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Transistor Characteristics

Họ và tên: Trần Hoàng Đạt

MSSV: 20217343
Lớp: Vật lý Kỹ thuật 03
Giảng viên hướng dẫn: TS Nguyễn Văn Thái

Hà Nội – Năm 2023

 1. Introduction
The authors performed experiments to investigate the output and input characteristics of
the transistor. With the input investigation, the collector voltage VCE is kept constant (1-
3V), the base voltage VBE is changed, the changing IB values are obtained, and the
results show the relationship between IB current and The collector and base voltages are
proportional to each other. At the output, the base current IB is kept constant, the
collector voltage VCE is changed, and the current Ic is obtained, from which the
relationship between current IB and Ic is seen when the voltage VCE changes. Through
the experiments of the author group, the report is compiled from the perspective of an
objective assessment from one person. From there, we aim to investigate the
characteristics of transistors, the relationship between collector currents and base
currents when changing collector voltages and see the role of transistors in an electrical
circuit.

2. Theory
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals
for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor
can amplify a signal. There are two types of transistor characteristics: (i) Input
characteristics and (ii) Output characteristics. Input characteristics have different
constant values of collector voltages (VCE) and are represented by the graph plotted
between base voltage (VBE) and the base current (IB). Output characteristics have a
constant value of base current (IB) and it is represented by the graph plotted between the
collector-emitter voltage (VCE) and collect current (IC).
 Image 1: Transistor Operation (NPN Type).[ 2 ]

3. Lab Apparatus

A A
C G C
E D D B
B E

Image 2: Laboratory equipment).[ 1 ]

A- Rheostat: change the resistance

B- Battery: Power supplies
C- Ammeter: measure current intensity
D- Voltmeter: measure voltage
E- One-way key
G- Bread Board: install the transistor.
4. Experimental Procedure
*Preparing:
Connect the positive terminal of the battery E1 to the lower end of the rheostat Rh1.
The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the other lower terminal of the
rheostat through the key k1. The negative terminal of the voltmeter is connected to
the key k1. The positive terminal of the voltmeter V1 is connected to the upper
terminal of the rheostat Rh1. The upper end of the rheostat Rh1 is connected to the
positive microammeter. Connect the lower end of the rheostat Rh2 to the positive
terminal of the cell E2. The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the other
lower terminal of the rheostat through the key k2. Connect the negative terminal of
the voltmeter V2 to the key k2. The positive terminal of the voltmeter is connected to
the upper terminal of the rheostat Rh2. The upper end of rheostat Rh2 is connected to
the positive of the milliammeter. Now connect the negative terminal of the
microammeter to the base (B) of the transistor. The Emitter (E) of the transistor is
connected to the negative terminal of the voltmeter V1. The collector of the transistor
is connected to the negative terminal of the milliammeter.
A) Input characteristics

Connect the keys k1 and k2 using a connecting wire and insert the keys. The
collector voltage VCE is kept constant by adjusting the rheostat Rh2.
*Note the base voltage VBE from the voltmeter V1 and base current IB from the microammater .

Record the values in a tabular column. By keeping the collector voltage constant,
the base voltage VBE varies from zero adjusting the rheostat Rh1.
Repeat the steps with increasing VBE power up to 10 times.
Fill in the values in the table.
Adjust the rheostat Rh2 and increase the collector voltage VCE to a constant
value. Repeat the same steps. Fill the table.

B) Output Characteristics

-The base current IB is kept constant by adjusting the rheostat Rh1.

*Note the collector voltage VCE from the voltmeter V2 and collector current IC from the
milliammeter.
Record the values in a tabular column.
By keeping the base current constant, the collector voltage VCE is increased by
adjusting the rheostat Rh2.
-Increase the collector voltage VCE by adjusting the rheostat Rh2.
*Note the collector voltage VCE and collector current IC.
 Record the values in the tabular column. Repeat the experiment by again
increasing the collector voltage.
- Adjust the rheostat Rh1 and increase the base current to another constant value.
Repeat the same steps. Fill the table.

5. Results and Discussion

•Input Characteristics

The measurement results are summarized in the following 3 tables.

Collector voltage Base voltage (Input Base current (Input

(Output voltage) VCE voltage) VBE In volts current) IB In μA
In volts
1 0 1
1 0.2 1.330
1 0.4 1.770
1 0.6 2.3560
1 0.8 3.135
1 1 4.172
1 1.2 5.552
1 1.4 7.389
1 1.6 9.832
1 1.8 13.084
1 2 17.411

Board 1: Base voltage (Input voltage) VCE and base current (Input current) with
Collector voltage (Output voltage) VCE constant=1 V
From the data, when the received voltage is kept constant and the base voltage is slowly
increased, the current IB increases very quickly. This shows the amplification ability of
the transistor in the circuit.

Board 2: Base voltage (Input voltage) VCE and base current (Input current) with
Collector voltage (Output voltage) VCE constant=2 V
Collector voltage Base voltage (Input Base current (Input
(Output voltage) VCE voltage) VBE In volts current) IB In μA
In volts
2 0 2
2 0.2 2.661
2 0.4 3.541
2 0.6 4.712
2 0.8 6.271
2 1 8.345
2 1.2 11.10
2 1.4 14.77
2 1.6 19.66
2 1.8 26.16
2 2 34.82

Similarly, when doubling the collector voltage to 2V, and continuing to slowly increase
the base voltage, the IB current intensity increases sharply, more clearly than 1V.

Board 3: Base voltage (Input voltage) VCE and base current (Input current) with
Collector voltage (Output voltage) VCE constant=3 V
Collector voltage Base voltage (Input Base current (Input
(Output voltage) VCE voltage) VBE In volts current) IB In μA
In volts
3 0 3
3 0.2 3.992
3 0.4 5.312
3 0.6 7.069
 3 0.8 9.407
3 1 12.518
3 1.2 16.658
3 1.4 22.167
3 1.6 29.498
3 1.8 39.253
3 2 52.235
When increasing the collector voltage to 3V, the transistor's amplification ability is more
clearly demonstrated when the received current IB increases very quickly between base
voltage increases.

From the data in the tables, we have graphs.

 Image 3: Graph showing the relationship between IB current and VBE base voltage changes with 3
different collector voltage levels.[ 1 ]

From the graph we can see that with different VCE input voltages, the IB current is
dependent and proportional, showing the amplifier capability of the transistor.

•Output Characteristics
In the experiment to investigate the output characteristics, the base current IB was kept
at constant values, changing the receiver voltage VCE resulted in the IC current
measurement results recorded in the following tables.

Board 4: Collector voltage (Output voltage) VCE and Base current (Input current) Ic
with Base current (Input) In 13.30 μA
Base current (Input Collector voltage Base current (Input
current) IB In μA (Output voltage) VCE current) Ic In m A
In volts
13.30 0 0
1 36.97
2 46.79
3 48.30
4 48.51
5 48.53
6 48.54
7 48.54
8 48.54
9 48.54
10 48.54
When gradually increasing the collector voltage, the value of the IC current gradually
increases to a certain constant value, showing that the dependence between the IC
48.54
current and IB is a certain ratio. In this case, the constant ε = 13.30 =3,6496.
 Board 5: Collector voltage (Output voltage) VCE and Base current (Input current) Ic
with Base current (Input) In 17.70 μA
Base current (Input Collector voltage Base current (Input
current) IB In μA (Output voltage) VCE current) Ic In m A
In volts
17.70 0 0
1 56.75
2 71.83595537
3 74.14799157
4 74.46651575
5 74.5097282
6 74.5155783
7 74.51637006
8 74.51647721
9 74.51649171
10 74.51649368

Board 6: Collector voltage (Output voltage) VCE and Base current (Input current) Ic
with Base current (Input) In 23.56 μA
Base current (Input Collector voltage Base current (Input
current) IB In μA (Output voltage) VCE current) Ic In m A
In volts
23.56418442 0 0
1 87.11
2 110.27
3 113.82
4 114.31
5 114.37
6 114.38
7 114.38
8 114.38
9 114.38
 10 114.38

From the data in the tables, we have graphs.

Image 4: The graph plotted between the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) and collect
current (IC).[ 1 ]

The graph shows that between Ic and Ib there is a certain constant dependence when
increasing the voltage.

6. Conclusions
Experiments investigating the characteristics of transistors have obtained good
measurement results, and on that basis have answered the question of the role of
the transistor in the circuit as an amplifier or signal diverter. The graphs presented
the results successfully demonstrating the role of the transistor in the electric
circuit.
Reference

[1]. Transistor Characteristics - MeitY OLabs (2017). YouTube. 18 February. Available

at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jbTgOSRUGQ&t=17s

[2]. What is a transistor? ＜transistors functions＞ (2018) ROHM. Available at:

https://www.rohm.com/electronics-basics/transistors/history-of-transistors.

-Dòng cơ sở IB được giữ không đổi bằng cách điều chỉnh biến trở Rh1.
*Lưu ý điện áp thu VCE từ vôn kế V2 và dòng điện thu IC từ miliampe
kế.
Ghi lại các giá trị trong một cột dạng bảng.
Bằng cách giữ cho dòng điện cơ sở không đổi, điện áp cực góp VCE được
tăng lên bằng cách điều chỉnh biến trở Rh2.
-Tăng điện áp thu VCE bằng cách điều chỉnh biến trở Rh2.
*Lưu ý điện áp cực góp VCE và dòng IC cực thu.
Ghi lại các giá trị vào cột bảng. Lặp lại thí nghiệm bằng cách tăng lại
điện áp của bộ thu.
- Điều chỉnh biến trở Rh1 và tăng dòng cơ sở lên một giá trị không đổi
khác. Lặp lại các bước tương tự. Điền vào bảng.