~áyˆÏl ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyl ˆl•z–
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%l#≈!ï˛ G òy!Ó˚oï˛y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– v Ó•% Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ àîï˛ˆÏsf ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
2004 §yˆÏ° ܲylyí˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛í˛z !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°° ı ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˜fl∫Ó˚ï˛sf ӈϰ– !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° xÎÌy !Ó°¡∫ •Î˚–
˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ•ly ı Î!ò G•z Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lç ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚y çyˆÏl ly çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~•z !ã˛e!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛
fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ~•z «˛Ùï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ !ï˛!l Î!ò !lˆÏç fl∫yÌ≈ ܲ#⁄ ï˛yÓ˚y !l¡¨ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛
•Î˚– !¢“#§• ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ
ò%l#≈!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •l⁄ •Î˚–
ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ ~•z
ˆÓ˚y!ç ı xy!Ù ~ܲçl §Íñ ~ܲ!l¤˛ñ ܲï≈˛Óƒ˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î v !lÓ≈yã˛l# ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚° ˛õy!ê≈˛
~ÓÇ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˆlï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°!SÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ ~áyˆÏl ò%l#≈!ï˛ Ë˛#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ çÑy!ܲˆÏÎ˚
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓçÎ˚# •í˛zܲ–
ˆ•ly ı !ܲv ˆ§ê˛yG §!ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚– ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ӈϧ–
!ܲv !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°
˜fl∫Ó˚ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚SÈ– v §yôyÓ˚î çlàî çyˆÏl ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛–
!°ÓyˆÏÓ˚° ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÎyÎ˚– ~•z !ã˛e!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ
xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Î%!=˛
!ܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
≤ÃÜ, ˛ ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï% ˛ °ly ܲÓ˚ y – ÓyhflÏ Ó ç#ÓˆÏ l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲yÓSÈ⁄ ~•z !Óï˛Ü≈˛à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xÌÓy !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Î%!=˛
˜fl∫Ó˚¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õà%!° °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ó ˆÜ˛ylà%!° ≤Ãôylï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ⁄ xyÓ˚
!•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛⁄
ò%l#≈!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏñ fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ l,¢Ç§ •Î˚– xy§ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Î%!=˛à%!° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ çy!l ly ӈϰ•z Ó°SÈ– Îï˛•z áyÓ˚y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Î%!=˛à%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛!Ù ~ܲÙï˛⁄
ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l ï%˛!Ù ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎñ àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ly– Îyò%ܲy!ë˛ ˆl•z ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ü˛° §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
!¢!«˛Ü˛y !¢áyˆÏòÓ# xï˛ƒhs˝ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢%l!SȈϰl– !ï˛!l ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ~áˆÏly xÓ§yl
˛õˆÏí˛¸y
Ó°ˆÏ°l ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Óy•z xï˛ƒhs˝ ˜ôˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– àîï˛sf §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÓ˚l
ܲÓ˚SÈ ~ê˛y ˆòˆÏá xy!Ù xï˛ƒhs˝ á%!¢ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– xy!Ù
çy!lly ˆÜ˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛ Ë%˛°ñ ~!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ܲv xy!Ù Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ~
!ӣψÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ çylyˆÏï˛ ã˛yG– Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏ£Ïô ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚
çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ¢y!hflÏ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !lŸã˛Î˚•z
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ò%/á •ˆÏÓ– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ°
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ Ó°ˆÏÓ ly ˆÎ ~!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ⁄ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
Cagle Cartoons Inc. 6 December 2004
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 32
§,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §ÇâˆÏ£Ó≈Ï ˚ xÓ§yl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §ˆÏÓ≈yÍÜ,˛T˛ !§Âôyhs˝ ~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ òyÎ˚ÓÂô
âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄ ˛õy¢!Óܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°G ~ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ál
§Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˆày¤˛# ò%Ó° ≈ ˆày¤˛#à%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xlƒylƒ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ
Óy•%ӈϰÓ˚ myÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ ÙylˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ– àîï˛sf çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙÎ≈yòy Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– 2004 §yˆÏ° ܲylyí˛yÓ˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~ÓƒÓfiÌy §ÙyˆÏç x§v!T˛ G x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎñ àîï˛sf ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
§,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˆày¤˛# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ùï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~•z !ã˛e!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛
ˆÓ!¢!òl ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– àîï˛sf•z ôl# G !¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z à!Ó˚Ó G x!¢!«˛ï˛ Óy •Î˚– !¢“#§• ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ
~ܲÙye ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫“!¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚yG §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòy °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– çlàî ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ ~•z
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚° ˛õy!ê≈˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– àîï˛ˆÏsf ˆÜ˛í˛z fiÌyÎ˚# ˆ§Ô˲yàƒÓyl Óy •ï˛Ë˛yàƒ ~áyˆÏl ¢y!§ï˛ Óy ≤Ãçy lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓçÎ˚# ˆ•yܲ–
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛# ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ ¢y§Ü˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛° !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z !ܲv !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– àîï˛sf•z ~•z ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ òyÎ˚ÓÂô– !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚° ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï àîï˛sf xlƒ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z !ã˛e!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ
~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ Î%!=˛ Ù)°ï˛ §Ùyçç#Ól G í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ ~ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ˆÎ ~ê˛y Ë%˛° §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xÌÓy
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%î Óy í˛zÍܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆòÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎñ àîï˛ˆÏsf !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Î%!=˛ !•§yˆÏÓ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ – §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛#ñ Ë%˛° •ˆÏÓ ly ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y ˆl•z– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛⁄
~!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y ¢!=˛¢y°# Î%!=˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
lÎ˚– àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y Î%!=˛ •° ˆÎñ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §%!Óôy •° ~•z ˆÎñ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ e%!ê˛
~!ê˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ùl!ܲ àîï˛sf ˆÓ!¢!òl ã˛y˛õy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z
ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
˛õˆÏí˛¸y
©Cam Cardow, The Ottawa Citizen, Canada, Cagle Cartoons
Inc. 30 May 2004.
xyÙÓ˚y ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚Ó˚y «%˛kô ~ÓÇ í˛zòyÓ˚˛õrÌ#Ó˚y òy!Ω˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈÉÉÉ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚Ó lyÉÉÉ !ÓŸªy§ ˲Aà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈÉÉÉ
ï˛yÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ê˛yܲy ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈÉÉÉ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ 24 ç%l xyÙÓ˚y ܲyly!í˛Î˚ylÓ˚y Óí˛¸ ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Îy!FSÈÉÉÉ !ç!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓÉÉÉ
Ó˚yˆÏç¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyçyʉ˛Ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ܲáˆÏly•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yT˛… xlƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%ˆÏÂô !°Æ •Î˚!l– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ò%!ê˛ xàîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z Î%Âô §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏl Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ~ê˛y•z àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y §yÊ˛°ƒ– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏç¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyçyʉ˛Ê˛Ó˚
!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y çylyÎ˚– Ó˚yˆÏç¢ ÓˆÏ° ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y Î%!=˛ lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲ!fløÜ˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
âê˛lyÙye– ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly xyˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ˆÙyçyʉ˛Ê˛Ó˚ ӈϰ ~ê˛y ܲáˆÏly•z
xyܲ!fløÜ˛ âê˛ly •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌy ~Ùl §Ó !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
x@˝Ãà!ï˛
~ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛!Ù ~ܲÙï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄ Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚
33 àîï˛sf ܲ#⁄ àîï˛sf ˆÜ˛l⁄
~ ÓƒÓfiÌy xlƒ !Óܲ“ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛– ~ˆÏï˛
e%!ê˛à%!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ àîÙyôƒˆÏÙ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà
~•z !ã˛e!ê˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚G §%ˆÎÏ yà ÌyˆÏܲ– •Î˚ ¢y§Ü˛Óà≈ í˛zß¨ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲñ ~!ê˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
˛õM˛y¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ)!ï≈˛
xy¢yÈüÈxyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
~•z e%!ê˛à%!° §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ lï%˛Óy çlàˆÏîÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛
í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ƒ !Óáƒyï˛ Ü˛yê%≈˛l
!¢“# xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ °«˛î §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ– xàîï˛y!sfܲ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ çlàîˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ x!AÜ˛ï˛˛– SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy Î!ò ~§Ü˛° §%ˆÏÎyà
ܲï˛çlˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ˛ !òˆÏï˛ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õG çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄ ~•z !ã˛ˆÏe ã˛ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– ÙÎ≈yòy G òyÎ˚ÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ë%˛° !§Âôyhs˝à!% ° §ÇˆÏ¢yôl
§yôyÓ˚î Óƒ!=˛!ê˛ Îy àîï˛sf xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó!ܲS%È !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xÌÓy §Ü˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî àîï˛sfˆÏܲ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y çy!l §ˆÏÓ≈yÍÜ,˛T˛ ôÓ˚l !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà çlàî ܲ#
ï˛y ˲yÓˆÏSÈ⁄ 2É8 Ó,•_Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ àîï˛sf (Broader Meaning of Democracy)
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó §#!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcÙ) ° ܲ àîï˛sf – ˛õ) Ó ≈ Ó ï˛#≈ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ « ˛
ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÌ≈ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢
˛õˆÏí˛¸y Ó%ˆÏV˛!SÈ ˆÎñ àîï˛sf •° ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õ– ӈϰ xyÙÓ˚y ÎyˆÏܲ çy!l ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ü˛° çlàî
~SÈyí˛¸yG àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ §)-y!ï˛§)- ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ¢y§l ܲˆÏÓl˚ ly– §Ü˛° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ˆÏòÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xyÙÓ˚y °y˲ ܲ!Ó˚– •yˆÏï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ùl!ܲ
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ó˚)˛õ •° §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛Ó˚yG §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 34
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ çlàî•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ àîï˛sf ¢∑!ê˛ ¢%ô% Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò¢ ¢y§l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ~!ê˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ~ˆÏܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ ÈüüüÈ Ó,•_Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛
v !Ó˛õ%° çl§Çáƒy !Ó!¢T˛ xyô%!lܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ °«˛ƒ ܲ# •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆ§ !ӣψÎÏ G ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ–
Ó˚yˆÏT˛… §Ü˛° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ÓˆÏ§ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y v ÚÎál ˆÜ˛í˛z áy!° ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ Ó˚yï˛ Ü˛yê˛yˆÏÓ ly ï˛ál•z
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àîï˛sf ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆlˆÏÙ xy§ˆÏÓ–Û xyÙyÓ˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Ü˛áˆÏly
v Î!ò §Ω˛ÓG •Î˚ ï˛Ìy!˛õG ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ v àîï˛ˆÏsf !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲ @˝ÃyÙ§Ë˛y •Î˚ ly–
§ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ x˲yÓñ •zFSÈy ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ùyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ¢%ô% §Ùyl ~ê˛y ܲ# àîï˛y!sfܲ⁄
Ó,•Í !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y x§Ω˛Ó– ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚•z ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚– ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlÈÈüüüÈÙ°
) !¢«˛yñ §Ùyl
~ê˛y àîï˛sfˆÜÏ ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ï˛Ìƒyl%§rôylñ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÓ^˝ê˛l ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ ò,ì˛¸
~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o ôyÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ xAà#ܲyÓ˚–
xàîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ~•z xyò¢≈à%!° à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ ˆÎñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yT˛…•z ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ àîï˛y!sfܲ
àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî Ó˚yT˛… lÎ˚– ï˛Ó%G xyò¢≈ !•§yˆÏÓ àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ~ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l àîï˛sfˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
ܲyçܲÙ≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ÓˆÏ°!l– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî x!ôܲ Ù)°ƒ ˆòÓ– ~!ê˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çyly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ò%Ó° ≈ ï˛yà%!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛
xyÙÓ˚y ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çylˆÏï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG àîï˛sf ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ%hflψÏܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Óhfl,ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
Ùhs˝Óƒà%!° ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– •Î˚!l– ~áyˆÏl ¢%ô% §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ
v ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ àîï˛y!sfܲ– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
àîï˛y!sf Ü ˛ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲï˛à% ! ° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
§Ü˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ÓˆÏ§ §Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ˜ÏÓ!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ
!§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÙyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚
àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Îyey˛õÌ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢
ÙˆÏï˛y•z xyÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛G à%Ó˚%c°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
çylˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáÓ ˆÎñ àîï˛sf
v ÚÚxy!Ù ~Ùl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˛õSÈ® ܲ!Ó˚ ly !Î!l
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•% ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ !˲ߨ
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ Óy ≤ß¿ !çK˛y§y !˲ߨ Ó˚)˛õ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– àîï˛y!sfܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòl ly– àîï˛y!sfܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
!¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ•z xy!Ù ˆÓ!¢ ˛õSÈ® ܲ!Ó˚–ÛÛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ @˝Ã•îñ §Ü˛° Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ãò¢≈l
v ~ܲçl ˆlï˛y Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y•z ~•z •zï˛ƒy!ò– àîï˛sf Ù)° xyò¢≈ !•§yˆÏÓ §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒ–
òˆÏ°Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ x!ï˛˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ó˚)˛õ •° çlàî ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
àîï˛sf ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˆò¢ ¢y§l– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y
!§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õí˛¸Ó– Î!ò çl§Çáƒy Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !§Âôyhs˝
ܲ!Ó˚– àîï˛y!sfܲ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈lñ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlƒ Ó˚Ü˛Ù àîï˛y!sfܲ ˛õÌ xl%§Ó˚î
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ÓÇ ~•z !§Âôyhs˝!ê˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ü˛° çlàî ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ
ç!í˛¸ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ @˝Ã•î ~ܲyhs˝ çÓ˚%!Ó˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ӈϧ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ë˛Ü˛
≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛•z ò%Ó≈° Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó=˛ÓƒG ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z @˝ÃyÙ§Ë˛yà%!°Ó˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !§Âôyhs˝
§Ùyl à%Ó%̊c°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àîï˛y!sfܲ ˛õrÌy
~Ùl!ܲ xlƒylƒ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ≤ÈÎÏ y烖 ~•z˲yˆÏÓ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˲yÓSÈ⁄
l
xyÙÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ xy•zl ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲÓ˚Ó–
åxyä !lÓ≈yã˛l# ܲyÓ˚ã%˛!˛õÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyˆÏà !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õ%lı!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏò¢ !òˆÏ°l–
å•zä xy•zl§Ë˛yÎ˚ Ùye 10 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ù!•°y ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– lyÓ˚# §Çàë˛là%!°Ó˚ òy!Ó Ù!•°y ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚
§Çáƒy ~ܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ ܲÓ˚y–
5– àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yT˛…§Ù)ˆÏ• ò%!Ë≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xy¢Aܲy ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù– ~•z Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛
Î%!=˛ lÎ˚–
°
åxä !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ò°à%!° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ «%˛ôy G í˛z˛õÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
åxyä ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ò%!Ë≈˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Îsfîy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ÇÓyòÙyôƒÙà%!° fl∫yô#l Ùï˛≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å•zä ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˲Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
å{ä çlàî fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !lçfl∫ ôÙ≈ G !ÓŸªy§ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
6– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆç°yÓ˚ 40!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– @˝ÃyÙÓy§#àî
§!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~!lˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲà%!° í˛z˛õyÎ˚
!fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ lÎ˚–
¢#
åxä Úç° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒ xAàÛ ~ òy!Ó !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô xyòy°ˆÏï˛ ÙyÙ°y ܲÓ˚y–
åxyä §Ü˛° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°ˆÏܲ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !lÓ≈yã˛lˆÏܲ ÓÎ˚Ü˛ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y–
å•zä §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !Ù!SȰñ !Ù!ê˛Ç §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
å{ä ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe §¡õyòܲ#Î˚ ܲ°ˆÏÙ ÌyˆÏܲ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Ùï˛yÙï˛ – ~SÈyí˛¸yG §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe
xlƒylƒ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£ÏˆÏK˛Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ çlÙˆÏï˛G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!eܲy ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ àï˛ 1ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ §¡õyòܲ#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ~ÓÇ àîï˛sf §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xlƒylƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl
G çlÙï˛à%!° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚– !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
v àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xy•zlàï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•–
v lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•–
v ò°#Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lÓ≈yã˛l §Çܲyhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•–
v àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly§Ù)•–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 38
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚
§yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN
Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎñ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ¢y§Ü˛àˆÏîÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ •zFSÈyÙï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ly– çlàî ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲï˛à%!° !l!ò≈T˛ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §Ü˛°
!lÎ˚Ùܲyl%là%!°•z •° §Ç!Óôyl– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ xy•zˆlÏ Ó˚ í˛zͧ !•§yˆÏÓ §Ç!Óôyl•z çlàˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ñ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
«˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsf §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲï˛à%!° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ≤ß¿ í˛zay˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– §Ç!Óôyl
ˆÜ˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ܲyÓ˚yñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛… ˆÜ˛yl‰
xyò¢≈à!% ° §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ⁄˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ à,•#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ç!ÓôylˆÏܲ !ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ~Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° àîï˛y!sfܲ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛y– ~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛
¢%ô% ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ çlàî !ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏáÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)° xyò¢≈à%!° ܲ# ܲ# ⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §Ç!Óôyl
Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ çlÙ%á# ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°G xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
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3É1 ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ç!Óôyl
(Democratic Constitution In South Africa)
ÚÚxy!Ù ˆŸªï˛yAà ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô °í˛¸y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ ï ˛Ó£Ï ≈ ˆ Ï Ü ˛G ï˛yÓ˚ y òᰠܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ! SÈ ° – ~ܲê˛y
~ÓÇ Ü,˛£÷ÏyAà ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂôG xy!Ù °í˛¸y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– !ÓÓ˚yê˛§ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆŸªï˛yAà çlàî ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ò!«˛î
xy!Ù ~Ùl ~ܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆòáï˛yÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§Ùyç •ˆÏÓ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl §Ü˛° çlàî !وϰ
ܲy°Ü˛ˆÏÙ ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ ¢y§ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z Óî≈
!وϢ ˆ§Ô•yò≈ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ G §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòy !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó§Óy§
ˆl°§l ˆÙˆÏu˛°y ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÓyò àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛yÙí˛¸yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ fiÌyl#Î˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ÎyˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ xy!Ù ˆÓшÏã˛ xy!SÈ– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ~•z xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ çlàîˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚
çlƒ xy!Ù Ù,ï%˛ƒÓÓ˚îG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛–ÛÛ fiÌyl#Î˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ àyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚Ç Ü˛yˆÏ°y– ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚
Ó˚yçˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyˆÏà ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ !ï˛lÈüÈã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢ çlàî•z ܲyˆÏ°y ã˛yÙí˛¸yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#ñ ~
ˆŸªï˛yAà §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,˛≈ ܲ ܲyÓ˚yÓ˚Â% ô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆl°§l ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛£÷yÏ Aà ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– Ü,˛£÷yÏ Aà
ÙƒyˆÏu˛°y ~•z í˛z!=˛!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– 1964 §yˆÏ° Óî≈ G ˆŸªï˛yAà ~•z ò%•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù◊
˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô xyˆÏ®y°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏô xyˆÏÓ˚y çlˆÏày¤˛#G ˆ§áyˆÏl !SȰ ÎyÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ–
1 §yï˛çl Óî≈Óyò!ÓˆÏm£Ï# ˆlï˛y§• ˆl°§l ÙƒyˆÏu˛°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Úܲy°yí≈˛Û Ó°y •ï˛– ˆŸªï˛yAà çlàî §Ü˛°
§y•z l ˆÏ Ó yí≈ ˛ !ê˛ Óî≈ Ó yò ÎyÓI#Ól ܲyÓ˚yò[˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– Ó˚ˆÏÓl m#ˆÏ˛õ ò!«˛î xˆÏŸªï˛yAàˆÏòÓ˚ â,îyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáï˛– ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚
Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ å1953ä ≤Ãï˛#ܲ xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚yàyˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l ò#â≈ 28 xˆÏŸªï˛yAàˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ !SȰ ly–
ÓSÈÓ˚ Ó!® !SȈϰl– ~•z Óî≈!ÓˆÏm£Ï ≤ÃÌy Ü,˛£÷ÏyAàˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !SȰ
South Africa History Online
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•zǰƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ í˛yÓ˚Óyl §Ù%o Óî≈˜ÓÏ £ÏˆÙÏ ƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆ% ÂÏ ô §Ç@˝ÃyÙ
ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y•zlˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ åStruggle against apartheidä
SÈ!Ó– ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚#
ç%°% ~ÓÇ xy!Ê˛Ü˛ylˆÏòÓ˚ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ çy!ï˛ˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !ÓK˛y˛õî!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃÌyˆÏܲ Óî≈˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒ
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§áyˆÏl Óy çy!ï˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ò!«˛î
ˆ°áy xyˆÏSÈ í˛yÓ˚Óyl xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ˆŸªï˛yAà ¢y§Ü˛Ó˚y•z ~•z ≤ÃÌy ã˛y°% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
làˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 37lÇ ôyÓ˚y §Æò¢ ~ÓÇ xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ôˆÏÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z fl¨yˆÏlÓ˚ âyê˛!ê˛
¢%ô%Ùye ˆŸªï˛yAà
Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ §ÇfiÌy xflf ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó°≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §Ü˛° í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢à%!° òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 40
xl%Ù!ï˛ SÈyí˛¸y Ü,˛£÷ÏyAàÓ˚y ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ly– l#!ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yÎ˚– ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛
ˆ§§ÙÎ˚ ˆÓ˚°ày!í˛¸ñ Óy§ñ ê˛ƒy!:˛ÈüȈ•yˆÏê˛°ñ •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ xy•zlà%!° ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
fl%Ò°ÈüÈܲˆÏ°çñ °y•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚ñ !§ˆÏlÙy •°ñ lyê˛ƒ¢y°yñ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yà%!° ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§Ù%oï˛#Ó˚ñ ˆ¢Ôã˛y°Î˚ ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §yòy §ÇÓyòÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô ï%˛ˆÏ°
G ܲyˆÏ°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ xy°yòy ÓƒÓfiÌy !SȰ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ˆlÎ˚– ò#â≈ 28 ÓSÈÓ˚ Ó!®ò¢y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆl°§l ÙƒyˆÏu˛°yˆÏܲ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ˆŸªï˛yAà
Ó°y •Î˚ ˛˛õ,Ì܉˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy– ~Ùl!ܲ ˆÎ §Ü˛° Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï 1994 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 26 ~!≤ð ¢y§lñ ˆ¢y£Ïî G
!àç≈yÎ˚ ˆŸªï˛yAàÓ˚y ≤ÃyÌ≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛l ˆ§áyˆÏl ÙôƒÓ˚yˆÏï˛ fl∫yô#l àî≤Ãçyï˛y!sfܲ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ !lÎ≈yï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô
Ü,˛£÷ÏyAàˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ !l!£ÏÂô !SȰ– Ü,˛£÷ÏyAàÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õï˛yܲy í˛zˆÏ_y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ Ü,˛£÷ÏyAà
§Çàë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ly– xÌÓy ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lï%˛l àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ çß√ •Î˚– Ó•%çy!ï˛!˲!_ܲ çlàî Î!ò ≤Ã!ï˛!•ǧy
xlƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ly– ˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ xyܲÙî
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óî≈˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒÓyò# ˆŸªï˛yAà
ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlÎ˚
1950 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ Ü,˛£÷ÏyAà ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓ§yl âˆÏê˛–
ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄
çlàî§• ˲yÓ˚ ï ˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ù◊ çy!ï˛ˆÏ à y¤˛# ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó •°⁄ ã˛ˆÏ°y lÓï˛Ù ò!«˛î
§!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•z Óî≈˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ï˛#Ó xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ˆl°§l ÙƒyˆÏu˛°yÓ˚ ˲y£Ïî!ê˛
xyˆÏ®y°l ã˛y°yÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y !Ù!SȰñ !Ù!ê˛Ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ôl≈y ˆòÎ˚ ˛õ!í˛¸–
~ÓÇ Ó•% ôÙ≈âê˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Óî≈˜ÓÏ £ÏÙƒÓyˆÏòÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆ% ÂÏ ô ÚÚÓî≈Óyò !ÓˆÏm£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ àîï˛ˆÏsf í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆlï,˛ˆÏc !SȰ xy!Ê˛Ü˛yl çyï˛#Î˚ §%ò#â≈ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ¢e%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xy°y˛õ
Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ åANCä – xˆÏlܲ ◊!Ùܲ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly G ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ˲yˆÏÓ «˛Ùï˛y •hflÏyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z
ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ò°G ~Ó˚ xhsË%≈˛=˛ !SȰ– ~Ùl!ܲ xˆÏlܲ !Ó¢y° ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° ˆŸªï˛yAà çlàîG Óî≈˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ §!ܲÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ çlàî ܲáˆÏly•z
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó•% Ó˚yT˛… ~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óî≈Óyò !ÓˆÏm£Ï# ≤ÃÌyˆÏܲ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙAà° Ü˛yÙly ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÓÏ ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓlyñ §Ù@˝Ã
Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛yAà §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÙylÓ çy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xàyô !ÓŸªy§•z •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏ®y°lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚yàyˆÏÓ˚ Ó!® ܲˆÏÓñ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_–ÛÛ
!lÎ≈yï˛l ܲˆÏÓñ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ Ü,˛£÷yÏ AàˆÏòÓ˚ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ lï%˛l àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
•ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ü%˛≤ÃÌyˆÏܲ ã˛y°% Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ•˚ z Ü,˛£÷yÏ Aà ˆlï,˛Óà≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò°#Î˚
§ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆŸªï˛yAàˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆ% ÂÏ ô ≤Ã!ï˛!•ǧy˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚ ly •ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓòl çylyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ӈϰlñ ã˛°%l xyÙÓ˚y
~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ !˲!_
v ˆl°§l ÙƒyˆÏu˛°yÓ˚ ç#Ól ~ÓÇ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
•ˆÏÓ §Ü˛° çy!ï˛Ó˚ §yÙƒñ lyÓ˚# G ˛õ%Óˆ%˚ £Ï ÓÏ ˚ §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòyñ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õyfiê˛yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ §yÙy!çܲ lƒyÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
v Î!ò §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ ° ˆl°§l ÙƒyˆÏ u ˛°yÓ˚
ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚– Óî≈ !ÓˆÏm£ÏÓyˆÏò !ÓŸªy§# ˆŸªï˛yAà ò° ~ÓÇ
xydç#Ól#Ó˚ åThe long walk of Freedomä !ܲS%Èê˛y
fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ Ü,˛£÷ÏyAà ò° ~ܲˆÏe ӈϧ
xÇ¢ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˛çlƒ á§í˛¸y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
lï%˛l §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
§%ò#â≈ ò%•z ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó•% !Óï˛Ü≈˛ G xy°y˛õ
(Towards a new Constitution) xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
Óî≈˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò# xyˆÏ®y°l •° Îy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏà xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG !SȰly– §Ç!Óôyl
Ü˛Ù¢ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~˲yˆÏÓ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y !§Âôyhs˝
Ó°≤ÈÏÎ˚yà G !l˛õ#í˛¸l ܲˆÏÓ˚ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢!òl Ü,˛£÷ÏyAàˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ˆÎñ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyí˛zˆÜÏ ˛ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ Ó˚yáy
xyÓ˚ ¢y§l ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ˆŸªï˛yAà §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ lyñ ¢e% !•§yˆÏÓG !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ï˛yÓ˚y
41 §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
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~ܲÙï˛ •Î˚ ~•z ÙˆÏÙ≈ ˆÎñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §Ù§ƒy
§ÙyôyˆÏl §Ü˛° ˆ◊!îÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈% =˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓlyÎ˚ å50 ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚
ˆòˆÏáyä ~•z Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ù)° !lÎ≈y§ !l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ü˛°
ˆ◊!îÓ˚ àîï˛sf !≤ÃÎ˚ çlàîˆÏܲ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ
ˆÏò¢ ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xàîï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢ !•§yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !SȰ ˆ§ ˆò¢ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ xyò¢≈ !•§yˆÏÓ
fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– ~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸
!ÓŸªy§ñ ˆ§Ôºyï,˛cˆÏÓyôñ ~ܲˆÏe ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xAà#ܲyÓ˚
~ÓÇ !ï˛=˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y Ë%˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÙôl%Ó˚ §yï˛Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚
~ܲ í˛zIµ° ˆò¢ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– §Ç!Óôyl
≤çˆÏAà ÙƒyˆÏu˛°y ӈϰl ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl xï˛#ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ~Ó˚
ܲÌy ӈϰ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ ˛õ!Óe ã%˛!=˛
ˆÎáyˆÏl ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ çlàî mƒÌ≈•#l ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆây£Ïîy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly•z ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚
Óî≈˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒÓyòñ !•ǧy G !lÎ≈yï˛lˆÏܲ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylˆÏÓ
ly– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z
§Ç!Óôyl ~Ùl ~ܲ ò!°° ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆŸªï˛yAà Óy Ü,˛£÷yÏ Aàñ
lyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó% £%˚ Ï §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z §¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏò¢ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚
ˆò¢ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
~•z SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ò!«˛î xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ã˛e Ê%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ò!«˛î xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ çlàî !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
Ó˚yÙôl%Ó˚ çy!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ åRainbow nationä x!˲!•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l⁄
ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~•z à“ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ !ܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyà%!°ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚⁄
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ ò%!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yò,¢ƒ G ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒà%!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚–
x@˝Ãà!ï˛ v í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛–
Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ v !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛–
v ˆlï,˛c ı ày!rô‡ÙƒyˆÏu˛°y
v fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyܲyÓ˚# ò° ı xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§‡Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§–
v §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
3É2 §Ç!Óôyl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˆÜ˛l⁄ (Why do we need a Constitution?)
ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ~•z í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y á%Ó §•ç !SȰ ly– í˛z˲Î˚ í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏܲ ˲Î˚ ˆ˛õï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y
á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ §Ç!Óôyl !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛
ˆÜ˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ §Ç!Óôyl ܲ# ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ü,˛£÷ÏyAà çlàî !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ !SȰ ˆÎñ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
!lÎ≈yï˛lܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ !lÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ÓˆÏ§ ܲáˆÏly xlƒyÎ˚ G ò%l#≈!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ˛õy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓly–
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•ˆÏî §Ùyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §yÙy!çܲ G xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛yAà lyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 42
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ!_ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôyà%!° ÓçyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl lÎ˚– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ– !l!ò≈T˛ §Ç!Óôyl Ìyܲy xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ~°yܲyÓ˚ Üœ˛yÓñ §ÙÓyÎ˚
§%ò#â≈ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ò° ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇfiÌyñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z ~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏ§– ˆŸªï˛yAàÓ˚y §Çáƒyà!Ó˚ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
¢y§l ~ÓÇ ~Ü˛Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlÎ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚y ò!Ó˚o G ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° !ӈϢ£Ï
x!ôܲyÓ˚G ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏï˛ §¡øï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv Ü,˛£÷ÏyAàˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚
ÙˆÏï˛ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ ¢y§lG ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Üœ˛yÓñ §ÙÓyÎ˚ §!Ù!ï˛
lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ ¢y§Ü˛ ܲï,˛≈ ܲ §Çáƒy°â% ˆŸªï˛yAà G ◊!Ùܲ §Çàë˛l !ܲÇÓy Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õ!_ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ly ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!˛õ §Ç@˝Ã•
~ܲÙï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÓyhflÓÏ y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸– ~à%!° !ܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛⁄
•Î˚⁄ Î!ò ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyfiÌy Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛Ìy!˛õG ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓly ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲ §ò§ƒ˛õò òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y xyˆÏSÈ⁄
~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ~ܲ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §,!T˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ
!°!áï˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢
ܲï˛à%!° !l!ò≈T˛ !lÎ˚Ù Ü˛yl%l ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Ü˛ˆÏ° ï˛y
Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# §Ü˛° çlàî ܲï,˛≈ ܲ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚– §Ç!Óôyl
ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ¢y§Ü˛Óà≈ !lÓ≈yã˛l
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù Ü˛yl%l ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~•z xy•zˆlÏ xyˆÏÓy˚ •° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ Îy çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ÌyܲˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ç!Óôyl ˆÎ §Ü˛°
ܲ# ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~•z xy•zˆÏl ÌyܲˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ
lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚§Ù)•– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ v ≤ÃÌÙï˛ ı ~ê˛y ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚
•zFSÈyÙˆÏï˛y §•ˆÏç ~•z !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%là%!° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ÙˆÏôƒ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y G !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ~à%!° !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •Î˚– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy•z v !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ «˛Ùï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆ§
ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù Ü˛yl%l ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏï˛ §¡øï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚G ~!ê˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•Î˚– !§Âôyhs˝ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ !lÎ˚Ù Ü˛yl%là%!° •ˆÏÓ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ v ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı ~!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° !Ó!ô
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z ~à%!°ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
!lˆÏ£Ïô xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚§Ù)•
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓly– ~•z !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÙÔ° !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%là%!°•z •°
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§Ç!Óôyl–
v ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ ı ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zßï¨ ˛ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ
ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÈãÏ ˛T˛y
x§yôyÓ˚î !ܲS%È lÎ˚– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛… !Ó!˲ߨ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xy¢y xyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l âê˛yÎ˚–
çlˆÏày¤˛# Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ˆ§ §Ü˛° Ó˚yˆÏT˛… çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl §Ü˛° ˆò¢•z àîï˛y!sfܲ
ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ò!«˛î xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛yAàÈüÈÜ,˛£÷ÏyAà •ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˆl•z– !ܲv àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl ~ê˛y lƒy΃ lÎ˚– §Ü˛°
çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ï˛ê˛y áyÓ˚y˛õ lÎ˚– !ܲv §Ù@˝Ã Ìyܲy xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– !Ó!ê˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÂÏ ô fl∫yô#lï˛y Î%ˆÂÏ ôÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝ §Ù)•
!ÓŸªç%ˆÏí˛¸ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ùï˛ G fl∫yÌ≈ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ
à,•#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚yçÙyl– àîï˛y!sfܲ •í˛zܲ Óy ly •í˛zܲ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà çlàî àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ç!Óôyl xl%ˆÏÙyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z ˛àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏò xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%!° !l!ò≈T˛ !lÎ˚Ù l#!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ü˛° àîï˛y!sfܲ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ܲ í˛zay˛õl ܲÓ˚y
xl%§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ê˛y ¢%ô% §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ÎyÎ˚⁄
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3É3 ÈüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l
(Making of the Indian Constitution)
ÓÕ‘ Ë ˛ ˲y•z çyˆÏ Ë ˛Ó˚ Ë ˛y•z ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈G !Ó!˲ߨ !SȰ– ò!«˛î xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~áyˆÏl àîï˛y!sfܲ
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çß√ı à%çÓ˚yê˛– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ï˛ Ó,•Í ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ çy!ï˛ˆÏày¤˛# ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl !SȰly– fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
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ÙˆÏ ô ƒ §Ùß∫ Î ˚ G §Ç•!ï˛ ˆò¢Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ò%•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §#Ùyhs˝ ~°yܲyÎ˚
fiÌy˛õˆÏ l Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e !ï˛!l ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÌ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚
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˛õSÈ® ÙˆÏï˛y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Óy ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ–
xÌÓy fl∫yô#l Ó˚yçƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ 1928 §yˆÏ° Ù!ï˛°y° ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚% ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y
!òˆÏÎ˚ Îyl– ~•z fl∫yô#l Ó˚yçƒà%!° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyê˛çl Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ˆlï,˛c !وϰ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
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ˆ§•z§Ó xyò¢≈à!% ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl ¢%ô%Ùye àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚•z Ùï˛yÙï˛
•ˆÏÓ !ܲly ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚!l– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛
§ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fiÌyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ – ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ˆò¢ xyˆÏSÈ çÎ˚ly° !§Ç
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈à%!° ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° å1903ÈüüüÈ1970ä
§Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ çlàî ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ çß√fiÌyl ı V˛yí˛¸áu˛˛
àî˛õ!Ó˚£òÏ ly •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– xyÓyÓ˚
!Ó!¢T˛ ˆáˆÏ ° yÎ˚ y í˛¸ G
!¢«˛y!Óò– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
(The Constituent Assembly) !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl ¢%ô% ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ çyï˛#Î˚ •!ܲ òˆÏ ° Ó˚
!•§yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– x!ôlyÎ˚ Ü ˛– x!ôlyÎ˚ Ü ˛–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚y Ó˚ã˛ly xy!òÓy§# Ù•y§Ë˛y
ܲˆÏÓl˚ ⁄ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎyÓ˚y à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ܲê%˛ !˲ߨ §Çàë˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓl˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ï%˛!Ù ~áyˆÏl !ܲS%È ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚– àï˛ ˛õM˛y¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §Çàë˛lñ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛– ˛õÓ˚ Ó ï˛#≈ Ü ˛yˆÏ °
§Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– V˛yí˛¸ á u˛˛ òˆÏ ° Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° !ܲÇÓy çy!ï˛ˆÏày¤˛#
§Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Óôï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲáˆÏly•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ß¿
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°l!l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y x§yôyÓ˚î
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ !ܲÇÓy xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !•§yˆÏÓ §yÊ˛°ƒ–
àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ §ò§ƒ !SȈϰl xÌã˛ ~áyˆÏl xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°ñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !•§yˆÏÓ ~•zã˛ !§ Ù%áy!ç≈
•Î˚!l ˆ§Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆlï,˛Óà≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y àî˛õ!Ó˚£òÏ ~•z §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È ÓˆÏ° ~!ê˛ xyˆÏÓy˚ å1887ÈüüüÈ1956ä
ܲÓ˚– ~•z ˆlï,˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ SÈ!Ó §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y Óy !lˆÏç xAܲl ˆÓ!¢ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §Ó≈çl#l ≤ÃyÆ çß√fiÌyl ı Óyǰy
ÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ !SȰly– Ê˛ˆÏ° àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ §•§Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛–
ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ~áyˆÏl ˆÎÙl ˆ°áy •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ˆï˛Ù!l ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól# !Ó!¢T˛ @˝ à rÌyàyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î òyG– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ lyÙñ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆflÏ ÒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛y!Óò– Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ òˆÏ°Ó˚
çß√ G Ù,ï%˛ƒñ§y°ñ çß√fiÌyl– ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ï˛Íܲy°#l xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ §ò§ƒ ܲï,˛≈ ܲ ˆlï˛yñ §Ó≈˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !áfiê˛yl
~Ó˚y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l– ܲyí˛z ! ™ˆÏ ° Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÓAà
ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î ~ÓÇ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ §ò§ƒ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §Ü˛°˛ ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓyǰy Ó˚ y çƒ˛õy°
˛õˆÏò x!ô!¤˛ï˛ •l–
45 §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆáÏ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛ˆÏc á§í˛¸y ܲ!Ù!ê˛ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ á§í˛¸y
~ܲ!ê˛ Î%!=˛@˝Ãy•ƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛– ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ xy•zl§Ë˛y Ù)°ï˛ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
fl∫yô#lï˛y xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆlï,˛còylܲyÓ˚# çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ~•z á§í˛¸y §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôyÓ˚y G í˛z˛õôyÓ˚y
òˆÏ°Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî !SȰ– !ܲv ~•z Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ò° !lˆÏç•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó•% xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly •Î˚– xyˆÏ°yã˛lyܲyˆÏ°
!SȰ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l G Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ á§í˛¸y §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%•z •yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G
àˆÏí˛¸ Gê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l– xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl •Î˚– §%ò#â≈ !ï˛l ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y
!ç ò)à≈yÓy{ ˆò¢Ù%á 114!òl xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓl˚ – á§í˛¸y
xˆÏlܲ §ò§ƒ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ òˆÏ°Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
å1909ÈüüüÈ1981ä
çß√fiÌyl ı xrô≤ÈÏò¢– §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛ !SȰ ly– §yÙy!çܲ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛G !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ò!°°ñ xy°y˛õ
ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ xy•z l ç#Ó# ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïyñ ˆày¤˛#ñ çyï˛˛õyï˛ñ ˆ◊!îñ ôÙ≈ G ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly Ó=˛Óƒ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ àî˛õ!Ó˚£òÏ !°!˛õÓÂô
lyÓ˚# fl∫yô#lï˛y xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y G §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~à%!° àî˛õ!Ó˚£ˆÏ òÏ Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛
!Ó!¢T˛ ˆle#– xrô Ù!•°y ÎyÎ˚ñ §y!Ó≈ܲ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~•z xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly G
§Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y– Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ àî˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°G á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •ï˛ ly– !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° 12!ê˛ Ó,•Í áˆÏ[˛ SÈy˛õy •Î˚– ~•z
òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆle#– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ°
§Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly G !Óï˛Ü≈˛ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ôyÓ˚y G
!ï˛!l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ùyç ܲ°ƒyî
˛õ!Ó˚ £ Ï ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y §Ç!ÓôylˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ï˛y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ò§ƒàî í˛z˛õôyÓ˚yà%!°ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ Î%!=˛@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
§Ë˛yˆÏle# •l– ˆáy°yˆÏÙ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ~ÓÇ §%¢,C° §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xÌ≈ í˛z˛õ°!∑ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~à%!°
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ !ӈϢ£Ï §•yÎ˚ܲ–
ܲï˛à%!° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ l#!ï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ò§ƒàî ~!ӣψÏÎ˚
˙ܲƒÙˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyl– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛/ !ÓÉ xyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¡∫òܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õyˆÏ¢ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛yàî §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– ~áyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°à%!° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– ¢%ô% l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Ùhs˝Óƒà%!°Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
1– xy•zl§Ë˛yÎ˚ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !SȰ ÎyÓ˚y Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ lÎ˚–
˛x@˝Ãà!ï˛ 2– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y xy•zl§Ë˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚ 3– xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y !˲ߨ !˲ߨ xyòˆÏ¢≈ !ÓŸªy§# !SȈϰl–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z fl∫≤¿ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛É !ï˛!l Ù•ydy ày!rôG ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ˆÏܲ ï˛#Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˲#ÙÓ˚yG Ó˚yÙ!ç xyˆÏ¡∫òܲÓ˚
xyˆÏ¡∫òܲÓ˚ !Î!l §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ Ù)რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – àî˛õ!Ó˚£ˆÏ òÏ Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˲y£ÏˆîÏ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l 1891ÈüÈ1956
çß√fiÌyl ı Ùôƒ≤ÃˆÏ ò ¢–
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !SȈϰlñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚ xy¢AܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚
~•z ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î !ӣψÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ x!˲Ùï˛ !SȰ– àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ á§í˛¸y ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚
§Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛– §Ùyç §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲñ
1950 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 26 çyl%Î˚y!Ó˚ !òˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ x§Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ !ã˛hs˝ y !Óò‰ ~ÓÇ çyï˛˛õyï˛
!˲!_ܲ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙƒ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲv §yÙy!çܲ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆlï˛y– fl∫yô#l
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
ç#ÓˆÏl ~áyˆÏl ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ !ÓòƒÙyl– Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~Ü˛Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲˆÏ˲yê˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲˆÏ˲yê˛ Ù!sf § ˲yÎ˚ xy•z l Ùsf # –
~ܲ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆò¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Ó– ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãçyï˛y!sfܲ òˆÏ°Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y–
ˆò¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Ó– ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ àë˛làï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~Ü˛Óƒ!=˛ñ ~ܲˆÏ˲yê˛ G ~ܲˆÏ˲yê˛ ~ܲ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ l#!ï˛ í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x§Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲï˛Ü˛y° ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
¢ƒyÙy≤çyò Ù%áyç#≈
§yÙy!çܲ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏl §yÙƒˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~˲yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ܲï˛!òl ã˛°ˆÏÓ⁄ 1901ÈüÈ1953
Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y §%ò#â≈ܲy° §ÙÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xÓ¢ƒ•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ çß√fiÌyl ı ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓAà
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛# §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ àîï˛sf !Ó˛õò@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÓ– !¢“ G §Ó˚ Ó Ó˚ y • Ùsf # –
!¢«˛y!Óò G xy•z l ç#Ó#–
§ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï 1947 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 15 xyàÏfiê˛ ÙôƒÓ˚yˆÏï˛ àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏò ˆòGÎ˚y çG•Ó˚°y° ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚%Ó˚ !Óáƒyï˛ Ó=˛Óƒ ï%˛ˆÏ° !•®% Ù•y§Ë˛yÓ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ ܲÙ#≈–
˲yÓ˚ ï ˛#Î˚ çl§ÇˆÏ â Ó˚
ôÓ˚y •°– ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛–
47 §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
Ó•% ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !l!ò≈T˛˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~ál ˆ§•z xAà#ܲyÓ˚ ¢%ô%
çG•Ó˚°y° ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚%
1889ÈüÈ1964 §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ G ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ–
çß√fiÌyl ı í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏò¢ ~•z à˲#Ó˚ ÙôƒÓ˚yˆÏe ˛õ,!ÌÓ# Îál â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ç#Ól G fl∫yô#lï˛y ï˛ál
xhs˝ Ó ≈ ï ˛#ܲy°#l ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
Ù!sf § ˲yÓ˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf # – ˆçˆÏà í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆ§•z Ù%•)ï≈˛ Îy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ á%Ó Ü˛Ù ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y
xy•zlç#!Ó G Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§òˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆlï˛yñ §Ùyçï˛sfñ àîï˛sf ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly ˆÌˆÏܲ lï%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈ– ~ܲê˛y Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xÓ§yl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó•%ܲy°
~ÓÇ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!ï˛ §Ó˚ˆÏÓ xyd≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z fløÓ˚î#Î˚ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛
xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf# •l– xyÙÓ˚y Ó,•_Ó˚ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈G ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧà≈
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xAà#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ–
fl∫yô#lï˛y ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛y !ܲS%È òy!Î˚c x˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z òy!Î˚c ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ fl∫yô#l G §yÓ≈ˆÏ˲ÔÙ xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ lƒhflÏ–
§ˆÏÓ˚y!çl# ly•zí%˛
1879ÈüÈ1949
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyÙÓ˚y §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã§Ó Îsfîy §•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •,òÎ˚ ò%/
çß√fiÌyl ı xrô≤ÈÏò¢ ˆÏáÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚yܲyhs˝ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ü˛T˛ ~áˆÏly Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÓ§yl
ܲ!Óñ ˆ°áܲ ~ÓÇ
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ#≈ñ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSñÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ~ál ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ–
òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù!•°y ˆle#ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚
xlƒï˛Ù – ˛õˆÏ Ó ˚ í˛z _ Ó˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ á%Ó §•ç §yôƒ lÎ˚– xÌÓy ~ál !Ó◊yˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚G lÎ˚ñ
≤ÃˆÏ ò ˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ Ó˚ y çƒ˛õy° ˛õˆÏ ò
x!ô!¤˛ï˛ •l– xAà#ܲyÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yÙ•#l ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ Ùyl%£Ï ÎyÓ˚y ܲˆÏT˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òl
ܲyê˛yˆÏFSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚y– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ òy!Ó˚oñ xK˛ï˛yñ Óƒy!ô ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z §%ˆÏÎyà §rôyl#
˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ xÓ§yl âê˛yˆÏly– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ç° ˆÙySÈy•z !Óáƒyï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ§yÙlyÌ °y!•!í˛¸ fl∫≤¿– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~•z §yÊ˛°ƒ ~áˆÏly xˆÏlܲ ò)Ó˚– !ܲv Îï˛!òl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ç° ÌyܲˆÏÓñ
1901ÈüÈ1984
çß√fiÌyl ı ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓyǰy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%/á Îsfîy ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛!òl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆã˛T˛yÓ˚ xÓ§yl •ˆÏÓ ly–
ˆ°áܲ ~ÓÇ §¡õyòܲñ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆlï˛yñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓyǰy
!Óôyl§Ë˛yÓ˚ §ò§ƒ •l–
48 49 §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlàî ≤Ãçyï˛y!sfܲ
ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ál xyÙÓ˚y á%Ó ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓly
WE, THE PEOPLE REPUBLIC
˛õ!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÕÏ !‘ áï˛ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ xÌ≈ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
OF INDIA
˲yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ çlàˆÏ î Ó˚ !lÓ≈ y !ã˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚– Ó˚yT˛…≤Ãôyl •ˆÏÓl !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflyÏ Óly ˆÎl àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !°!áï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y– Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z
Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ G !Ó!ôÓÂô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ò¢≈l !l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã §Ç!Óôyl!ê˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yçy Óy Ó!•/¢!=˛Ó˚ ~áyˆÏl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy•zl ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÙ® !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ í˛zß¨ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y≤ÃyÆ ll–
myÓ˚y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ •hflÏyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lÓ˚#«˛y G Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y•z ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚
•Î˚!l–
Ù)° xydy– lƒyÎ˚!Óã˛yÓ˚
§yÓ≈ˆÏ˲ÔÙ JUSTICE
SOVEREIGN çy!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ G !°Aà
çlàî•z x˲ƒhs˝ Ó ˚ # î !˲!_ˆÏï˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ܲÓ˚y
ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ x!ôܲyÓ˚#– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ ly– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛
Ó!•/¢!=˛ ˲yÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ §Ó˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ ˆ Ï Ü ˛ ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlàîñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ
§Ü˛° ˆ◊!îÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚
!lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ܲ°ƒyî§yôl ܲÓ˚ y ñ
§Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ
§yÓ≈ˆÏ˲ÔÙñ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲñ ôÙ≈!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ñ !ӈϢ£ÏܲˆÏÓ˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ÈüÈ˛õí˛¸y
SOCIALIST ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ çlƒ–
§ÙyˆÏ ç Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ àîï˛y!sfܲñ §yôyÓ˚îï˛sfÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y
§¡õò §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ LIBERTY
x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §ï˛ƒ!l¤˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ≤Ã!ï˛K˛yÓÂô ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ
§yÙy!çܲ G xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ò)Ó˚
Ùï˛≤Ãܲy¢ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ çlƒ ç!Ù G ܲyÓ˚ á ylyÓ˚ §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ lƒyÎ˚!Óã˛yÓ˚ñ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ñ G §yÇàë˛!lܲ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚
Ùy!°Ü˛yly !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y xlƒy΃
ôÙ≈ ! lÓ˚ ˆ Ï ˛ õ«˛ Ùï˛≤ÃܲyˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ ñ !ÓŸªyˆÏ § Ó˚ ôˆÏ Ù ≈ Ó ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô ÌyܲˆÏÓly–
SECULAR §Ùï˛y‡§yÙƒ
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÙ≈ xl%§Ó˚î í˛z˛õy§lyÓ˚ §Ùï˛yñ §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ~ÓÇ EQUALITY
G ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ü˛°
xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛
lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §% ˆ Ï Î yà §% ! ÓôyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ü˛ˆÏ ° Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ §Ü˛ˆÏ° §Ùyl– Ó•%ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ôÙ≈ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– §Ü˛°
ôÙ#≈Î˚ !ÓŸªy§ G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ã˛ˆÏ ° xy§y §yÙy!çܲ
§Ó˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ §Ùyl ÙÎ≈ y òy ≤Ãò¢≈ l
ºyï,˛cˆÏÓyôñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙÎ≈yòy ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚ ˙ܲƒ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒà%!°ˆÏܲ !lÙ≈)° ܲÓ˚y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– •ˆÏÓ– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛
àîï˛y!sfܲ
§Ç•!ï˛ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ §Ùyl §%ˆÏÎyà
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
DEMOCRATIC
~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ
~•z àî˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò xyç 1949§yˆÏ°Ó˚ 26 ˆ§Ôºyï,˛cˆÏÓyô
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôÓ˚î Óy Ó˚)˛õ ˆÎáyˆÏl FRATERNITY
çlàî §Ùyl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ ~ï˛myÓ˚y ~•z §Ç!Óôyl @˝Ã•îñ xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ
ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ !lˆÏ ç ˆÏ ò Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚Ó ˆÎl ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓ
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ó!ôÓÂô ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚!SÈ–ÛÛ xyÙÓ˚ y §Ü˛ˆÏ ° ~ܲ•z
òyÎ˚ Ó Âô Ó˚ y áˆÏ ï ˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ– ܲyˆÏÓ˚y
ܲï˛à% ! ° !l!ò≈ T ˛ !lÎ˚ Ù l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ xlƒˆÏܲ ˆ•Î˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ ܲÓ˚y–
•Î˚–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 50
xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
v ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓlyÎ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
v ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
v ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
v ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ!ê˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §y•y΃ ≤ÃyÌ≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!l⁄ x@˝Ãà!ï˛
§Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xÌ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l– Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚
≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Î!òG §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y
(Institutional design) á%Ó Ü˛!ë˛l lÎ˚– xlƒylƒ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
§Ç!ÓôyˆÏl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
§Ç!Óôyl ¢%ô%Ùye xyò¢≈ñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚
xyôyÓ˚ lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ ~•z xyò¢≈ G ò¢≈lˆÏܲ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛ ܲï˛ê˛y «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È
ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õe– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô
§Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ó,•Í xÇ¢ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ •zFSÈyÙˆÏï˛y lyà!Ó˚ܲ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈ G !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ò!°°– Ê˛ˆÏ°
x!ôܲyÓ˚ •Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ y– ~•z ˛õ%hflˆÏ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ Óy!ܲ !ï˛l!ê˛
§Ç!Óôyl Î%ˆàÏ y˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ
ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xy¢yÈüÈxyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛y° !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ §Ùyç
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ܲï˛à%!° à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ¢ï≈˛yÓ!°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Çà!ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ §Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Ó ~ÓÇ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~à%!°
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Óeñ !fiÌÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Ó– !ܲv ~•z
xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ xyôyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚!l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ˆÏï˛
Ó•zˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ~•z
§Ü˛° à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÌyܲˆÏÓly–
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ•z §Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ӈϰ–
≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ ܲï˛à%!° ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
~•z ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly lƒyÎ˚§Çàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
§Ç!ÓôyˆÏl !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z
Óî≈ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ åApartheidä : 1948 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1989 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%§,ï˛ ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
Ü,˛£÷yÏ AàˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆ% ÂÏ ô ò%Óƒ≈ Ó•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óî≈˜ÓÏ £ÏÙƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲¢y˛õ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y §yÙy!çܲ G xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆŸªï˛yAà §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ü,˛£÷ÏyAàˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xÙÎ≈yòyܲÓ˚ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ï˛–
ã%˛!=˛ Óy xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y åClauseä : ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò!°ˆÏ°Ó˚ §%!l!ò≈T˛ xÇ¢–
àî˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò åConstituent Assemblyä : çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §ÇfiÌy Óy ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò Îy ê˛#ܲy
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§Ç!Óôyl åConstitutionä : ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ xy•zl– ~ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl ܲï˛à%!° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xy•zl ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùyç G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
§Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôl åConstitutional Amendmentä : §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ xy•zl§Ë˛y ܲï,˛≈ ܲ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §yôl–
á§í˛¸y åDraftä : xy•zlàï˛ ò!°ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ç§ò#Î˚ Ó˚)˛õ–
ò¢≈l åPhilosophyä : !ã˛hs˝y G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ l#!ï˛§Ù)•–
≤ÃhflÏyÓly åPreambleä : §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy– ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õÌ≤Ãò¢≈ܲ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôà%!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ó˚yçˆÏoy• åTreasonä : xô#lfiÌ Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏoy•–
!Ù°lfiÌyl åTrystä : §Ë˛y Óy §Ë˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fiÌyl ˆÎ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° ~ܲÙï˛–
51 §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
1– ~áyˆÏl ܲï˛à%!° Ë%˛° í˛zÂô,!ï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ë%˛° í˛zÂô,!ï˛à%!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù Îy ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚SÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åxä fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ àîï˛y!sfܲ •ˆÏÓ !ܲ •ˆÏÓ ly ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆlï,˛Óà≈
° l
ˆáy°yá%!° Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l–
åxyä §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ü˛° ôyÓ˚y í˛z˛õôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛° §ò§ƒàî ~ܲ•z ôyÓ˚îy ˆ˛õy£Ïî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l–
å•zä §Ç!Óôyl xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ˆò¢ xÓ¢ƒ•z àîï˛y!sfܲ •ˆÏÓ–
å{ä §Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ xy•zl–
2– ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §Çâ£Ï≈˛õ)î≈ !SȰ⁄
åxä ò!«˛î xy!Ê˛Ü˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚yT˛…§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛–
åxyä lyÓ˚# G ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛–
å•zä §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ ˆŸªï˛yAà ~ÓÇ §Çáƒy°â% Ü,˛£÷ÏyAà çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛–
å{ä !Ù◊ åColouredä §Çáƒy°â% ~ÓÇ Ü,˛£÷ÏyAà §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛–
3– ~•z ¢ï≈˛à%!°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲ ly⁄
åxä Ó˚yT˛…≤ÃôyˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y§Ù)•–
åxyä Ó˚yT˛…≤ÃôyˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ–
¢#
åxä ˆÜ˛l ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚% ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyˆÏܲƒ ¢%ô% §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ lÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ܲÌyà%!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl⁄
åxyä §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛yàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ï˛!l !ܲ xAà#ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl⁄
å•zä Ú§Ùܲy°#l !Óáƒyï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ !SȰ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ç° Ù%ˆSÏ È ˆÊ˛°y–ÛÛ ~áyˆÏl ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÌy Ó°y •Î˚⁄
6– ~áyˆÏl §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° Ù)°ƒÓyl ˛õÌ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
!Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ°á–
x
åxä §yÓ≈ˆËÏ ˛ÔÙ åÜ˛ä §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˛õ«˛˛õy!ï˛c ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly–
åxyä ≤Ãçyï˛sf åáä !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çlàî•z ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#
å•zä ˆ§Ôºyï,˛c åàä Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛–
å{ä ôÙ≈!lÓ˚ˆ˛Ï õ«˛ åâä çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲y•z ˆÓyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !وϰ!وϢ
Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚y–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 52
7– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~ܲ Órô% ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!ë˛ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚– ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ Ó•%
xl%¢#°l
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°•z Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ ӈϰl ˆÎñ Ó˚yçyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y ~•z §Ç!Óôyl!ê˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ «˛Ùï˛y x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçyï˛y!sfܲ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ lï%˛l xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ Órô%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyë˛yG–
8– ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ˆÏܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ܲï˛à%!° !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ùï˛yÙï˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •°ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛ï˛ê˛y à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚⁄
åxä ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ àîï˛sf !SȰ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcÙ)°Ü˛ xy•zl §Ë˛yÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!¢«˛î !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lË%˛=˛ xy•zl§Ë˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ–
åxyä í˛z˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆ¢y£Ïî ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ fl∫yô#lï˛y xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî fl∫yô#lï˛y
§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!ê˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚y ï˛#Ó ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈
á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ !ܲS%È ly •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°G àîï˛y!sfܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
å•zä xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§Ô˲yàƒÓyl ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ò,ì˛¸ !ÓŸªy§
!SȰ– xlƒylƒ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yô#l Ó˚yT˛… ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ âê˛ly
~•z ˆlï,˛ÓˆÏàÓ≈ ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy à%Ó˚%c˛≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
9– 1912 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !ÓÓy!•ï˛ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ xyã˛Ó˚î !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÇ¢!ê˛
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚– ÚÚ{ŸªÓ˚ lyÓ˚# çy!ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ G Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò%Ó≈°ñ x˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° !•§yˆÏÓ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xydÓ˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚y x«˛Ù–
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÙl !˛õï˛yñ fl∫yÙ# ~ÓÇ ˛õ%e myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˲yàƒ {ŸªÓ˚•z !fiÌÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî lyÓ˚#çy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ •ï˛y¢ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧà≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ~áyˆÏl lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl ~•z xyò¢≈ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È⁄ ~ê˛y !ܲ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô#⁄
10– §Ç!Óôyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ó=˛Óƒà%!° ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z Ó=˛Óƒà%!° ˆÜ˛l !ë˛Ü˛ Óy ˆÓ!ë˛Ü˛ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ Î%!=˛
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åxä §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ô§¡øï˛ xy•zlà%!° §ÙyˆÏç ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xlƒylƒ xy•zˆlÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ùyl ÙÎ≈yòy§¡õߨ–
åxyä §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇfiÌy§Ù)• ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
å•zä lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl !l!ò≈T˛ ܲÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ–
å{ä ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §Ç!Óôylñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çlƒ lÎ˚–
áÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyàˆÏç §Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôl Óy §Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˛òy!Ó §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
§•ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ xy•zl§Ë˛yÎ˚ Ù!•°y §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ òy!ÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ò,!T˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚– ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àî!Óï˛Ü≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~•z §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲ# ܲ# ܲyÓ˚î í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ §Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ܲ#
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl §ÇˆÏ¢yôl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
53 §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
54
Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyÎ˚
!lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
Electoral Politics
Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Introduction)
!mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆò¢¢y§l ܲÓ˚y
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛G lÎ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î Ó˚)˛õ!ê˛ x!ï˛˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆ§!ê˛ •°
çlàî ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô myÓ˚y ˆò¢¢y§l– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l
~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àîï˛ˆÏsf ˆÜ˛l !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲ# ~•z
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚Ó– xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Ó Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ò°à%!° !lÓ≈yã˛!l ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚Ó ˆÜ˛yl‰
ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛lˆÏܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ xàîï˛y!sfܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏáÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚Ó–
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy!ܲ xLjϢ ~•z ÙylòˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚Ó–
!lÓ≈yã˛l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §#Ùyly !lô≈yÓ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆây£Ïîy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ò,!T˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚Ó– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ܲ# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ü˛# •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SȰ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÓ– xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï xyÙÓ˚y Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚Ó ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l xyˆÏòÔ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y xÓyô G §%¤%˛˛
!lÓ≈yã˛l– xÓyô ~ÓÇ ò%l#≈!ï˛Ù%=˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyG xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚Ó–
55
4É1 ˆÜ˛l !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl (Why Elections ?)
•!Ó˚Îy˚ lyÓ˚ !Óôyl§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛l Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚ ò° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÓ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ
~ál ÙôƒÓ˚yï˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~ܲò° ò¢≈lyÌ#≈ ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ }î Ù%Ü%˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl–
¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛ÔÙyÌyÎ˚ àï˛ ˛õÑyã˛ â^˝ê˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ï˛!l ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ ˆòl ˆÎñ ~ê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆlï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏSÈ– §Çàë˛Ü˛Ó˚y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚ï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆlï˛yàî !ܲ
§ÙÌ≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓϰˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly çlàî §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ xá%!¢ !SȰ– ï˛ÑyÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l
Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï˛y ~ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ •ˆÏÓl– •ë˛yÍñ ˆòÓ#°yˆÏ°Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l# ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ ˛õy°l
~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓÙyl ày!í˛¸ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ~ˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xyÜ,˛T˛ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y !Ó˛õ%°Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
•°ñ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚ï˛ çlàî §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z í˛zˆÏë˛ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y
ˆ°yܲò° G ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆË˛yê˛òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
á%!¢ •ˆÏ°l ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï˛y xӈϢˆÏ£Ï í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
!Óôyl§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl 90!ê˛ xy§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ°yܲò° ~ÓÇ
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl–
!ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l •!Ó˚Î˚yly §Çâ£Ï≈ §!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl §•ˆÏÎyà# ˆçyê˛ 76!ê˛ xy§l çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°yܲò°
ˆlï˛y ˆòÓ#°y°– !ï˛!l àï˛ Ó,•flõ!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏe Óyl≈yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲy•z 60!ê˛ xy§ˆÏl çÎ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ !Óôyl§Ë˛yÎ˚ !lÓ˚AÜ%˛¢
~ܲ!ê˛ çl§Ë˛yÎ˚ Ó=+˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 76 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚!§ ˆlï˛y §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ò° Ùye 5!ê˛ xy§l
ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ ÓƒhflÏ !SȈϰl– §Ü˛y° xyê˛ê˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚–
!òl ¢%Ó˚% •ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yï˛ 11ê˛yÎ˚ §Ùy!Æ âê˛ï˛– xyç !Óôyl§Ë˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§Ü˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ï˛!l lÎ˚!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó=+˛ï˛y Ù%áƒÙsf# ˛õòï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚l– lÓ!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ !ÓôyÎ˚ܲÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l àï˛ 23 Ùy§ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ ˆòÓ#°y°ˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï˛y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ó˚yçƒ˛õy°
!•§yˆÏÓ ~˲yˆÏÓ x§Çრ!lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó=+˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈl– ˆòÓ#°y°ˆÏܲ Ù%áƒÙsf# !•§yˆÏÓ ¢˛õÌ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÙsfî
~!ê˛ !SȰ 1987 §yˆÏ° •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÓ˚ !Óôyl§Ë˛y çylyl– !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ !ï˛l!òl ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl– •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÓ˚ Ù%áƒÙsf# ˛õˆÏò x!ô!¤˛ï˛ •l– Ù%áƒÙsf# •ÓyÓ˚
1982 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z •!Ó˚Îy˚ lyÓ˚ ¢y§l «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˛õˆÏÓ•˚ z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏò¢ ӈϰ •!Ó˚Îy˚ lyÓ˚ «%˛o
Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ò° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ˆòÓ#°y° Ü,˛£Ïܲñ Ü,˛!£Ï◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓˆÏܲÎ˚y }î
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ò°ˆÏlï˛y Ìyܲyܲy!°l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÚlƒyÎ˚Î%ÂôÛ lyˆÏÙ Ù%Ü%˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1991 §yˆÏ° ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !lÓ≈yã˛l
~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ®y°l §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲò° lyˆÏÙ xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚ ò° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈l
~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl xyòyˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ò° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°y˲
Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l xlƒylƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
òˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆçyê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ˆòÓ#°y° ӈϰl
çÎ˚hs˝ ~ÓÇ lˆÏÓ˚¢ à“!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •l– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ !ë˛Ü˛ xÌÓy
Ë%˛° åxÌÓy àˆÏ“ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲÇÓy Ë%˛° !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚ä
v !lÓ≈yã˛l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xl%§,ï˛ l#!ï˛à%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
v ˆòÓ#°yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçƒ˛õy° ï˛yˆÏܲ •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÓ˚ Ù%áƒÙsf# ˛õò@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙsfî çylyl–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ v çlàî §Ó≈òy ¢y§Ü˛òˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x§vT˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ˆË˛yê˛
x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
v ˆÎ ò° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ò° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚ v ~•z !lÓ≈yã˛l •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
v !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù%áƒÙsf#Ó˚ ˛õòï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SȰ ly–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 56
!ܲv xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~•z xM˛°ˆÏܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ çlàî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õSÈ®
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏÓ⁄
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çyl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£Ï
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚y ˆÎ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ •zFSÈy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆò¢
!Óôyl§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ àï˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSȈÓÏ ˚ xyÓ˚
¢y§l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •Ó⁄
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl !lÓ≈yã˛l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° xl%!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È
çlàî ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~Ùl Óƒ!=˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˙§Ó !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚– åçyï˛#Î˚ñ
ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly ~!Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~çlƒ ~Ùl
≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ñ ˛õM˛yˆÏÎï˚ ˛ •zï˛ƒy!òä ܲˆÏÓ ~§Ü˛° !lÓ≈yã˛là%!°
~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎáyˆÏl çlàî !l!ò≈T˛
•ˆÏÎ!˚ SȰ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õò!Óà%!°
§ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚– å§yǧòñ !ÓôyÎ˚ܲ •zï˛ƒy!òä
~ÓÇ •zFSÈy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!lÓ≈yã˛l ˆÜ˛l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ⁄ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ӈϰ– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc Ù)°Ü˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l
(Why do we need elections?)
x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˆË˛yê˛òyï˛yàˆÏîÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˛õSÈ® ÌyˆÏܲ–
xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– ≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎñ
v ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈
Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ¢!ê˛Ó˚G ˆÓ!¢ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ çlàî
xy•zl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlÎ˚–
v ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛l
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ ˆÎñ àîï˛y!sfܲ lÎ˚ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ àîï˛ˆÏsf
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ó˚yˆÏT˛… !lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
v ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ܲv ˆÜ˛l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ⁄ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xàîï˛y!sfܲ
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xyò¢≈ G l#!ï˛à%!° §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xy•zl ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆÏl
!lÓ≈yã˛l•#l ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ܲ“ly Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛àî ˆÜ˛l
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !lÓ≈yã˛l SÈyí˛¸y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y§l !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ çl
ˆ§áyˆÏl•z §Ω˛Ó ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° !lÓ≈yã˛lˆÏܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°⁄ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ÓˆÏ§ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv !mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
(What makes an election democratic ?)
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ Ó,•Í çy!ï˛ˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y ˆÎÙl
!lÓ≈yã˛l !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– §Ó àîï˛y!sfܲ
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l §Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
Ó˚yˆÏT˛… !lÓ≈yã˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ùlܲ# ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
§Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ
xàîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…G !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ K˛yl ÌyܲyG §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
•Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yT˛…ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ çlàî ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô
xlƒylƒ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚Ó⁄ !mï˛#Î˚
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò¢ ¢y§ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ≤ÈŸÏ ¿Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ–
!lÓ≈yã˛l SÈyí˛¸y ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ÙˆÏlylÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
àîï˛y!sfܲ ˛õÌ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ ~ál ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl !lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÓˆÏê˛ !ܲv
~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲y!Ó ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓÎ˚§ ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l Ó°y ÎyÎ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ÙˆÏlyl#ï˛ •Î˚ xÌÓy ~Ùl fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
ly– àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˆÎ ¢ï≈˛à%!°
ܲÌy ˲y!Ó ˆÎáylܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ÙˆÏlyl#ï˛ •l !¢«˛y
í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȰ ï˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢ x!˲K˛
v ≤ÃÌÙï˛ ı ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚•z ˆË˛yê˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ìyܲy
~ÓÇ K˛yl# ï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ΈÏÌT˛ ܲ!ë˛l– !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
Ó°ˆÏï˛•z •Î˚ çlàî•z ~•z x§%!Óôyà%!° ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ •ˆÏÓ §ÙÙÎ≈yòy §¡õߨ–
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù fiÌyˆÏl !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
v !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
ˆl•zz–
Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° G ≤ÃyÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l
57 !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° fiÌyÎ˚# xyò¢≈à%!° ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !lıfl∫yÌ≈˲yˆÏÓ ˆò¢ ¢y§l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚
Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~Ùl !ܲS%È Ë˛yˆÏ°y Ùyl%£Ï ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
v ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ ı ~•z ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ò)ˆÓÏ ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~•z xfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
xhs˝Ó˚ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ çí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly–
!lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl ≤ÈÏîï˛yàî ~ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
v ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ ı çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚•z !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l !SȈ° Ï l– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ï˛yÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ ˆlï˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÓyô G §%¤%˛
v ˛õM˛Ùï˛ ı !lÓ≈yã˛l •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ xÓyôñ §%¤%˛˛ G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚y
ò%l#≈!ï˛Ù%=˛– ˆÎáyˆÏl çlàî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õSȈ®Ï Ó˚ ~ê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy ò#â≈ܲy° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#
≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲê˛y xyò¢≈˛õ)î≈ çàˆÏï˛ §Ó Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
~•z ¢ï≈˛à%!° á%Ó §yôyÓ˚î G §•ç ÙˆÏl •ˆÏ°G ˆlï,˛Ó,® çyˆÏll çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y •ˆÏÓ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˛~Ùl Ó•% Ó˚yT˛… xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~à%!° xl%§Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚y !l/fl∫yÌ≈ çlˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zòÓ‰ Â% ô
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ly– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ xl%!¤˛ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛là%!°ˆÏï˛ •l– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ˛˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
~•z ¢ï≈˛à%!° ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˆl•z– !ܲv ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ ~Ó˚˛) õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛là%!° àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ !ܲly ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ ly– §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆlï˛yàî xlƒylƒ
~ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
ˆ˛õ¢yòyÓ˚# ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y Ìyܲy !ܲ ˲yˆÏ°y⁄ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ï˛yÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛yl Óy «˛Ùï˛y
(Is it good to have political °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛yl– ï˛yÓ˚y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛y•zˆ° Ï G
competition?) ~Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ õÓ˚yÎ˚îï˛yÓ˚
!lÓ≈yã˛l xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °í˛¸y•z– !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y çyˆÏl ly ܲ# ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z °í˛¸y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!°Ó˚ xÌÓy xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y •° !lÓ≈yã˛!l °í˛¸y•z ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ù° ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
Ó˚)˛õ– !l!ò≈T˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ~°yܲyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ÓyhflÓÏ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚î#Î˚⁄
≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ly ÌyܲˆÏ° !lÓ≈yã˛l ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌ •°ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
xÌ≈•#l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ≤çyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y – xlƒ
!ܲv ~•z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y Ìyܲy !ܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˛õÌ •°ñ ~Ùl ÓƒÓfiÌy
˲yˆÏ°y⁄ ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆlï,˛Óà≈ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ
e%!ê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ò°#Î˚ §Çܲ#î≈ï˛y ˛õ%Ó˚%fl,Òï˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛Ó˚fl,Òï˛ •ˆÏÓl– !ܲv ˆÜ˛
~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˜ÏlˆÏܲƒÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z ~•z ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚G ¢y!hflÏ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlˆÏÓñ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ò°#Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §•ç í˛z_Ó˚ •° çlàî– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
xy/ú !lÓ≈yã˛l ˆÎl í˛zay!˛õï˛ xˆÏlܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyà ¢%ˆÏl ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ– !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛lñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ çl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° G ˆlï,˛ÓˆÏàÓ≈ ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚yçl#!ï˛!Óò G ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyfl∫Ó˚)˛õ– ï˛yÓ˚y çyˆÏl ly ˆÎñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyà í˛zay˛õl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ùl!ܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°yˆÏ˲Ó˚
ò° çyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl §Ù§ƒyà%!° ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ
˛õy¢ !ܲÇÓy ˆÊ˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
çlƒ ò° ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ#≈àî xˆÏlܲ ˆlyÇÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xÓ°¡∫l
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ӈϰl !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÎ˚ !ÓçÎ˚# ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– !ܲv
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚y⁄ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ xlyܲy!A«˛ï˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢ ï˛yÓ˚y Î!ò ˆË˛yê˛òyï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §v!T˛ !Óôyl ly ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 58
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° Î!ò §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒ ˆòyܲyˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓ– !ë˛Ü˛
«˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yˆÏܲ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y xˆÏlܲê˛y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ï˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÙyˆÏç !ÓˆÏ˲ò G Ü%˛Í!§ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛
ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
!ÓˆÏܲï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòyܲylòyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï G Óyhfl!Ï Óܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y
x!ôܲ Ù%lyÊ˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÜ˛ï˛yÓ˚ ò° G ˆlï,˛Óà≈ˆÏܲ çlˆÏ§ÓyÎ˚ í˛zò‰Ó%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§v!T˛ !Óôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l Î!ò ~ê˛y ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Irfan Khan
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•ܲyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛e ò%!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ!ê˛
ˆ°á– ~•z ò%!ê˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ ˆ§!ӣψÏÎ˚
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚– !lÓ≈yã˛lñ ˆË˛yê˛òyï˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e xÇܲl ܲÓ˚–
59 !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §Ù@˝Ã ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ 543!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲà%!° !Óôyl§Ë˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l# ˆ«˛e
!lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˛õM˛yˆÏÎï˚ ˛ !ܲÇÓy ˆ˛õÔÓ˚§Ë˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlG ~ܲ•z
ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §ò§ƒàî §yǧò !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ l#!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ Óy ¢•Ó˚ ܲï˛à%!°
åMPä– àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ÚGÎ˚yˆÏí˛≈ Û !Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– @˝ÃyÙ !ܲÇÓy ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl∫yÎ˚_ ¢y§l
•° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ •ˆÏÓ §ÙÙÎ≈yòy §¡õߨ– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ÚGÎ˚yí≈˛Û ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲçl ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ù§ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ~•z !lÓ≈yã˛!l
çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ Úxy§lÛ åSeatsä !•§yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ – ˆÎÙl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Óôyl§Ë˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y
~ܲ•zÓÜ˚ ˛Ù ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ Ü˛ï˛à%!° !l!ò≈T˛ Ó!° •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ 60!ê˛ xy§ˆÏl ˆ°yܲò°
§ÇáƒÜ˛ !Óôyl§Ë˛yÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚ •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÓ˚
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓôyÎ˚ܲ åMember of !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl 60!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°yܲò° !ÓçÎ˚#
Legislative Assemblyä Ó°y •Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §Ç§ò#Î˚ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ~ÓÇ ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •!Ó˚Îy˚ lyÓ˚ !Óôyl§Ë˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚
ˆ°yܲòˆÏ°Ó˚ 60çl !ÓôyÎ˚ܲ !SȰ–
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39 Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §#Ùyly
à%Ó˚!Ùï˛Ü˛° ˆç°y §#Ùyly
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 60
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e Ó˚yˆÏçƒ @˝ÃyÙ#î å˛õM˛yˆÏÎ˚ï˛ä ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fiÌyl#Î˚
åˆ˛õÔÓ˚§Ë˛y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚˛õ!Ó˚£òÏ ä fl∫yÎ˚_ ¢y§ˆÏl Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
åReserved Constituenciesä xlƒylƒ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ åOBCä çlƒ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !lÓ≈yã˛l §ÇÓ˚«˛î ÓƒÓfiÌy ã˛y°% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏç ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ ~ˆÏܲܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ~ˆÏܲܲ Ó˚Ü˛Ù– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ
x!ôܲyÓ˚ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl ≤ÈÏîï˛yàî @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yÎ˚_ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ù!•°y
~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆáy°yá%!° !lÓ≈yã˛!l ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚˛ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ xy§l §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
õí˛¸y çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ çlàî ˆÎñ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y Óy !Óôyl§Ë˛yÓ˚ •Î˚–
§ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y åVoters’ listä :
ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ !ã˛!hs˝ï˛ !SȈϰl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒ !lÓ≈yã˛l# ˆ«˛e !fiÌÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ •° ܲyÓ˚y
≤Ã!ï˛m!®µˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §¡õòñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yê˛ ˆòˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ˚y ˆË˛yê˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly ï˛y !fiÌÓ˚
çl§ÇˆÏÎyà ˆl•zz – ôl# G ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ܲÓ˚y– ~•z !§Âôyhs˝ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°
çÎ˚°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!ôܲ §%ˆÏÎyà °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ó˚yáy ÎyˆÏÓ ly– àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆË˛yê˛òyˆÏlÓ˚
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y !ܲÇÓy !Óôyl§Ë˛yà%!° !ӈϢ£Ï x!ôܲy!Ó˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ
!ӈϢ£Ï çlˆÏày¤˛# !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ í˛zay˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛y
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛Ü˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ü˛° ˆ◊!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ˆ≤ÃÓˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà åElectoral Rollä Óy §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ÚˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ !°fiê˛˛Û
ly ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ àîï˛sf ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ)î≈ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
àîï˛ˆÏsf ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õñ ܲyÓ˚î
~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §Ç!Óôyl ≤ÈÏîï˛yàî §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ò%Ó≈° ~!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ˆ≤ÃÓˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌy !•§yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆË˛ˆÏÓˆÏSÈl– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ùyl §%ˆÎÏ yà °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ §Ó≈çl#l ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ˆçˆÏl!SÈ– ÓyhflÓÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛yê˛
çlƒ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ §ÙÙÎ≈yòy §¡õߨ˛
•Î˚– ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ çlƒ !lÓ≈yã˛!l
•GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lƒyÎ˚§Aàï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î SÈyí˛¸y ܲyí˛zˆÜÏ ˛•z
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y•z !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl
ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l# ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢%ô%Ùye í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ó˚y•z ˆÜ˛í˛z ôl#ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z àÓ˚#Óñ ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛zFã˛!¢!«˛ï˛ G ˆÜ˛í˛z
≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÎ˚ x!¢!«˛ï˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z fl∫“!¢!«˛ï˛ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z òÎ˚y°% ˆÜ˛í˛zÓy xï˛ê˛y
ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ 84!ê˛ xy§l åseatsä òÎ˚y°% lÎ˚– !ܲv ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ
~ÓÇ ï˛˛õ!¢!° í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ 47!ê˛ xy§l åseatsä Ùï˛yÙï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ fl∫ï˛sf Ùyl%£Ï– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ§Ü˛°
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– å1ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ 2012ä ~•z §Çáƒy ˆ§•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ§ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ !§Âôyhs˝
çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛– @˝Ã•ˆÏî §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˛õM˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛
ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛ G í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ~•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ 18 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛ ~ÓÇ
xy§l åseatsä §Çáƒy xlƒylƒ §yÙy!çܲ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ çlƒ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ü˛° lyà!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Óôyl§Ë˛yˆÏï˛G
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ˜Óô xy§ˆÏlÓ˚ åseatsä §ÇáƒyˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– çy!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ñ flf# ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïñ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È x˛õÓ˚yô# ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ xy§l
§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z l#!ï˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° fiÌyl#Î˚ G ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ•#l lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y !ܲ
ˆç°yhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ çlƒ Ó!ô≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚⁄
61 !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e §Ù)• ı
ˆÙyê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e ÈüüüÈ 543
x§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÈüüüÈ 412
ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÈüüüÈ 84
ï˛˛õ!¢!° í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÈüüüÈ 47
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 62
§Ü˛° ˜Óô ˆË˛yê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyÙ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÜÏ ˛
l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lï%˛l ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚G !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î §• ˜Óô xAà#ܲyÓ˚˛õe ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
~•z ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyò ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ÎyÓ˚y xlƒe ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ !ܲÇÓy v ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô x!ÙÙyÇ!§ï˛ ˆÊ˛Ôçòy!Ó˚ ÙyÙ°y
ÙyÓ˚y Îyl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly⁄
G §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈
v ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ xyÎ˚ñ §¡õò G
e%!ê˛Ù%=˛ ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲï˛Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ~Ó˚˛) õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
àï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §!ã˛e ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚õe åEPICä òyÎ˚òy!Î˚ˆcÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î–
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ lï%˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛ v ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛y–
ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~•z ï˛Ìƒà% ! ° §Ó≈ § yôyÓ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ S È
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ õe ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏÎyàƒ– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°Ó˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆË˛yê˛ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚Ó˚y !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
˛õe §yˆÏÌ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛ ˛õyÎ˚–
!òˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ˆË˛yê˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §!ã˛e ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õe Ó˚yáy Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ lÎ˚– ˆË˛yê˛ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÓ˚¢lܲyí≈˛ñ í»˛y•z!Ë˛Ç °y•zˆÏ§™ §• xlƒylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlƒylƒ §Ü˛° ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ Îál !l!ò≈T˛
˛õeG ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚àî ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ˆ§áyˆÏl ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛l !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏlylÎ˚l ÓyôƒÓyôܲï˛y ly•z⁄
v §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛y
åNomination of Candidatesä §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ lÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲçl
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ˆÎyàƒï˛y !•§yˆÏÓ
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yô#l ˛õSÈ® Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ !¢«˛yàï˛ ¢Ç§y˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˲yˆÏ°y
~ê˛y ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Ó Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl !Ü ˛ˆÏ Ü ˛ê˛ ˆá°yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y•z x!ôܲ @˝ à •îˆÏ Î yàƒ–
≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô xl%Ó˛)˚ õ˲yˆÏÓ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ à˲#Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy–
ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢y xyܲyA«˛y
˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y•z •° ~ܲçl !ÓôyÎ˚ܲ Óy §yǧˆÏòÓ˚
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚° !ܲ ˛õyÓ˚°
≤ÃyÌ#≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ •ˆÏï˛ ly ~!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ °«˛ °«˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚Ó˚y ≤Ã!ï˛
ˆàˆÏ° °yˆÏà˛ 25 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
°yˆÏà 18 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§– x˛õÓ˚yô#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È v Î!ò !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛y ≤Ãy§!AàܲG •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
!Ó!ô!lˆÏ£ôÏ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ~à%!° xï˛ƒhs˝ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ à%Óc%˚ ܲï˛ê˛y ~ !ӣψÎÏ ˚
ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!° !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛•z Ìyܲy
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyl#ï˛ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ≤Ãï˛#ܲ §• §ÙhflÏ í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
v xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yàï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò°#Î˚ ÙˆÏlylÎ˚lˆÏܲ
ÓyôƒÓyôܲï˛y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ù)° ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ ÎyˆÏÓ–
òˆÏ°Ó˚ !ê˛!Ü˛ê˛ åTicketä ӈϰG x!˲!•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà lyà!Ó˚ܲàî Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ~Ùl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlylÎ˚l˛õe òy!ᰠܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ çy!Ùl í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓÉ~Éñ !ÓÉܲÙñ §¡õ!_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
!•§yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È xÌ≈ çÙy Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° Óy !Ó ~§ !§ ˛õy¢ Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓhflyÏ !Ó˚ï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î ≤Ãòyl
§%!≤ÃÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚# xAà#ܲyÓ˚˛õe òyˆÏlÓ˚ 90 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ çlàî !lÓ≈yã˛!l ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÎ˚ xˆÏÎyàƒ ÓˆÏ° ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
!ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
63 !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 64
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !l¡¨!°!áï˛ xyò¢≈à%!°Ó˚ !Ù° ˆòáyG–
xyò¢≈ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
§Ó≈çl#l ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyl §ÇáƒÜ˛ çlàî ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ò%Ó≈° ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc 18 ÓSÈÓ˚ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÓÎ˚flÒ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲ•z ˆË˛yê˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#–
x@˝Ãà!ï˛
fl∫yô#l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚
~ܲˆÏ˲yê˛ñ §ÙÙ)°ƒ ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛˛õ!¢!° í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ xy§l §ÇÓ˚«˛î–
65 !lÓ≈yã˛l# Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
v çyï˛˛õyï˛ G ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆË˛yê˛ ≤ÃyÌ≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆË˛yê˛@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ àîly
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly–
v !lÓ≈yã˛!l ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §¡õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ åPolling and Counting of Votesä
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ •° ˆË˛yê˛òyl ˛õÓ≈– ˙ !òl!ê˛ˆÏܲ
v ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ çlƒ 25 °«˛ ê˛yܲy ~ÓÇ !Óôyl§Ë˛yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òl ӈϰ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚
çlƒ 10 °«˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ lyÙ xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ ˆ§!òl
Î!ò ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl !ÓçÎ˚# !lܲê˛Óï˛#≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Óòƒy°Î˚ Óy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ òƈÏÓ˚ fiÌy!˛õï˛
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v §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ÎylÓy•lñ !ÓÙyl ~ÓÇ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚
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v ~ÓÇ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ùsf#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó•%° ⁄ åAre the elections too
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˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §yÓˆÏÙ!Ó˚l ܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ–˚
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åWhat Makes Elections in India Democratic?ä
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v ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ˜Óô ˆË˛yê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyÙ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !lÎ%=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢lyÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛
Ë)˛ˆÏÎ˚y ˆË˛yê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ ܲÓ˚l– Óy §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ çÓyÓ!ò!• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ll–
v ¢y§Ü˛ò° ܲï,˛≈ܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy
xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ò° x§vT˛ •ˆÏ°G ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õò ˆÌˆÏܲ
v Ó,•Íò° ~ÓÇ ôl# ≤ÃyÌ#≈ ܲï,˛≈ ܲ !Ó˛õ%° xˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ á%Ó Ü˛Ù !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l•z ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
v ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˲Î˚˲#!ï˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òl !Ó˚!àÇ
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ «˛Ùï˛y ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲÓ˚y– v !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l !lÓ≈yã˛l ˆây£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ Ê˛°yÊ˛°
~•z x!˲ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%!° §ï˛ƒ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
ˆây£Ïîy˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyà ˆòáˆÏ° Óy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y x§vT˛ ••z–
x!ôܲyÓ˚#–
!ܲv ˆ§Ô˲yàƒÓ¢ï˛ı ~•z §Ó âê˛ly !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°
v ~!ê˛ xyò¢≈ xyã˛Ó˚î!Ó!ô ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ lT˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ˛ˆÓ!¢ âˆÏê˛–
°AâlܲyÓ˚# ≤ÃyÌ#≈ Óy ò°ˆÏܲ ¢y!hflÏ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ≤ß¿ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
v !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲ!Ù¢l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲï˛à%!°
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ¢%ô%Ùye çl§ÙÌ≈l !lˆÏÎ˚•z
!lÎ˚Ù!Ó!ô xl%§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏò¢ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
çˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !ܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ x˜ÏÓô ˛õÌ xÓ°¡∫l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ß¿– ~•z x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ly ܲÓ˚y xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ xyÙÓ˚y á%Ó Îb §•ܲyˆÏÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ Óò!° ܲÓ˚y–
v !lÓ≈yã˛!l ܲyˆÏçƒÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲàî
ܲÓ˚Ó–
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲ–
fl∫yô#l !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l àï˛ ˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l ˛õ)î≈¢!=˛
(Independent Election Commission) !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ï˛y Ü˛Ù¢ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È–
!lÓ≈yã˛là%!° ò%l#≈!ï˛Ù%=˛ ˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏFSÈ !ܲ •ˆÏFSÈly ï˛y •zòy!lÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ÌyˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤ây§lˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ e%!ê˛Ó˚ çlƒ !ï˛Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îál
ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !lÎ˚sîf Ù%=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲàî ~•z ÙˆÏÙ≈ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛
fl∫yô#l §ÇfiÌy⁄ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Óy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ò° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •l ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛yê˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw !ܲÇÓy !lÓ≈yã˛l
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲ xlƒyÎ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ áyê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ fl∫yô#l ~ÓÇ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆË˛yê˛ˆÏܲˆÏw ܲyÓ˚ã%˛!˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ál
ò%l#≈!ï˛Ù%=˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õ%lı!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏò¢ ˆòl– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lÓ≈yã˛l
ˆÜ˛l !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z !§Âôyhs˝ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ùlı˛õ%ï˛ lyÈüÈG •ˆÏï˛
ΈÏÌT˛ «˛Ùï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ ÓyhflψÏÓ ~•z «˛Ùï˛y
~ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ «˛Ùï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv ~•z !§Âôyhs˝ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÙylˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ– !lÓ≈yã˛l
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
§¡õߨ⁄ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲ!Ù¢l Î!ò fl∫yô#l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓyl ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ê˛y !ܲ ˲yˆÏ°y⁄ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù âê˛ˆÏÓ ly–
xÓ¢ƒ•z xy¢yÓƒOܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yô#l
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 68
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l 14ï˛Ù ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛!Æ !Ó•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl §!ã˛e ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚˛õe ˛Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°
ܲ lÎ˚–
çy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l–
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÎ˚ lï%˛l ˛õ%!°¢
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l !lÓ≈yã˛!l ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚
!lÎ˚sfî xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ù•y!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ˆÏܲ xl%ˆÏÙyòl !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– x@˝Ãà!ï˛
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ G !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚
!lÓ≈yã˛!l ≤Û!ï˛ ˛õÎy≈ ˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ
˚ çlƒ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l
çlƒ ܲ!Ù¢l xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ «˛Ùï˛y òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚
¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
à%çÓ˚yê˛ Ó˚yçƒ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò °
!lÓ≈yã˛!l Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyàyÙ ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y§ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Óy!ï˛
•y•zˆÏܲyê≈˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢lˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl §ÇâÓÂô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl•z–
x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyçܲÙ≈ Órô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˛õ%lı!lÓ≈yã˛ˆlÏ Ó˚
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l 398!ê˛ ˆË˛yê˛
!lÓ≈yã˛!l §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ!Ù¢l
fl∫Ó˚yT˛…Ùsf#Ó˚ xyˆÏò¢ çy!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆày˛õl ÓƒˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ lçÓ˚òy!Ó˚
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ãôyl §ÇÓyòà%!° ˛õí˛¸ ~ÓÇ xÓyô G §%¤ % !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ!Ù¢l ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl «˛Ùï˛y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
80 78 ˲yÓ˚ï˛
70 72 66
66
60 62 60
56 58 59
50
40
30
20
10
1991 2015
!lÓ≈yã˛!l ÓSÈÓ˚
69 !lÓ≈yã˛l# Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
x!¢!«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ xl%ßï¨ ˛ çlàî•z x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆË˛yê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ~ܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !ã˛e ˛õ!Ÿã˛!Ù àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲyˆÏÎ≈ Î%=˛ !SȰ ~Ó˚ xˆÏôˆ≈ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ùy!Ü≈˛l Î%=˛Ó˚yˆÏT˛… ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° Óy xlƒ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §!ܲÎ˚ §ò§ƒ
ò!Ó˚o çlàîñ xy!Ê˛Ü˛yl ÓLjϢyqÓ Ùy!Ü≈˛l lyà!Ó˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛– ≤Ã!ï˛ §yï˛ çˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲçl ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˆflõl#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲñ ôl# G ˆŸªï˛yAà çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ò§ƒ–
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛ xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
58 60 60
56 56
60
50
40 40 32
28
30 (%)
30 21
20 20 13
8
10 10
í˛zFã˛Óî≈ G!Ó!§ ~§!§ ~§!ê˛ §yòy ܲyˆÏ°y ˆflõl 1996 1998 1999 2004
ˆò¢#Î˚
§yÙy!çܲ ˆày¤˛# !lÓ≈yã˛!l ÓSÈÓ˚
í˛zͧıÈüÈ çyï˛#Î˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l !lÓ≈yã˛lˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï à%Ó˚%c˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl
§Ù#«˛y 2004 ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚
§Çà,•#ï˛åSSDSä !Ù!§àyl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜Óô ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓy˚ !ï˛!l
ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ l#!ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚ˆÏl §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆò¢ àï˛ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y !ܲÇÓy !Óôyl§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˆË˛yê˛ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ùy!Ü≈˛l
Î%=˛Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ˆ§áyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ à%Óc%˚ xˆÏlܲ– !ܲly⁄ Î!ò ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl ï˛ˆÏÓ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l
!lÓ≈yã˛!l §Ù#«˛y 2008 4– Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z §!ܲÎ˚ï˛y !ï˛!l ˆË˛yê˛≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ˆË˛yê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛– ÓSȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛Ù¢ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– 2004ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚y !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛yl òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l ˆË˛yê˛ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl⁄ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓy˚ !çK˛y§y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y !ï˛!l !lÓ≈yã˛!l ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ §Ë˛yÎ˚ Óy !Ù!SȈϰ !ܲÇÓy
å3ä ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~çyï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lÓ≈yã˛!l ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
!ܲly⁄
15% !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛y
åAcceptance of election
18%
≤Ã˲yÓ xyˆÏSÈ– 67% outcomeä :
í˛zͧ ıÈüÈ çyï˛#Î˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤Ã˲yÓ ly•z– !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ê˛°yÊ˛° •° xÓyô G §%¤˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝
§Ù#«˛y 2004åCSDSä çy!l ly– Ùy˛õܲy!벖 !lÓ≈yã˛l Î!ò xÓyô G §%¤˛% ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 70
!lÓ≈yã˛!l Ê˛°yÊ˛° §Ó§ÙÎ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓylˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÎyÎ˚–
~Ó˚)˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢y§Ü˛ò° ܲáˆÏly•z !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl
˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ •lly– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ ò°à%!°
≤Õ§lÙ)°Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z Ê˛°yÊ˛°ˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓl˚ y–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ
v ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ G ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ¢y§Ü˛ò°
!lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ àï˛ ˛õˆÏlˆÏÓy˚
ÓSȈÓÏ ˚ ò%•z ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ¢y§Ü˛ò° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
•yÓ˚yÎ˚–
Irfan Khan
v xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õòfiÌ ~ÓÇ fiÌyÎ˚# Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ âê˛ly á%Ó là ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õM˛y¢ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ç§ò Óy !ÓôyÎ˚ܲàî
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ •l–
§yÇÓy!òܲ §ˆÏ¡ø°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlï˛yàî !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈl ı ÚÚ!ܲ
v !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l SÈyí˛¸y ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ ò°
~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ#≈àî ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ê˛°yÊ˛°ˆÏܲ
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !SȰ ~ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ ˆÎñ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% ˆÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
çˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl xyd#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚•z ≤ÃyÌ#≈
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ ӈϰ ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ çyl ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ~ÓÇ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
§%¤˛% ~ÓÇ xÓyô !lÓ≈yã˛ˆlÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y
åChallenges to free and fair ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤ß¿ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ ı Ú!lÓ≈yã˛!l
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y G ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚Û !ã˛e!ê˛ °y!ï˛l
electionsä : xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%!° •° ÈüüüÈ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑS%ȈÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ v ôlyì˛ƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚yG !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x!AÜ˛ï˛– ~ê˛y !ܲ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛là%!° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §%¤%˛ G xÓyô •Î˚– çÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y !lò≈° ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óy
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y òˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ xlƒyÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒ
àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î çlàî xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§%ˆÏÎyà @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ x!ôܲ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ – xÓ¢ƒ ~ê˛y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ
v ˆòˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y
!lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚– §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ°G ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xM˛ˆÏ ° x˛õÓ˚ y ô ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ⁄
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤ÃyÌ#≈ ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ xÌ≈ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ àyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ã˛% !˛õ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ©Nerilicon, El Economista, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §yôyÓ˚î
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çlÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l âˆÏê˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢
àï˛ ˛õM˛y¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~•z !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛Ü˛Ù á%Ó Ü˛Ù ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ~ê˛y•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛lˆÏܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
!ܲv xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ܲê%˛ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ Îy•z ï˛y•ˆÏ°
!˲ߨ !ã˛e ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ~•z çlÙï˛ !ܲ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛⁄ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚Ó˚y !ܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
˛õSȮوÏï˛y Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˛õyÎ˚⁄ !lÓ≈yã˛l !ܲ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ
§Ùyl §%!Óôyçlܲ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e⁄ ~ܲçl
§yôyÓ˚î lyà!Ó˚ܲ !ܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
71 !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# âˆÏê˛ ~ê˛y !ܲ
!ã˛ˆÏe §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛
í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ⁄ àîï˛ˆÏsf §Ó
§ÙÎ˚ !ܲ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù âˆÏê˛⁄
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~Ùl í˛zòy•Ó˚î
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl ~Ùl âˆÏê˛!l⁄
ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
˛õˆÏí˛¸y
R.K. Laxman, The Times of India
§¡õÜ≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ≤ÃyÌ#≈àî xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,•Í v Ó,•Í Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ò° ~ÓÇ
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈˛õò xyòyˆÏÎ˚ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚– !lò≈° ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚y xˆÏlܲ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •l–
v !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yà%!° ¢%ô% ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ lÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó•% àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛… Óï≈˛Ùyl– ÎyÓ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsf !ÓŸªy§#
xyd#Î˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ≤ÃyÌ#≈˛õò Ó^˝ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° à˲#Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– Ê˛ˆÏ°
òˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ˆÏã˛ï˛l lyà!Ó˚ܲàîñ §ÙyçܲÙ#≈ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §Çàë˛l
v á%Ó Ü˛Ù !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl §yôyÓ˚î lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù
§%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !ܲ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓy˚ ⁄
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!°Ó˚ l#!ï˛ G ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yà%!° ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲçl §yôyÓ˚î
ΈÏÌT˛ §yò,¢ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– lyà!Ó˚ܲ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
~áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z âê˛lyà%!° !ܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛!l
ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# Óy ò%Ó≈° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ v 2009 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÎ˚ 10 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ Ü˛Ù Ù!•°y ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !SȰ–
v ܲál !lÓ≈yã˛l •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢l ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x@˝Ãà!ï˛ v 14ï˛Ù ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 145 çˆÏlÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ!_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !SȰ 1 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢–
Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚ v !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ù%áƒÙsf# ӈϰl Úxy!Ù çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏܲ ◊Âôy ܲ!Ó˚–Û
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 72
Ó%Ì òá° åBooth Capturingä : ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲàî ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˲Î˚˲#!ï˛ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛yê˛
@˝Ã•îˆÏܲw òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x˜ÏÓô ˆË˛yê˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyã˛Ó˚î!Ó!ô åCode of Conductä : !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!°Ó˚ çlƒ ܲï˛à%!° ê˛#ܲy
!l!ò≈T˛ !lÎ˚Ù!Ó!ô Óy !lˆÏò≈¢–
!lÓ≈yã˛!l ˆ«˛e åConstituencyä : ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ §#ÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚àî xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¢y§Ü˛òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õòy!ôܲyÓ˚# åIncumbentä : §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı ¢y§Ü˛ò° ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z
ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® §#!Ùï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!Ó˚!àLJܲyÓ˚ã%˛!˛õ åRiggingä : ˆË˛yê˛§Çáƒy Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò° ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îy G x§ò%˛õyÎ˚
xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚y–
≤ÈÏòÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚ åTurnoutä : !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˆË˛yê˛òylܲyÓ˚# ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˜Óô ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yÓ˚–
73 !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
5– Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óôyl§Ë˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l xÓyô ~ÓÇ §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚≤ÃyÆ
xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏ°l §%ˆÏÓ˚áy ˆòÓ#– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
lçÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄
åܲä !lÓ≈yã˛l# ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚–
åáä ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏl ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ܲyç–
åàä àîlyÓ˚ !òˆÏl ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ܲyç–
6– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ãˆ§Ï !ÓçÎ˚# ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!˲!_ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏcÓ˚ !•§yÓ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ–
ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá ˙ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z
ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ùï˛ ˆòˆÏÓ⁄ Î!ò •уy
•Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ⁄ Î!ò ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l lÎ˚⁄
ˆ◊!îàï˛ •yÓ˚ å¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓä
çl≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô§Ë˛y xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ çl§Çáƒy
Ü,˛£÷ÏyAà 8 13
ˆflõ!l¢ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ 5 13
ˆŸªï˛yAà 86 70
7– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚
çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Î%!=˛Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åܲä ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓyô G §%¤%˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ «˛Ùï˛y ˆl•z–
åáä xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ í˛zÑã%˛–
åàä ¢y§Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl çÎ˚°y˲ ܲÓ˚y §•ç–
åâä ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ xÓyôñ §%¤%˛ G ò%l#≈!ï˛Ù%=˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
8– SÈ!ÓÓ˚ !Ù~èy ˛ ˆÎÔï%˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ flf#ˆÏܲ !lÎ≈yï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏô §yçy≤ÃyÆ – §ï˛ƒÓï˛ xflõ,¢ƒï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆlÏ Ó˚
x˛õÓ˚yˆÏô x!˲Î%=˛– xyòy°ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çlˆÏܲ•z !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚!l– ~•z
!§Âôyhs˝ !ܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#⁄
9– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl x§ò%˛õyÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È âê˛ly ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zߨï˛
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ !ܲS%È ˆ¢áyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ܲ#
xl%§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòˆÏÓ⁄
åܲä ly•zˆÏç!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˆË˛yê˛ àîlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚≤ÃyÆ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ •zFSÈyÙï˛ ˆË˛yê˛§Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ӈϰ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ°
xyòy°ï˛ xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ≤ÃyÎ˚ 5 ˛°ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆË˛yê˛ x˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
åáä !Ê˛!çÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚˛õ%!hflÏܲyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ãy=˛l
≤ÃôylÙsf# وϕw ˆã˛Ôô%!Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆË˛yê˛ !òˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó˚=˛ V˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ~à%!° !SȰ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÓLjϢyq(ï˛
lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ë˛#!ï˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l–
åàä xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫ï˛sf ˆË˛yê˛@˝Ã•î G àîly ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ
!l!ò≈T˛ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲ xyˆÏSÈ– 2000 §yˆÏ° Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚í˛y ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ܲï,≈˛˛õ«˛ !Ù/
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 74
Ó%ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xˆÏlܲ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ˆÜ˛í˛z ˙ !§Âôyhs˝à%!° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l–
xl%¢#°l
10– ~áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È x§ò%˛õyÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •°– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
§Ù§ƒyà%!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚– ˙ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄
åܲä !lÓ≈yã˛l ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ùsf# Ù•y¢Î˚ Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y !ã˛!lܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xy!Ì≈ܲ
§y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
åáä !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô# ò°à%!° x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ˆÎñ ò)Óò˚ ¢≈l ~ÓÇ xyܲy¢Óyî# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó=˛Óƒà%!°
à%Ó˚%c§•ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
åàä !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ xl%§rôyˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚
20°«˛ ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ë)˛Î˚y ˆË˛yê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyÙ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
åâä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xflfÈüÈ¢flf §¡∫!°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Óyôy ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyܲÙî ã˛y°yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÏ˛õÔÑS%ȈÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
11– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÙ¢ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !SȰlyñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚
!˛õï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢yly !ܲS%È âê˛ly Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ– Ó˚ˆÏوϢÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ~•z Ùhs˝Óƒà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ܲ# Ë%˛°
xyˆÏSÈ⁄
åܲä Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˆË˛yê˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ° flf# çy!ï˛Ó˚ xy°yòy
ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄
åáä ò°#Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ §ÙyˆÏç x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y lÎ˚ ˙Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l
•GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
åàä ~ܲÙye fl¨yï˛Ü˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚•z !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
≤Ã!ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ !Óôyl§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xl%!¤˛ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛là%!°Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ï˛Ìƒà%!° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòlà%!° !ï˛l!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
v !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆÎ §Ü˛° à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ âê˛ly âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ üÈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!°Ó˚ ˆây!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛ñ
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ òy!Ó òyGÎ˚y §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛ÌƒyÓ°#ñ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy–
v ˆË˛yê˛@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ àîlyÓ˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ âê˛lyà%!°ñ ≤ÃyÆ ˆË˛yê˛§Çáƒyñ x§ò%˛õyÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚
âê˛lyà%!°ñ ˛õ%l/!lÓ≈yã˛lñ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y§ ~ÓÇ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ê˛°yÊ˛°–
v !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙÎ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!°Ó˚ çÎ˚ G ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)•ñ §ÇÓyòÙyôƒÙ
ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛!l Óƒyáƒyñ Ù%áƒÙsf#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlylÎ˚l–
75 !lÓ≈yã˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ 25 çyl%Î˚y!Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ˆË˛yê˛òyl !òÓ§ (National Voter’s Day)
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ NVDüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y !lˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄
2016 §yˆÏ° 67ï˛Ù àîï˛sf !òÓ§ í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ lï%˛l !ò!Õ‘Ó˚ Ó˚yç˛õˆÏÌ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢y˲yÎyey–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 76
˛õM˛Ù xôƒyÎ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy åIntroductionä :
çlàî ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ¢y§Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z àîï˛sf §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚– àîï˛ˆÏsf ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° xy•zl G
˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ܲï˛à%!° ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!°Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !§Âôyhs˝à%!° @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Ó– xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆòáÓ
~•z §Ü˛° !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲÓ˚Ó ˆÎà%!° !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!° •°ñ xy•zl !Ó˲yàñ ¢y§l
!Ó˲yà ~ÓÇ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !Ó˲yà–
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ~•z §Ü˛° ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ– ~áyˆÏl
xyÙÓ˚y ˙ §Ü˛° xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ o%ï˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ !çK˛y§yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Ó– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§ƒ •°ñ ~ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!° ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!° xlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçà%!°ˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ àîï˛y!sfܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°⁄ ~áyˆÏl Ù)°
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!° !Ù!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y– ˆÜ˛yl
ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y G xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚–
77
5É1 ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚⁄
àîx!˲ˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õl¢l §Çܲyhs˝ Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Î%@¬
~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# xyˆÏò¢ §!ã˛Ó ~•z xyˆÏòˆÏ¢ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚
(A GOVERNMENT ORDER) ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏò¢ !SȰ– Îy ˆòáˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y
1990 §yˆÏ° 13 xyàT˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏò¢ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îÈüÈ!ÓK˛!ÆÓ˚
çy!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ¢ï˛
fløyÓ˚ܲ!°!˛õ– xlƒylƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ˆÏï˛ ¢ï˛ xyˆÏò¢ çy!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~•z xyˆÏò¢!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á !SȰñ ܲ!Ùܲ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ •° GÉ~ÙÉ l¡∫Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ !SȰ ò#â≈ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
36012‡31‡90ÈüÈ •z~§!ê˛ å~§ !§ !ê˛ä ï˛y!Ó˚á !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zͧ– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
13ÈüÈ8ÈüÈ1990 ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌylñ ~•z !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚
ܲ# âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 78
~•z xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ l#!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xô#l x§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚
§Ü˛° ¢)lƒ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ 27¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õò §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y
v ~áyˆÏ l í˛z ! Õ‘ ! áï˛ !Ó£Ï Î ˚ SÈ y í˛¸ y ~•z
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!°Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛
~§ •z !Ó !§ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z çlˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛
˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ï˛y !ܲ fløÓ˚ˆÏî xyˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yͲõò ӈϰ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲÓ˚–
ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !SȰ
v ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó˚y烧Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ à,•#ï˛ ~Ùl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆlyê˛ !ܲ
ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛˛õ!¢!° í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !§Âôyhs˝ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ !ܲS%È ÙˆÏl Óí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
~•z xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ çlˆÏày¤˛# ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚⁄ ~ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó˚yçƒ˛õy°ñ Ùsf#àîñ !§Âôyhs˝⁄ Î!ò ï˛y ly •Î˚
å˛õŸã˛yͲõò çlˆÏày¤˛#ä §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈% =˛
!ÓôyÎ˚ܲàî ~ÓÇ xyòy°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ#⁄ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛y ~ܲê%˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ¢%ô%Ùye ÎyÓ˚y ~•z ˛õŸã˛yͲõò çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚
xy°yòy⁄
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z 27 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚
çlƒ ˆÎyàƒ– xlƒÓ˚y ~•z ˛õˆÏò xyˆÏÓòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲ!Ù¢l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓly– !SȈϰl !Ó !˛õ Ù[˛°– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~!ê˛ Ù[˛° ܲ!Ù¢l
lyˆÏÙ áƒyï˛– ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ !SȰ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
!§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛àî §yÙy!çܲ G !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õŸã˛yͲõò çlˆÏày¤˛#
åThe Decision Makersä !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùylò[˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚y ~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fløyÓ˚ܲ˛õe çy!Ó˚Ó˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆll⁄ ~ê˛y í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲÓ˚y–
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ fløyÓ˚ܲ˛õˆÏe !Î!l fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ù¢l !Ó!˲ߨ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ §• 1980 §yˆÏ° ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝
ܲˆÏÓ˚l !ï˛!l !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– !ï˛!l !SȈϰl !ÓÓÓ˚î ˆ˛õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲçl Î%@¬§!ã˛Ó Ùye– xyÙÓ˚y •°ÈüÈ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õŸã˛yͲõò
xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~•z !§Âôyhs˝à%!° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ çlƒ 27¢ï˛yÇ¢ ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚# §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y–
xlƒylƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ~ÓÇ !ÓÓÓ˚î §Ç§ˆÏò xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y •Î˚–
˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ˙ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° •°ÈüüüÈ Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §yǧò ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
v Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ •ˆÏ°l ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ~ÓÇ !Ó!ô§¡øï˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ò°§Ù)• Ù[˛° ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z §%˛õy!Ó˚¢à%!° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ¢y§l ܲï,≈˛˛õ«˛– ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ òyÓ# çy!lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– 1989§yˆÏ° ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y
v ≤ÃôylÙsf# •ˆÏ°l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– !lÓ≈yã˛l# •zhflÏy•yˆÏÓ˚ çlï˛y ò°
§Ü˛° «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚#– !ï˛!l Ùsf#§Ë˛yÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ò° «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ° Ù[˛°
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !§Âôyhs˝ §Ù)• @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢à%!° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– çlï˛y ò°
v ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç§ò à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yñ Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆlï˛y
~ÓÇ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏΖ˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ !˲ !˛õ !§Ç ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf# •l– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Ó•%
§Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈l Ìyܲy xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– í˛zߨÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z ˛õòy!ôܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y•z !ܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# v ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ §Ç§ˆÏò Ó=˛Óƒ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ù[˛° ~ál xy!Ù
òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ fløyÓ˚ܲ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛⁄ ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ Óƒ=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛
ã˛ˆÏ°y á%шÏç ˆò!ᖠܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õy!FSÈ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
~•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# fløyÓ˚ܲ!°!˛õ!ê˛ ò#â≈ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ v 1990 ~Ó˚ 6 xyàT˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ Ù!sf§Ë˛y ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ GÓ˚y Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
¢,C°yÓÂô ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yà%!°Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ à%!° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ l#!ï˛àï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ Ùu˛°#ܲÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ 1979§yˆÏ° ˛õŸã˛yͲõò ˆ◊î#Ó˚ çlƒ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ӈϰ– ï˛y•z lÎ˚ !ܲ ⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 80
˛õŸã˛yò˛õò çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ çlƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z ÙyÙ°yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ ܲ# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
§%!≤ÃÙ ˆÜ˛yê≈˛ ~!ê˛ !§Âôyhs˝ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ ˆây£Ïîy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ùsf#§Ë˛y ~!ê˛ fløyÓ˚ܲ !°!˛õÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !§Âôyhs˝ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 27¢ï˛yÇ¢ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó §ÇÓ˚«˛îˆÏܲ ˜Óô ӈϰ Ùylƒï˛y ˆòl–
˚ܲàî
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 82
õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛«˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚
≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ó˚yçƒ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ fl∫yÌ≈ §¡∫!°ï˛ ܲï˛à%!° !ӣψÏÎ˚
åTwo Houses of Parliamentä Ó˚yçƒ §Ë˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï «˛Ùï˛y x˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv
xyô%!lܲ àîï˛ˆÏsf ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y x!ôܲ «˛Ùï˛y ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ó,•Í Ó˚yT˛… §Ù)ˆÏ• ã˛ˆÏ°y ˆò!á ï˛y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ •Î˚–
xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛ˆÏܲ 1– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yôyÓ˚î xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ
ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆã˛¡∫yÓ˚ Óy xl%ˆÏÙyòl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆÎ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
ܲ«˛ §Ë˛y Ó°y •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y çlàî ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §,!T˛ •ˆÏ° ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ܲï,˛≈ ܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l ~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˲Î˚ ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒàî Î%@¬ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏl ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛Ó% ˆÜ˛l
«˛Ùï˛y ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓl˚ – !mï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲˆÏe ӈϧ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §Ç§ˆÏò ~ˆÏï˛y ï˛Ü≈˛ ~ÓÇ
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï˛à%!° !ӈϢ£Ï §Çáƒy!ôܲƒ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly •Î˚⁄
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !mï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyç •°ñ ˛≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ó˚yçƒñ xM˛° Óy 2– xy!Ì≈ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y x!ôܲ «˛Ùï˛y ˆË˛yà
Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ ÓyˆÏçê˛ Óy xÌ≈
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ !Ó˲=˛– !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xy•zl Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛y Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ y–
~à%!° •°ñ Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛y åí˛zFã˛Ü˛«˛ä ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y å!l¡¨ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛y 14 !òl ˆò!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy
ܲ«˛ä– ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒ ly •ˆÏÎ˚G Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ~!ӣψÎÏ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ x!ÓˆÏFSÈj xAà– ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ÙylˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ lÎ˚–
í˛z˲Î˚ ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §¡ø!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à,•#ï˛ á§í˛¸y ≤ÃhflyÏ ˆÏÓ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ 3– ~ê˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎñ ~ܲÙye ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y•z
fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ˆÏ§!ê˛ xy•zˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– Ùsf#§Ë˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚
˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛# ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆlÏ ≤ÃôylÙsf# !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l–
!ܲS%Èê˛y K˛yl°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˆòˆÏáSÈ Î!ò ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §ò§ƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– xlyfiÌy ≤ÃhflÏyÓ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃôylÙsf#§•
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ùsf#§Ë˛yÓ˚ §Ü˛° §ò§ƒ ˛õòï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •l–
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ál ï˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚– Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚)˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly «˛Ùï˛y ly•z–
!lˆÏ¡¨ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG –
v ˆÙyê˛ §ò§ƒ §Çáƒy Ü˛ï˛ ⁄
v ܲyÓ˚y §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄ !lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚
v ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙÎ˚yò Ü˛ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚⁄
˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢l ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚
v ~•z ܲ«˛ !ܲ ˆË˛ˆÏAà ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ xÌÓy ~!ê˛ !ܲ
≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ !òl ò)Óò˚ ¢≈ˆlÏ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛y G Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛yÓ˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈
~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ«˛⁄
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˙ §Ó
~•z ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl ܲ«˛!ê˛ x!ôܲ «˛Ùï˛y
§ÇÓyò G ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˆÌˆÏܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
§¡õߨ⁄ Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛yˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛Ü˛«˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ӈϰ ~ˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚–
x!ôܲ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
v ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°–
xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yˆÏܲ !l¡¨Ü˛«˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ӈϰ ~Ó˚
v xôƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy–
«˛Ùï˛y Ü˛Ù– !ܲv ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó˚yçƒ§Ë˛y ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚
v !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy–
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ lÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛) õ Ó°yÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈlÏ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛Ìy Ó°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ó˚#!ï˛ Îy §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xÌ≈ lÎ˚–
ˆÓ°y 12ê˛y ı !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆÓ°y 2É26 ı §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ò%!ê˛
l!Ì xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !Ó° xl%ˆÏÙyòl ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢ – ~à%!°
ˆ§à%!° !SȰ ÈüüüÈ !SȰÈüüüÈ
v !lÓ˚y˛õ_y xy•zl å§ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ä !Ó°–
v •zˆÏ®yÈüÈ!ï˛ÓÁï˛#Î˚ §#Ùyhs˝ ˛õ%!°¢ Óy!•l#Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yà v ç!Ùl G }î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ¢ Ï yô §Çܲyhs˝ xy•zl å§ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ä
§Çܲyhs˝ xy•zl– !Ó°–
v áÓ˚à˛‰ õ%Ó˚ xy•z xy•z !ê˛Ó˚ åI.I.Tä Óy!£ÏÜ≈ ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl– !Óܲy° 4ê˛y ı ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
v !Ó¢yáy˛õ_lˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ •zflõyï˛ !làˆÏÙÓ˚ !•§yÓ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ l#!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ò#â≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
!lܲy¢ •zï˛ƒy!ò– •Î˚ ~ÓÇ •zÓ˚yˆÏܲÓ˚˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ˚ˆ˛Ï õ«˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ï˛y
ˆÓ°y 12ı02ê˛y ı í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ò§ƒàî x!˲Ùï˛ Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
í˛zߨÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ùsf# í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yM˛°Ó˚
ܲyí˛z!™°ˆÏܲ lï%˛l ˲yˆÏÓ àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy §rôƒy ı 7É17 / xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ùy!Æ
ӈϰl– âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ xyàyÙ# !òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ x!ôˆÏÓ¢l
ˆÓ˚° ˛òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yçƒÙsf# ÓyˆÏçê˛ Ó!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ Ù%°ï˛!Ó ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
xl%òyl !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ó=˛Óƒ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 84
5É3 Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ây§Ü˛ ≤ây§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ܲyç ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÎ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓl˚ –
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ fløyÓ˚ܲ!°!˛õÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
(Political Executive) :
≤ây§Ü˛ G xÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ây§ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢%Óˆ%˚ ïÏ ˛•z ˆÎ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fløyÓ˚ܲ!°!˛õÓ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘
ÙˆÏl ˛õˆÏÓ˚⁄
!SȰ ï˛y !ܲ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚⁄ ˆ§áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y
ï%˛!Ù ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ˆòˆÏá!SÈ !Î!l fløyÓ˚ܲ!°!˛õˆÏï˛ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl !ï˛!l !ܲv
≤ây§Ü˛àî xÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ây§ˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ
!§Âôyhs˝ ˆll!l– !ï˛!l xlƒ ܲyˆÏÓy˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚
«˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ ⁄ ˆÜ˛l §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Ùye– ˙ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ùsf#àî ~ï˛ˆÏÓ!¢ «˛Ùï˛yÓyl⁄ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xy!ôܲyÓ˚#ܲàî
xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !¢!«˛ï˛ •l ~ÓÇ Ü˛yçܲˆÏÙ≈
xyˆÏÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈l SÈyí˛¸y !ï˛!l ~•z
xï˛ƒhs˝ ò«˛ ÌyˆÏܲl– xÌ≈ Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛yàî
ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ !ï˛!l ¢%ô%
xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ xÌ≈Ùsf#Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ò«˛–
˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ •zFSÈyˆÏܲ•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Ùye–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ Ùsf#àî ï˛yÓ˚ Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚#
~˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ á%Ó Ü˛Ù çyˆÏll– ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˜òl!®l
ÎyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y Ùsfîy°Î˚ñ !¢“ñ fl∫yfĩñ !ÓK˛yl G
!§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y çlàˆÏîÓ˚
ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚# ~ÓÇ á!l Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z §Ü˛°
˛õˆÏ«˛ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ll– ~•z §Ü˛°
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùsf#àî ˆÜ˛l ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛àîˆÏܲ ≤ây§Ü˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ây§Ü˛ Ó°yÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚#⁄
ܲyÓ˚î •° ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ l#!ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î á%Ó §•ç– àîï˛ˆÏsf çlàˆÏîÓ˚ •zFSÈy•z
x!ôܲyÓ˚#– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Îál xyÙÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ܲS%È
ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝– Ùsf#àî çlàî ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
Ó°Ó ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î xÌ≈ òyí˛¸yÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ây§l–
˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢y xyܲyCy ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ≤ÃyÆ
•l– ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z
çÓyÓ!ò!• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z Ùsf#àî §Ü˛°
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ fiÌyÎ˚# ≤ây§Ü˛ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ñ ˆÜ˛yl l#!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛
(Political and Permanent ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ùsf#àî á§í˛¸y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ùsf#àî
Executive) ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §%ò«˛
àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ò%ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏÓl ~Ùl ˆÜ˛í˛z xy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚ly Óy !ï˛!l !lˆÏçG ï˛y
≤ây§Ü˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤ây§Ü˛ ll– Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §Ü˛° ܲy!Ó˚à!Ó˚ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ò«˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
çlàî ܲï,˛≈ ܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ G í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
çlƒ òy!Î˚c ≤ÃyÆ •l– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ây§Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ Ùï˛yÙï˛
ӈϰ– Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆlï,˛Óà≈ ÎyÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~•z §Ü˛° Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
!§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛– !mï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùsf#àî•z ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ≤ây§Ü˛àî ò#â≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !lÎ%=˛ •l– xy§ˆÏ° Ó,•Í ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl•z ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ fiÌyÎ˚# ≤ây§Ü˛ Óy çl˛õy°l Ü,˛ï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó°y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y
•Î˚– ÎyÓ˚y çl˛õy°l Ü,˛ï˛ƒÜ˛ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyˆÏV˛l ï˛yÓ˚y•z ò«˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈
çl˛õy°l Ü,˛ï˛ƒˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ Óy §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚# Ó°y !§Âôyhs˝à!% ° ˆll– ò«˛ Óƒ!=˛àî ¢%ô% ˛õÌ !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
•Î˚– §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏ°G ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚#ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv Ó,•_Ó˚ ò,!T˛ ˲Aà# !lˆÏÎ˚ °«˛ƒ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl
Ó•y° ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z §Ü˛° §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲàî xlƒÓ˚y– àîï˛ˆÏsf !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ Ùsf#àî•z ~•z Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ây§ˆÏܲÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 86
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓy˚
v ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒhflψÏÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛çl ܲƒy!ÓˆÏlê˛ Ùsf#Ó˚
lyÙ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ åòƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ä ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y
(Powers of the Prime Minister) çG•Ó˚°y° ˆlˆÏ•Ó%̊ xï˛ƒhs˝ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ !SȈ° Ï l ӈϰ !ï˛!l
≤ÃôylÙsf# Óy Ùsf#§Ë˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ Ùsf#ˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù Ü˛ï,≈˛c fiÌy˛õˆÏl §«˛Ù •l– •z!®Ó˚y àyrô#G
§¡õÜ≈˛ Óy «˛Ùï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ùsf#§Ë˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ÓƒAà!ã˛e!ê˛
ˆl•z– !ܲv §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÃôylÙsf# ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# !SÈ ˆ Ï ° l– xÓ¢ƒ ≤ÃôylÙsf # ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸y
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#– !ï˛!l Ùsf#§Ë˛yÎ˚ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛c ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# •ˆÏÓl ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õòy!ôܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y
!Ó!˲ߨ òƈÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Χ˚ yôl ܲˆÏÓl˚ ~Ùl!ܲ !Ó!˲ߨ G Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùï˛y˜Ïlܲƒ ˆòáy !òˆÏ° ≤ÃôylÙsf# Î!òG §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏ° ˆçyê˛ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 1970 ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆòl– !ï˛!l §Ü˛° òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y G ˛õòÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃÌÙ !òˆÏܲ •z!®Ó˚y àyrô#
ï˛_¥yÓôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §ÙhflÏ Ùsf#àî ï˛yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ܲyç ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l Ùsf#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ òÆÓ˚ Órê˛l Óy ˛õ%lÓ≈rê˛l ˆçyê˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf# !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õSȮوÏï˛y ï˛ál ≤ÃôylÙsf# !•§yˆÏÓ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùsf#ˆÏܲ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc Ùsf#§Ë˛yÓ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃôylÙsf# ˛õòï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §ÙhflÏ !ã˛e !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z !ã˛e– ï%˛!Ù
ˆày¤˛# G ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆçyê˛ §Aà# òˆÏ°Ó˚
Ùsf#§Ë˛yˆÏܲ ˛õòï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ñ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚– ˆçyê˛§Aà# ~ÓÇ òˆÏ°Ó˚
!ã˛e xÇܲl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
~˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ «˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ §ò§ƒ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆlÏ !ï˛!l ≤ÃôylÙsf# •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ≤ÃôylÙsf#ˆÏܲ
≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc•z ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùsf#§Ë˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùï˛yÙï˛ G xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G ï˛yˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !Î!l •z!®Ó˚y
«˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ •Î˚– àyrô#ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î
ܲyˆÏ° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛° §Ç§ò#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsf ≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚
«˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ (The President) ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
§Ç§ò#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf# •ˆÏ°l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ãôyl xyÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ •ˆÏ°l
!•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚
x˛õ!Ó˚ § #Ù ï˛y•z ≤ÃôylÙsf # ò°#Î˚ «˛Ùï˛y myÓ˚ y ≤Ãôyl !lÎ˚Ùï˛y!sfܲ «˛Ùï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#–
Ùsf#˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò ~ÓÇ §Ç§òˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÇÓyò !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yî#Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yà%!°G
ÙyôƒÙà%!° ~•z Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ G !lÓ≈yã˛lˆÏܲ ò°#Î˚ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!˲T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ §Ü˛° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ §ÙhflÏ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf# Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ çlàî myÓ˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ll–
˛õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛ ~ÓÇ !Óôyl§Ë˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §ò§ƒ ܲï,˛≈ ܲ !ï˛!l
•ˆÏÓ⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 88
ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˆlï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃôylÙsf# !•§yˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈l xyòyˆÏÎ˚ §«˛Ù
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ Óyôƒ– !ܲv Îál ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl •ˆÏÓl ӈϰ !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ~Ó˚˛) õ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ï˛!l lï%˛l
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò° Óy ˆçyê˛ §Çáƒy à!Ó˚¤˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃôylÙsf# ˛õˆÏò !lÎ%!=˛ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ~!ӣψÎÏ ˚ ˆÏflF∫ SÈyô#l «˛Ùï˛y §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÎ˚ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ï˛y ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ~Ùl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ
!ã˛e!ê˛
ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
≤ÃôylÙsf# !•§yˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !Î!l ˛õˆÏí˛¸y
5É4 !Óã˛yÓ˚ !Ó˲yà
Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ¢y!§ï˛ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfiÌy (The Judiciary)
(The Presidential System) xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ fløyÓ˚ܲ !°!˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢%Ó%˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȰyÙ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ü˛° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛àî ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy•z–
Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !lÎ˚Ùï˛y!sfܲ lÎ˚ñ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~•z Ù%•%ˆÏï≈˛ ˛à“!ê˛ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– !ܲv
Ó•% ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛àî ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ G Ó˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ à“à%!° !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãôyl !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ˙ àˆÏ“Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ˆÏhs˝y£Ïçlܲ §Ùyôyl
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ çlàî ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȰ ܲyÓ˚î §%!≤ÃÙ ˆÜ˛yê≈˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏò¢ òyl
§Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l– !ï˛!l Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õSȈ® Ï Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l Îy §Ü˛° ˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ– !l¡¨!°!áï˛
Ùsf#§Ë˛yÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~áˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ à%!°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚–
xy•zl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ åÜ˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ä í˛z˛õÓ˚ v ˆòˆÏ¢ Î!ò §%!≤ÃÙˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ly
lƒhfl–Ï !ܲv Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ~•z xy•zˆlÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÚˆË˛ˆÏê˛yÛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ – ~ê˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§Âôyhs˝ v §%!≤ÃÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy xyˆÏSÈ !ܲv
ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈l !lˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly «˛Ùï˛y ly•z–
Óyôƒ ll Óy xy•zl§Ë˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ òyÎ˚ÓÂô ll– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ v §%!≤ÃÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°G !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÙÎ˚yò ã˛yÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xy•zl§Ë˛yÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ܲÌy ˆÜ˛í˛z !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– x!ôܲ ܲyÙƒ⁄ ~Ùl
òˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ï˛y ly ÌyܲˆÏ°G !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏò Ó•y° v !lÓ˚ˆ˛Ï õ«˛ Ó˚yÎ˚òyl ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï G ÎyÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy °y!ï˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl ≤ÃôylÙsf# !Î!l
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !Óã˛yÓ˚≤ÃyÌ#≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y §%!≤ÃÙˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ •zFSÈyÙï˛ Ü˛yçܲÙ≈
ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ fl∫yô#l Ó˚yT˛…à!% °Ó˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏòˆÏ¢ §vT˛ ll– ܲˆÏÓ˚l xÌÓy ~Ùl
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ≤Ãôyl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛
¢y!§ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ– !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ≤ÃôylÙsf# !Î!l ï˛yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛ˆÏܲ•z ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
x!ôܲyÓ˚# ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆlï˛y Óy òˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
ôÓ˚îˆÏܲ §Ç§ò#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
~!°lyñ xly!Ùܲy ~ÓÇ Ù!Ó˚Î˚Ù Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ §Çܲyhs˝ ôyÓ˚yà%!° ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤ß¿ !SȰ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚⁄
~!°ly ı Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛≤ÃôylÙsf# G Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùï˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛# •ˆÏÓ⁄
~§Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲ §Ó §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛•z x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xly!Ùܲy ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y Óy!•l#Ó˚ §Ó≈y!ôlyÎ˚ܲ ~ê˛y ˆçˆÏl xyÙyÓ˚ á%Ó Ùçy °yàˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚# Ó®%ܲ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓl ly ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛l §Ó≈y!ôlyÎ˚ܲ ܲÓ˚y •°⁄
x@˝Ãà!ï˛
Ù!Ó˚Î˚Ù ı Î!ò ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ «˛Ùï˛y ≤ÃôylÙsf#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ lƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õò Ó˚yáyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚
ܲ#⁄
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 90
!Óã˛yÓ˚ !Ó˲yà#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly Ó°y •Î˚– §%!≤ÃÙ ˆÜ˛yê≈˛ çlfl∫yÌ≈ §%Ó«˚ ˛y ~ÓÇ ÙylÓy!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xˆÏlܲà%!°
~•z ÙˆÏÙ≈ xyˆÏò¢ çy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xyˆÏò¢ G !lˆÏò≈¢ çy!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl
§Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y çlfl∫yÌ≈ Óƒy•ï˛ •ˆÏ° xyòy°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚fiÌ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˛õy°≈yˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˆl•z– ~•z ÙyÙ°yˆÏܲ çlfl∫yÌ≈ §Çܲyhs˝ ÙyÙ°y Ó°y •Î˚–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~•z fl∫yô#l «˛Ùï˛y §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
xyòy°ï˛à%!°ˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ x!˲˲yÓˆÏܲ xyòy°ï˛à%!° •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ˆÜ˛l xˆÏlˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ ˆÎñ xy!ôܲy!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò%l#≈!ï˛ Órô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG
x!ôܲyÓ˚ °AâˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ܲ xyòy°ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyfiÌy G
!lî≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÂÏ ô
!Óã˛yÓ˚≤ÃyÌ#≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏ° xyòy°ï˛à%!° !ÓŸªy§ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–
xyòy°ˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚⁄
l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î%!=˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyG ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy fl∫yô#l–
!Óã˛yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎy˚ à ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y§Ù)• ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
x@˝Ãà!ï˛
Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓy˚
1– ï%˛!Ù Î!ò ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •G– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl !§Âôyhs˝!ê˛ ï%˛!Ù @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
xl%¢#°l åxä ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛≤ÃôylÙsf# !•§yˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
åxyä ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÎ˚ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ï˛y Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G ≤ÃôylÙsf#ˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛yã%˛ƒï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å•zä xy•zl §Ë˛yÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ à,•#ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó°ˆÏܲ ˛õ%l!Ó≈ˆÏÓã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
å{ä ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆlï˛yˆÏܲ Ùsf#˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ §ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏlyl#ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
2– !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ây§ˆÏܲÓ˚ xÇ¢ /
åxä ˆç°y §Ùy•ï≈˛y–
åxyä fl∫Ó˚yT˛… Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓÓ˚ §!ã˛Ó–
å•zä fl∫Ó˚yT˛… Ùsf#–
å{ä ˛ õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ù•y!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛–
3– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Ùhs˝Óƒà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §!ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚ /
åxä ˛õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ ˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §%!≤ÃÙˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
åxyä !Óã˛yÓ˚ !Ó˲yà §Ç!Óôyl °AâlܲyÓ˚# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xy•zl Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
å•zä !Óã˛yÓ˚ !Ó˲yà ¢y§l !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓÙ%=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yô#l §ÇfiÌy–
å{ä x!ôܲyÓ˚ °Aâl •ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ܲ xyòy°ˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 92
4– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl Óy Óƒ!=˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
åxä §%!≤ÃÙ ˆÜ˛yê≈˛É
åxyä Ó˚yT˛…˛õ!ï˛–
l
å•zä ≤ÃôylÙsf#–
å{ä ˛ õy°≈yˆÏÙrê˛–
5– ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ §ÇÓyòà%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ Ùsfîy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ù° ˆòáyG /
åxä ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyê˛ Ó˚Æy!lÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ åܲä ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y Ùsfîy°Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ≤Ãܲ“ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
°
åxyä @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓy xyˆÏÓ˚y åáä Ü,˛!£Ïñ áyòƒ ~ÓÇ àîÓrê˛l Ùsfîy°Î˚–
ˆÓ!¢ §¡±§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆây£Ïîy–
åàä fl∫yfĩ Ùsfîy°Î˚–
å•zä àîÓrê˛l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xô#l ã˛y° G àˆÏÙÓ˚
!ÓܲÎ˚Ù)°ƒ •…y§ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
å{ä ˛õy°§‰ ˆ˛õy!°G §Çܲyhs˝ ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy åâä !¢“ G Óy!îçƒ Ùsfîy°Î˚–
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
åí˛zä ò%à≈Ù ˛õy•yí˛¸# ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ˜§!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ å.ä ˆÎyàyˆÏ Î yà G ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ Ó Ó˚ y •
¢#
˲yï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ùsfîy°Î˚–
6– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Îï˛à%!° ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ
ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ!ê˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛–
åxä Ó˚yhflÏyâyê˛ñ ˆ§ã˛ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ çlܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ xÌ≈ ÓÓ˚yˆÏÂôÓ˚
!§Âôyhs˝–
åxyä ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l §Çܲyhs˝ xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢à%!°Ó˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl–
å•zä ò%•z!ê˛ Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy•zl §Çܲyhs˝ !ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝–
å{ä Ë)˛!ÙܲˆÏ¡õ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ eyˆÏîÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y–
l%
7– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃôylÙsf# ˆÜ˛l çlàî ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •l ly⁄ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Î%!=˛˛õ)î≈ í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ ˛õSÈ®
ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ ˆòáyG–
åxä §Ç§ò#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsf ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ ò° Óy ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆlï˛y•z ~ܲÙye ≤ÃôylÙsf# •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
åxyä ˆÙÎ˚yò˛õ)î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ˆ°yܲ§Ë˛yÓ˚ §ò§ƒàî ≤ÃôylÙsf# ~ÓÇ Ùsf# ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏòˆÏܲ x˛õ§yÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
x
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ àï˛ ~ܲ §ÆyˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÇÓyò ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòlà%!°
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §ÇÓyòà%!° ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚–
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 94
£Ï¤˛ xôƒyÎ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy åIntroductionä
˛˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ò%!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xÓyô G ò%l#≈!ï˛Ù%=˛ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çlàî
ܲï,˛≈ܲ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˛•Î˚– ˛õM˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ àîï˛sf ~Ùl !ܲS%È §Çàë˛l G §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈òy !l!ò≈T˛ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l G ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~à%!° xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ñ !ܲv
àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚– àîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl •° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚
§Ù)•– ~Ùlܲ# çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !l!ò≈T˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓá˚ yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
àîï˛y!sfܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ù)• §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z §#Ùyly !l!ò≈T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
~•z ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ÓyhflÏÓ
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly Óî≈lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !Ó•#l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xÓfiÌy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ܲ# ï˛y ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓy– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ù)• ܲÙyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏÓy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ çlàî ~•z x!ôܲyÓ˚à%!° ˆË˛yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚y ~•z x!ôܲyÓ˚à%!° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏÓy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z
x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ âˆÏê˛–
95
6É1 x!ôܲyÓ˚ !Ó•#l ç#Ól åLIFE WITHOUT RIGHTSä
~•z˛ õ%hflψÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Úx!ôܲyÓ˚Û Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚à%!°•z
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ï%˛!Ù fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏÓ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®%– ܲyÓ˚î ÉÉÉ
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚•z x!ôܲyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyÎ˚ ı ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÉÉÉ òyˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÉÉÉ •ÓyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ¢)lƒfiÌylà%!° ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ !ܲ⁄ ˛õM˛Ù ı Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xy•zl §Ç!Óôyl !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# •Î˚–
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ı !˛õˆÏly¢#ˆÏê˛Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl !ã˛!° ~ÓÇ ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆ% ÂÏ ô ÉÉÉ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
çyÓ˚%ˆÏç°!flÒÓ˚ ˆ˛õy°ƒy[˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ !SȰ ly ܲyÓ˚î ÉÉÉ – xyˆÏSÈ–
!mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ı àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§Ç•ï˛ §ÇK˛y •ˆÏÓ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòáÓ x!ôܲyÓ˚
~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ÉÉÉ ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏl ܲ# ò%!Ó≈£Ï• ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚ ı xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛yàî !ÓŸªy§ •Î˚–
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!ï˛l ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓyÓyˆÏܲ SÈyí˛¸y•z ~ܲy~ܲy
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§ÇÓyò §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ çylyÎ˚ ˆÎñ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xy•zl
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åCitizen’s Rights in Soudi Arabiaä !lò≈Î˚ G ¢e%ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ – !ï˛!l ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l §Ù@˝Ã ˆòˆÏ¢ §yÓ≈ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
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x!ôܲyÓ˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§Ô!ò xyÓ˚ˆÓÏ Ó˚ §yÓ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆÙˆÏl !lܲ–
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v ÓÇ¢yl%ܲˆÏÙ «˛Ùï˛y≤ÃyÆ Ó˚yçyÓ˚y•z ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ¢y§l §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ¢y§Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çlàˆÏîÓ˚ 74 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ Ó,Âôy Óy!ï˛¢y ˆ•yܲçy ï˛yÓ˚ 77
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ܲˆÏÓl˚ ~ÓÇ •zFSÈyÙˆÏï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆÎñ §y!Ó≈Îy˚ l ˆ§lyÓy!•l# •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ§ˆÏ˲y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢
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v çlàî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° G §Çàë˛l ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ òÓ˚çy ˆË˛ˆÏ. âˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
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ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ly– ÚÚˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ÛÛ
v ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÙ#≈Î˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆl•z– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÉÉÉ ï˛yÓ˚y Ó,Âô xy•zˆÏçˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ à%!°
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Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲçl ˛õ%Ó%̊ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ Óy §y«˛ƒ ò%çl lyÓ˚#Ó˚ çlƒ •%Ùܲ# !òˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ï˛!l ӈϰlñ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ
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˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏT˛… ~áˆÏly Óï≈˛Ùyl– Ó,!T˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏ°l –
6É2 àîï˛ˆÏsf x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ù)• ÎyˆÏÓ ly– Î!ò ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
xyd˛õ«˛ §ÙÌ≈ˆlÏ Ó˚G §%ˆÎÏ yà ÌyܲˆÏÓ– xÓ¢ƒ §ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
(RIGHTS IN A DEMOCRACY)
~ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ly– ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆÎ §Ü˛° í˛zòy•Ó˚î ~áyˆÏl Ó!î≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%!° ÙˆÏl xy¢y xyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛ !ӈϢˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ âê˛lyÎ˚ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈÈ xy¢y xyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ xl%ˆÏÙyòl Ìyܲy
à%Îy˚ hs˝ylyˆÏÙy í˛z˛õ§yàˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyÓ˚yàyˆÏÓ˚ Ó%®– ˆ§Ô!ò xyÓ˚ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ~•z !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y ܲyàˆÏç Ó!® ly ˆÌˆÏܲ xy•zl
Ù!•°y ~ÓÇ Ü˛§ˆÏ˲yÓ˚ xy°ˆÏÓ!lÎ˚ylˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ã˛hs˝y °ÇâlܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ ˆ•yܲ ~ê˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï%˛!Ù Î!ò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛# ï%˛!Ù !lŸã˛Î˚•z xy¢y ܲÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xy¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛⁄ ~ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ âê˛ly !Ó!ôÓÂô ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ xy¢y ܲÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó° ò%Ó≈°ñ ôl#
xyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚G í˛z˛õÓ˚ âê˛ˆÏÓ ly ~ê˛y ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ò!Ó˚o ~ÓÇ §Çáƒyà%Ó%̊ §Çáƒy°â% §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ l)ƒlï˛Ù
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲï˛à%!° !l!ò≈T˛ !lÎ˚Ù Ü˛yl%ˆÏlÓ˚ !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï%˛!Ù §Ω˛Óï˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛!Ó!ôÓÂô ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y•z Ù)° !˲!_–
xy¢y ܲÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yñ ÙÎ≈yòy ~ÓÇ
§ï˛ï˛y G lƒyÎ˚!Óã˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤ÃÙyî SÈyí˛¸y ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ 98
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲ#⁄ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– à%Îy˚ hs˝ylyˆÏÙy í˛z˛õ§yàÓ˚ Ó!®ˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õÙy!lï˛
G !lÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛ ly •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G
(What is Right?) ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z x!ôܲyÓ˚ °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ l–
§Ùyç Ó˚yT˛… G xlƒylƒ ˆ°yܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚à!% ° xy•zˆlÏ Ó˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆ°Ï •z ï˛y ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ
Î%!=˛@˝Ãy•ƒ G ܲy!A«˛ï˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ x!˲K˛yl •° Óƒ!=˛ Óy ܲyÎ≈ܲ!Ó˚ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ï˛ál ~ x!ôܲyÓ˚ òyÓ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏàÓ≈ ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z !l˛õ#í˛¸ˆlÏ Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ Óy §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~•z §Ü˛°
ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˲Î˚Ù%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §%á# ç#Ól Îy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy•zˆlÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÎÌyÎÌ ÙÎ≈yòy ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓl˚ y ï˛ál ˆ§ê˛y lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
ã˛y•z– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙÓ˚y xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Óy °Aâl– ~Ó˚)˛õ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏŒê˛
xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ñ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly Óy ÙˆÏl ܲT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ lyà!Ó˚ܲàî x!ôܲyÓ˚ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyܲÙî Óy
ˆòÎ˚ ly– xl%Ó˛)˚ õ˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚G í˛z!ã˛Í xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ xyòy°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚fiÌ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ òy!Óà%!° !lÎ≈yï˛l ã˛y°yÎ˚ ~Ùl
ly ܲÓ˚y Óy ÙˆÏl ܲT˛ ly ˆòGÎ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ x!ôܲyÓ˚ °y˲ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ Îál ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ òy!Óà%!° xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– Úx!ôܲyÓ˚ •° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Î%!=˛§Çàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ •ˆÏÓ– xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y Óy ܲT˛ òy!Ó Îy §Ùyç ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy•zl myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ~Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xl%ˆÙÏ y!òï˛–Û
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yl ˆá°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z ÎyÓ˚
myÓ˚y ï%˛!Ù ˛≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#Ó˚ çyly°y ˆË˛ˆÏ. !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– àîï˛ˆÏsf xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l
Î%ˆàÏ yŸ’y!˲Î˚yÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆò¢!ê˛ ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §y!Ó≈Îy˚ lˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl⁄
~Ùl òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!ôܲyÓ˚ ly•z– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
òy!Óà%!° xÓ¢ƒ•z Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛Í– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ (Why do we need rights in a
~Ùl òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛Í Îy xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ democracy?)
≤ÈÏÎy烖 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙÎ≈yòy àîï˛ˆÏsf ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ òyÎ˚ÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛òyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
çß√yÎ˚– •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛Í– àîï˛y!sfܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°•z ï˛y x!ôܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛lˆÏܲ §Ê˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §yÙy!çܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#l Ùï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z x!ôܲyÓ˚ xÌ≈˛õ)î •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ò° àë˛l ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
§Ùyç ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° !l!ò≈T˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
!lÎ˚Ù Ü˛yl%l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛ylê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ xyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚à%!° àîï˛ˆÏsf ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ˆÜ˛ylê˛y Ë%˛° ~!ӣψÏÎ !òܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ÌyˆÏܲ– §Ùyç ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚§Ù)• §Çáƒyà%ÓÓ%˚ ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ •yï˛
!ë˛Ü˛ ӈϰ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛y•z ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çáƒy°â%ˆòÏ Ó˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Çáƒyà%Ó%˚ çlàî
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏç !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ •zFSÈyl%ÎyÎ˚# Îy á%!¢ ï˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
x!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚˛) õ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ÚÙ!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ Îál §ÙyˆÏç ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xlƒyÎ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ÍÛ ò%Û¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~Ùl ܲÌy ˆÜ˛í˛z xÓ§yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z x!ôܲyÓ˚à!% °•z Ó˚«˛yܲÓã˛– §ÙyˆÏç
Ó°ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï xÓyܲ •ï˛ !ܲv Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆ§Ô!ò xyÓ˚ˆÏÓ !Ó¢,C°y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ Îál !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z ~Ùl ܲÌy ¢%ˆÏl Ùyl%£Ï •Ó˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – §Çáƒyà% Ó ˚ % çlàî Îál
!Ó!fløï˛ •Î˚– §Çáƒy°â%ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛c ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
§Ùyç fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ òy!Óà%!° Îál !°!áï˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál•z ~Ó˚˛) õ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚– ~Ùï˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚
xy•zˆlÏ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál•z ˆ§à%!° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z!ã˛Í lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
lï%˛Óy ~à%!° ¢%ô% ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Óy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ•z !ܲv ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
ã̂
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~ܲ•z
!¢«˛yÓ˚ xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ xô#l– à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õòy!ôܲyÓ˚# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ÓyˆÏò
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛ xy•zl§Çàï ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï ÙÎ≈yòy Óy
ˆ¢y£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ ôÙ#≈Î˚ §%!Óôy òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ܲçl ≤Ãy=˛l ≤ÃôylÙsf#ˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyˆÏà xyòy°ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆ¢£Ï
˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyòy°ï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lÓ˚˛õÓ˚yô ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv
Îï˛!òl ~•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲyÎ≈ ã˛ˆÏ° ï˛ï˛!òl xlƒylƒ §yôyÓ˚î
ÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ù)• lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùï˛•z ï˛yˆÏܲ xyòy°ˆÏï˛ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §y«˛ƒ ≤ÃÙyî ~ÓÇ Ü˛yàç˛õe
çÙy !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
§Ç!ÓôyˆÏl Ú§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Û ï˛yͲõÎ≈
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ Óƒyáƒy
§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ó°y •Î˚ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
x!ôܲyÓ˚ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° ôÙ≈ñ ÓÇ¢ñ çy!ï˛ñ Óî≈ñ çß√fiÌyl Óy flf# ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï
≤Ã!ï˛!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏò ˛õ,Ìܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
x!ôܲyÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ü˛° §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fiÌyˆÏl ˆÎÙlñ ˆòyܲylñ
Irfan Khan
G Ùï˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Óy ˆË˛yê˛ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓòl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ xyòy°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù,ï˛% ƒ
§Ç!Óôyl fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– !ܲv ~ §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%È•z ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ò[˛yˆÏò¢ SÈyí˛¸y ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
•GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– §ÙyˆÏç !Ó¢,C°y Óy ¢y!hs˝ ˲Aà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xy•zl §Çàï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î SÈyí˛¸y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Óy ˛õ%!°¢ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆl•z– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xflf Ó•l ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ Óy xyê˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓly– Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl
!l!£ÏÂô– lyà!Ó˚ܲàî §Çâ Óy §!Ù!ï˛ àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓG
˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ܲï˛Ü˛à%!° ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î
˛õyˆÏÓl˚ – ˆÎÙlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ◊!Ùܲàî !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
fl∫yÌ≈ xyòyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ◊!Ùܲ §Çàë˛l àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ v ܲ# ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ Óy xyê˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚y •° ï˛y x!˲Î%=˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl !وϰ ò%l#≈!ï˛ Óy ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛–
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ §!Ù!ï˛ àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– v ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó!® Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ã˛!ÓÁ¢ ârê˛yÓ˚
lyà!Ó˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈e ÙˆÏôƒ !lܲê˛Óï˛#≈ xyòy°ˆÏï˛ §¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎ Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yˆÏçƒ xÓfiÌyl Óy fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ v xyd˛õ«˛ §ÙÌ≈ˆl Ï Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xy•zlç#Ó#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
fl∫yô#lï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ~ܲçl x§!ÙÎ˚y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ Óy ï˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ x!˲Î%=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
lyà!Ó˚ܲ •yÎ˚oyÓyˆÏò ÓƒÓ§y ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏSÈl– xyˆÏSÈ–
~•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z– ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ál xyÙÓ˚y à%Î˚yhs˝ylyˆÏÙy í˛z˛õ§yàÓ˚G
~Ùlܲ# !ï˛!l •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ܲáˆÏly ~ ¢•Ó˚ ˆòˆÏál!l– ܲ§ˆÏ˲yÓ˚ âê˛lyà%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚– ~ ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z
ï˛Ìy!˛õG ~ܲçl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ§áyˆÏl «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ lyà!Ó˚ܲàî Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Ù)° x!ôܲyÓ˚
ÓƒÓ§y ¢%Ó%˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z x!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
Ê˛ˆÏ° °«˛ °«˛ @˝ÃyÙÓy§# ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
Óy xl%ß¨ï˛ ~°yܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ~°yܲyÎ˚
Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,!_ Óy ˆ˛õ¢y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,!_ Óy ˆ˛õ¢y @˝Ã•ˆÏî Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,!_ Óy ˆ˛õ¢y Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚
çlƒ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~Ùl ܲÌy Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ~Ùlܲ# ò!°ï˛
Óy Ó!M˛ï˛ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÇ¢àï˛ Óy
˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yàï˛ ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy !ܲÇÓy xlƒ Ó,!_ Óy
ˆ˛õ¢y @˝Ã•ˆÏî Óyôy ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
Irfan Khan
xƒy!ÙˆÏl!fiê˛ •zrê˛yÓ˚lƒy¢ly° ı ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆfl∫FSÈyˆÏ§Ó# §ÇfiÌy– ÎyÓ˚y ÙylÓy!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §ÇfiÌy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ fiÌyˆÏl ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚ °AâˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyà%!°Ó˚ fl∫yô#l ï˛òhs˝ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ê˛#ܲy
òy!Ó‡x!ôܲyÓ˚ åClaimä ı Óƒ!=˛ñ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ lyà!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ G xy•zlàï˛ x!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
òy!Ó Óy §_¥–
ã%˛!=˛‡xAà#ܲyÓ˚˛õe åCovenantä ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xy•zl Óy l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ñ ˆày¤˛# Óy ˆò¢
§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ñ ~•z xAà#ܲyÓ˚ñ ã%˛!=˛ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ï˛y xy•zl§Aàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙylˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ–
ò!°ï˛ åDalitä ı §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xl@˝Ã§Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xflõ,¢ƒ çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ò!°ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ï˛˛õ!¢!° çy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
xl%ß¨ï˛ çy!ï˛ˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ çlàîÓ˚y•z §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ò!°ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
fl∫ï˛sf çy!ï˛ˆÏày¤˛# åEthnic Groupä ı ~ܲ•z ÓÇ¢ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# ~•z ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlˆÏày¤˛# ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yàï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ ôÙ#≈Î˚ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ ˙!ï˛•ƒàï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ !lˆÏÎ˚ §ÇâÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ–
ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ åTrafficä ı x˜ÏÓô í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïñ Ù!•°y ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÎ˚ !ÓܲÎ˚–
§Ùl åSumanä ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ xyòy°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏò¢–
ˆ°á åWritä ı §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ •y•zˆÏܲyê≈˛ Óy §%!≤ÃÙˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ l!Ì–
5– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Ùhs˝Óƒà%!°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ àîï˛sf G x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ« Î%!=˛ òyG–
l%
6– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛yà%!° !ܲ Î%!=˛§Aàï˛⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
åxä !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ §#Ùyhs˝Óï˛#≈ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï xl%Ù!ï˛
!lˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
åxyä fiÌyl#Î˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ!_
x
8– §¡õ!_ !lÓ!rôܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !lÓrôܲyÓ˚#ܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰñÚˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ lyÙ Ùô%!Ó˚Ùy Óƒyly!ç≈– !˛õï˛y ~ ˆÜ˛
Óƒyly!ç≈ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ï%˛!Ù !ÓÓy!•ï˛y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ lyÙ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ˛õòÓ# •° Ó˚yG– xï˛~Ó ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ lyÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ùô%!Ó˚Ùy Ó˚yG–Û !ï˛!l
~•z ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ Ó˚y!ç •l!l– !ï˛!l ӈϰl !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙyÓ˚ fl∫yÙ#Ó˚ ˛õòÓ# Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
xyÙyÓ˚˛ ˛õòÓ# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z !ÓÓyˆÏò ˆÜ˛ !ë˛Ü˛ Ó°ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
9– §yï˛˛õ%Ó˚y çyï˛#Î˚ í˛zòƒyl ı ˆÓyÓ˚# x˲Î˚yÓ˚îƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õM˛Ùy!Ó˚ x˲Î˚yÓ˚îƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò
çy!lˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϫ˛y˲ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÓlÓy§# çlàî Ùôƒ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ•y§yAàyÓyò ˆç°yÓ˚ !˛õ˛õy!í˛¸Î˚y lyÙܲ fiÌyˆÏl §!¡ø!°ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Î%!=˛ !SȰ ~•z í˛zˆÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ ç#Ól ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyܲÙî ˆlˆÏÙ xy§ˆÏÓ– Ólƒ≤Ãyî# §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ ~•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z í˛zˆÏFSÈò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ӈϰ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÓlÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ çyï˛#Î˚
ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ~SÈyí˛¸yG §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y G çyï˛#Î˚ ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚
ܲ!Ù¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢à%!° !lˆÏÎ˚G ˛õe Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ x!ôܲyÓ˚à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyhs˝ı§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e xÇܲl ܲÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
ˆÎÙl fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,!_ Óy ˆ˛õ¢y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÓ˚î •° fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚˛
˛õSÈ®Ùï˛ fiÌyˆÏl Ó§Óy§ ~ÓÇ Ó,!_ Óy ˆ˛õ¢y @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ܲ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ Óy ¢•Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly @˝ÃyÙñ ¢•Ó˚ Óy Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õSÈ® ÙˆÏï˛y Ó,!_ Óy
ˆ˛õ¢y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xl%Ó˚)˛õ ˲yˆÏÓ ~ x!ôܲyÓ˚!ê˛ §yô%Èüȧhs˝ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎ!ê˛
ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,_ xÇܲl ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòáyG ˆÜ˛yl
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ çlƒ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
~ܲ!ê ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xl%¢#°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ál
xyÙÓ˚y §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ Óy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ
~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
v ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚ °AâˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §¡õyòˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ã˛!벖
v ÙylÓy!ôܲyÓ˚ §ÇfiÌy ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ˆ≤ç !Ó˚!°ç–
v ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §%!≤ÃÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ G §ÇÓyò ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl–
v ˆç° Ó!®ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÙÓô≈Ùyl !•ǧy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §¡õyòܲ#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl–
~•z §Ü˛° ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ~ܲe ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇÓyò˛õe ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆly!ê˛¢ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛
≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–