Python: The Easy Way

Lecture 3
Object Oriented Python
 OO Python
Intro

Modules

Object Oriented
Functions Level

Modular Level

Procedural
Level
Speghatti Level

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 OO Python
Intro

height = 175 cm velocity = 200 m/s

weight = 76 kg Properties brakes = 2

walk() stop()
speak() Methods move()

ride( BikeObj )

Man Object Bike Object

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OO Python

OOP Keywords
 OOP Keywords
Class

A class is a template definition of an object's properties and methods.

class Human: Human Class

pass

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 OOP Keywords
Object
An Object is an instance on a Class.

class Human: Human Class

pass

man = Human()

Man Object

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 OOP Keywords
Constructor
Constructor is a method called at the moment an object is instantiated.

class Human: Human Class

def __init__(self):
print(“Hi there”) __init__()

man = Human()

Output:

Hi there
Man Object

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 OOP Keywords
Instance Variable
Instance Variable is an object characteristic, such as name.

class Human: Human Class

def __init__(self, name): name

self.name = name
__init__()

man = Human(“Ahmed”)

Name is Ahmed

Man Object

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 OOP Keywords
Class Variable
Class Variable is the variable that shared by all instances.

class Human: Human Class

makeFault = True makeFault = True

def __init__(self, name):

name
self.name = name;

man = Human(“Ahmed”)
man2 = Human(“Mohamed”) __init__()

Name is Ahmed Name is Mohamed

He makes faults He makes faults

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 OOP Keywords
Class Variable
class Human: Output:
faults = 0
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name; Man : 1

man = Human(“Ahmed”) Man2 : 0

man2 = Human(“Mohamed”)
Human : 0
man.faults = 1 Man2 : 2
print("Man :", man.faults)
Human : 2
print("Man 2:", man2.faults)
print("Human:", Human.faults) Man : 1
Human.faults = 2
print("Man 2:", man2.faults)
print("Human:", Human.faults)
print("Man :", man.faults)

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 OOP Keywords
Instance Method
Instance Method is an object capability, such as walk.

class Human: Human Class

def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
name
def speak(self):
print(“My Name is ”+self.name)
__init__()
man = Human(“Ahmed”)
man.speak() speak()

My Name is Ahmed

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 OOP Keywords
Class Method
Class Method is a method that shared by all instances of the Class

class Human: Human Class

faults=0 faults
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name name

@classmethod
__init__()
def makeFaults(cls):
cls.faults +=1
makeFaults()
print(cls.faults)
Human.makeFaults() #1
man = Human(“Ahmed”)
man.makeFaults() #2

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 OOP Keywords
Static Method
Static Method is a normal function that have logic that related to the Class

class Human: Human Class

def __init__(self, name):
name
self.name = name

__init__()
@staticmethod
def measureTemp(temp):
if (temp == 37): measureTemp()
return “Normal”
return “Not Normal”

Human.measureTemp(38) # Not Normal

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 OOP Keywords
Static vs Class Methods

Class Method Static Method

# cls(Class) is implicity # Static Method is like a
passed to class method like normal function but we put it
self(instance) in instance in the class because it have
method. logic that related to the
class.
# Class Method is related
to the class itself. # We call it Helper Method

class Human: class Human:

@classmethod @staticmethod
def walk(cls): def sleep():
print(“Walk …”) print(“whoa”)

Human.walk() Human.sleep()

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OO Python

OOP Concepts
OOP Concepts

Inheritance
 Inheritance
Intro

Human
Class

Employee
Class

Engineer Teacher
Class Class

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 Inheritance
Example
class Human:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name Human Class
def speak(self):
print(“My Name is ”+self.name);
class Employee(Human):
def __init__(self, name, salary):
super(Employee, self).__init__(name)
self.salary = salary
def work(self):
print(“I’m working now”);
Employee
emp = Employee(“Ahmed”, 500)
Class
emp.speak()
emp.work()
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 Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
Python supports Multiple Inheritance

Report**:

Human Mammal
1- How super Function handle Multiple Inheritance.
Class Class
2- If Human and Mammal Have the same method

like eat but with different Implementation. When

Child [Employee] calls eat method how python

Employee handle this case.

Class

**Prove your opinion with examples.

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OOP Concepts

Polymorphism
 Polymorphism
Intro
Poly means "many" and morphism means "forms". Different classes might define
the same method or property.

Eagle Fly() I fly very fast

Bird class Dove Fly() I fly for long distances

Fly()

I fly  Penguin Fly() I can’t fly 

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 Polymorphism
Method Overriding
class Human:
def __init__(self, name):
Human Class
self.name = name
def speak(self):
print(“My Name is ”+self.name);
class Employee(Human):
def __init__(self, name, salary):
super(Employee, self).__init__(name)
self.salary = salary
def speak(self):
print(“My salary is ”+self.salary);
Employee
emp = Employee(“Ahmed”, 500) Class
emp.speak() #My Salary is 500

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 Polymorphism
Method Overloading

Report**:
Can we do overloading in Python ?

If Yes, Tell me How??

If No, Tell me Why??

** Support Your Answer by Examples.

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OOP Concepts

Encapsulation
 Encapsulation
intro
Encapsulation is the packing of data and functions into one component (for
example, a class) and then controlling access to that component .

getName()
Class
amigos

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 Encapsulation
Example

class Human:
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name
def getName(self):
return self.__name

man = Human(“Mahmoud”)
print(man.__name)
AttributeError: 'Human' object has no attribute ‘__name’

print(man.getName())
#output: Mahmoud

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 Encapsulation
@property
class Human:
def __init__(self, age):
self.age = age

@property
def age(self):
return self.__age

@age.setter
def age(self, age):
if age > 0:
self.__age = age
if age <= 0:
self.__age = 0

man = Human(23)
print(man.age) # 23
man.age = -25
print(man.age) # 0

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Special Methods
 Special Methods
__str__
Special Method that controls how Object treats as printable

class Human:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def __str__(self):

return “Hi, I’m Human and my name is ”+ self.name

man = Human(“Ahmed”)

print(man)
#output: <__main__.Human object at 0x000000FD81804400>
print(man)
#output: Hi, I’m Human and my name is Ahmed

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 Special Methods
__call__
Special Method that controls how Object can show as callable

class Human:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def __call__(self):

print(“You called me !”)

man = Human(“Ahmed”)

man()
#output: TypeError: 'Employee' object is not callable
man()
#output: You called me !

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 Special Methods
__len__
Special Method that controls when measure the Object length

class Animal:
def __init__(self, legs):
self.legs = legs

def __len__(self):

return self.legs

dog = Animal(4)

len(dog)
#output: TypeError: 'Employee' object has no len()
len(dog)
#output: 4

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Tips and Tricks
 Tips and Tricks
Lambda Expressions

Lambda Expressions are used to make anonymous functions

lambda input:output

Example

lmdaFn = lambda x:x+4

lmdaFn(3) #7
def sumFn(n):
return lambda x:x+n
sumFn(5) #<function ….>
sumFn(5)(4) #9

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 Tips and Tricks
Iterators (iter and next)

iter is used to generate an iterator from iterable.

next is used to return the next iteration from iterators.

Example

l = [“JavaScript”, “Python”, “Java”] # iterable

it = iter(l) # convert iterable to iterator
next(it)
#output: “JavaScript”
next(it) #output: “Python”
next(it) #output: “Java”

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 Tips and Tricks
Generators

It is used to generate iterators

Example

def nonGenFn(): def genFn():

for i in range(5): for i in range(5):
return i yield i
ng = nonGenFn() g = genFn()

next(ng) next(g) #output: 0

TypeError: ‘int' object is next(g) #output: 1
not an iterator

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 Tips and Tricks
map Function

map(function, sequence)

Map function are used to make iterables from apply the given function on every
item in the given sequence

Example

it = map(lambda x:x+4, [1,3,5])

for i in it:
print(i)
# 4
# 7
# 9

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 Tips and Tricks
filter Function

filter(condfunction, sequence)

Filter function are used to make iterables from filter each item in the given
sequence by the given function

Example

it= filter(lambda x:x%5==0, [-15, -8, -5, 3, 5, 9, 25])

for i in it:
print(i, end=“, ”)
# -15, -5, 5, 25

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What’s Next ?
 What’s Next
Frameworks and Libraries
Thank You