Libraries - Numpy

• A popular math library in Python for Machine Learning

is ‘numpy’.

Keyword to import a library Keyword to refer to library by an alias (shortcut) name

import numpy as np

Numpy.org : NumPy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python.

• a powerful N-dimensional array object

• sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
• tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
• useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
 Libraries - Numpy
http://www.physics.nyu.edu/pine/pymanual/html/chap3/chap3_arrays.html

The most import data structure for scientific computing in Python

is the NumPy array. NumPy arrays are used to store lists of numerical
data and to represent vectors, matrices, and even tensors.

NumPy arrays are designed to handle large data sets efficiently and
with a minimum of fuss. The NumPy library has a large set of routines
for creating, manipulating, and transforming NumPy arrays.

Core Python has an array data structure, but it’s not nearly as versatile,
efficient, or useful as the NumPy array.
 Numpy – Multidimensional Arrays
• Numpy’s main object is a multi-dimensional array.

• Creating a Numpy Array as a Vector:

Numpy function to create a numpy array
Value is: array( [ 1, 2, 3 ] )

data = np.array( [ 1, 2, 3 ] )

• Creating a Numpy Array as a Matrix:

Outer Dimension Inner Dimension (rows)

data = np.array( [ [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 4, 5, 6 ], [ 7, 8, 9 ] ] )

Value is: array( [ 1, 2, 3 ],

[ 4, 5, 6 ],
[ 7, 8, 9 ] )
 Numpy – Multidimensional Arrays
• Creating an array of Zeros:
Numpy function to create an array of zeros
Value is: array( [ 0, 0, 0 ],
[ 0, 0, 0 ] ) data type (default is float)

data = np.zeros( ( 2, 3 ), dtype=np.int )

rows
columns

• Creating an array of Ones:

Value is: array( [ 1, 1, 1 ], Numpy function to create an array of ones
[ 1, 1, 1 ] )

data = np.ones( (2, 3), dtype=np.int )

And many more functions: size, ndim, reshape, arange, …

 Libraries - Pandas
• A popular library for importing and managing datasets in Python
for Machine Learning is ‘pandas’.

Keyword to import a library Keyword to refer to library by an alias (shortcut) name

import pandas as pd

Used for:
• Data Analysis
• Data Manipulation
• Data Visualization

PyData.org : high-performance, easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools for the
Python programming language.
 Pandas – Indexed Arrays
• Pandas are used to build indexed arrays (1D) and matrices (2D),
where columns and rows are labeled (named) and can be accessed
via the labels (names).

Columns (features)
index
Row (samples)
index x1 x2 x3 x4
raw data

1 2 3 4 one 1 2 3 4
4 5 6 7 two 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 three 8 9 10 11

Panda Indexed Matrix

 Pandas – Series and Data Frames
• Pandas Indexed Arrays are referred to as Series (1D) and
Data Frames (2D).

• Series is a 1D labeled (indexed) array and can hold any data type,
and mix of data types.
Series Raw data Column Index Labels

s = pd.Series( data, index=[ ‘x1’, ‘x2’, ‘x3’, ‘x4’ ] )

• Data Frame is a 2D labeled (indexed) matrix and can hold any

data type, and mix of data types.
Data Frame Row Index Labels Column Index Labels

df = pd.DataFrame( data, index=[‘one’, ‘two’], columns=[ ‘x1’, ‘x2’, ‘x3’, ‘x4’ ] )

 Pandas – Selecting
• Selecting One Column

Selects column labeled x1 for all rows

1
x1 = df[ ‘x1’ ] 4
8

• Selecting Multiple Columns Note: df[‘x1’:’x3’ ] this python syntax does not work!

Selects columns labeled x1 and x3 for all rows Selects columns labeled x1 through x3 for all rows

1 3 1 2 3
x1 = df[ [ ‘x1’, ‘x3’ ] ] 4 6 x1 = df.ix[ :, ‘x1’:’x3’ ] 4 5 6
8 10 8 9 10
rows (all) columns
Slicing function

And many more functions: merge, concat, stack, …

 Libraries - Matplotlib
• A popular library for plotting and visualizing data in Python

Keyword to import a library Keyword to refer to library by an alias (shortcut) name

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Used for:
• Plots
• Histograms
• Bar Charts
• Scatter Plots
• etc
matplotlib.org: Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality
figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms.
 Matplotlib - Plot
• The function plot plots a 2D graph.
X values to plot
Function to plot Y values to plot

plt.plot( x, y )

• Example: X Y

plt.plot( [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 4, 6, 8 ] ) # Draws plot in the background

plt.show() # Displays the plot

1 2 3
 Matplotlib – Plot Labels
• Add Labels for X and Y Axis and Plot Title (caption)

plt.plot( [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 4, 6, 8 ] )
plt.xlabel( “X Numbers” ) # Label on the X-axis
plt.ylabel( “Y Numbers” ) # Label on the Y-axis
plt.title( “My Plot of X and Y”) # Title for the Plot
plt.show()

My Plot of X and Y
8
Y Numbers

1 2 3
X Numbers
 Matplotlib – Multiple Plots and Legend
• You can add multiple plots in a Graph

plt.plot( [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 4, 6, 8 ], label=‘ 1st Line’ ) # Plot for 1st Line

plt.plot( [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 2, 4, 6 ], label=‘2nd Line’ ) # Plot for 2nd Line
plt.xlabel( “X Numbers” )
plt.ylabel( “Y Numbers” )
plt.title( “My Plot of X and Y”)
plt.legend() # Show Legend for the plots
plt.show()

My Plot of X and Y
8 ---- 1st Line
---- 2nd Line
Y Numbers

1 2 3
X Numbers
 Matplotlib – Bar Chart
• The function bar plots a bar graph.

plt.plot( [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 4, 6, 8 ] ) # Plot for 1st Line

plt.bar() # Draw a bar chart
plt.show()

1 2 3

And many more functions: hist, scatter, …