EXEL

Naming a range of cells → select the cells → right click and select ‘Name a
Range’. → type the name in the option box. Ensure the range is correctly
selected.
 Conditional Formatting.
To colour a range of cells that contain specific values
→, under the Styles section in the Home tab →, click
on the drop-down menu under Conditional Formatting.
Choose New Rule → Format only cells that contain. →
add the rule according to the instructions on the paper
from the Format tab (ego: less than 100, format:
green). You can add more than one rule to a range of
cells by repeating the same steps for the new rule.
When you are using another file as a source file (eg for a
LOOKUP function), make sure it is open until the end, or
else the spreadsheet will no longer be able to access that
data.

To make a cell reference absolute, press F4 while

highlighting it
 DESCRIPTION FORMULA
Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide =A1+B1

SUM = Adding a range of numbers =SUM(A1:A4)

AVERAGE - Find the average =AVERAGE(A1:A4)

MIN - Find the low value =MIN(A1:A4)

MAX - Find the highest value =MAX(A1:A4)

COUNT - Finding how many numbers are in a

=COUNT(A1:A4)
range

COUNTA - Counting the number of items in a

=COUNTA(A1:A4)
range

INT - Converts to the lowest whole number =INT(A1)

ROUND - Rounding numbers =ROUND(A1,2) The 2 is the number of decimal places

=ROUNDUP(A1,2) The 2 is the number of decimal

ROUNDUP - Rounding numbers up
places

=ROUNDDOWN(A1,2) The 2 is the number of decimal

ROUNDDOWN - Rounding numbers down
places
 =VLOOKUP(A1,$B$1:$C$8,2)A1 is the cell to check$B$1:$C$8 is the array to
VLOOKUP - Looking up what particular values
look in2 is column 2 from $B$1:$C$8 meaning return the value in column 2 in
mean from a table arranged vertically
that section.

=HLOOKUP(A1,$B$1:$G$2,2)A1 is the cell to check$B$1:$G$2 is the array to

HLOOKUP - Looking up what particular values
look in2 is row 2 from $B$1:$G$2 meaning return the value in row 2 in that
mean from a table arranged horizontally
section.

=SUMIF($B$1:$C$8,A1, $D$1:$D$8)Checks if any cells in $B$1:$C$8 = A1 and if

SUMIF – adding up specific values in a range
they do then it adds them together

COUNTIF - Counts the number of cells in a range =COUNTIF(A2:A4,">4") Checks that cells have a value greater than
that satisfy the given criteria 4=COUNTIF(A2:A4, A1) Checks that the cells are equal to the value in cell A1

=IF($B$1:$B$8=A1,”A”)IF the value in A1 appears in the range of cells then

IF – Deciding what will go into a cell
write A

=IF($B$1:$B$8=A1,”A”, IF($B$1:$B$8=A2,”B”, IF($B$1:$B$8=A3,”C”,D)))IF the

Nested IF value in the range equals A1 then write A, if it equals A2 write B, A3 write C
and none of them D

Average IF – it searches for criteria and makes an =AVERAGEIF($D$4:$D$64,G3,$E$4:$E$64)$D$4:$D$64 is the range, G3 is the
average of the range according to the criteria criteria, $E$4:$E$64 is the average range

SQRT – Square root of a number =SQRT(B3)B3 is the number

The XLOOKUP function searches a range or array,

XLOOKUP( lookup_value, lookup_array, return_array, [if_not_found],
and returns an item corresponding to the first
[match_mode], [search_mode )
match it finds.
SECONDARY AXIS IN CHART
DATABASE
 DATABASE
Primary Keys & Foreign Keys

What is a Primary Key?

Each table has a primary key field which acts as a unique
identifier
Each item of data in this field is unique
Duplicate data items would be blocked if they were entered into
the primary key field
 Data Types
Each field in a table has a data type
If you assigned the data type Integer to a phone number it would
remove the initial 0
Common data types include text/alphanumeric, character, boolean,
integer, real and date/time
Phone numbers have to be assigned the text/alphanumeric data type
because they begin with a 0
 Data Type Explanation Example

This data type allows letters, special characters like spaces and
Text/Alphanumeric NG321AE
punctuation and numbers to be entered into a field
This allows single characters to be entered into a field.
Character Characters can be any alphanumeric value and can be lowercase A
or uppercase
This data type can be used in fields where there are only two
possible options. Data is stored as a 1 or 0 in the database but
Boolean True/False
can be used to represent True/False or Yes/No or
checked/unchecked
Integer Only whole numbers can be entered 15
Currency Used for monetary values £4.75
Double Numbers including decimal numbers can be stored 30.99
Only dates or times can be entered into a field with this type. A
Date/Time 180855
format for the date/time can also be assigned to the field
 Validation
To do this… Validation Rule
Accept letters (a-z)only Not like “*[!a-z]*”
Accept digits (0-9)only Not like “*[!0-9]*”
Accept exactly 4 characters Like “????”
Accept exactly 4 digits Between 1000 and 9999 (for number
field)

Like”####” (For text field)

Positive numbers only >=0
Not a future date <=Date()
Limit the specific choices “M” or “F”
You must fill in the field Not Null
 Form Design
Characteristics of Good Form Design
Simplicity - The design should be clean and straightforward, not cluttered
Ease of use - Users should be able to understand how to fill out the form quickly
Intuitive layout - Related fields should be grouped together, and the sequence of fields should
follow a logical order
Clear labels - Each field should have a clear, concise label indicating what information is
expected
Appropriate controls - Use controls like radio buttons, checkboxes, and drop-down menus
where appropriate
 Control Elements

•Radio Buttons - Used when there is a list of two or more options that are mutually
exclusive
•Check Boxes - Used when the user can select multiple options from a list
•Drop Down Menus - Used when you want to provide many options but conserve space
 Using Operators to Perform Searches
AND - Returns true if both conditions are met
OR - Returns true if at least one condition is met
NOT - Returns true if the condition is not met
LIKE - Returns true if the value matches a pattern (used with wildcards)
>, <, =, >=, <=, <> - These are comparison operators. They return true if the comparison
between the values is correct
 Sorting Data in Databases
Ascending and Descending Order
Sorting
•Ascending Order should
- Data be done
is sorted frominsmallest
the report
to Design view
largest (e.g., from A to Z, or from 1 to 100,
Oldest
to Newest(date field))

• Descending Order - Data is sorted from largest

to smallest (e.g., from Z to A, or from 100 to 1
Newest to Oldest(date field)
Web Authoring
 Web Authoring
Important Points
• Make sure that Html file is in HTML 5 Format.
• Give appropriate title for the webpage if it is not mentioned in the
question paper.
• Remove all auto styles from the webpage.
 Web Authoring
• Default target frame.
• Center align the browser window.(both html and css)
• Internal border(td)
• External border (table)
• Inline style attribute(Remove height and width of the image and
add style width = “100%”). it can be done in the CSS as well.
Do it as per the question paper requirement.
• Remove all meta tags if it is not asked to create.
• Table border=“1” to display the border
Table border=“0” not to display the border(HTML)
 Video Tag
<video width=“100%” controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support this video type.
</video>
Audio Tag
<Audio controls>
<source src="movie.mp3" type="Audio/mp3">
Your browser does not support this Audio type.
</ Audio >
css
To align left Margin-right: auto
To align right Margin-left: atuo
To align center
Margin-right: auto ;Margin-left: auto
 What is a class selector in CSS?
In CSS, a class selector is formatted as a period (.) character
Infollowed
our example,
by thewe’ll
name create declaration
of the class. blocks for both of
our CSS classes with the selectors .orange-text and .blue-text:
When we pair our HTML and CSS together, we see how
our CSS classes target certain elements with our custom
styling:
 HTML <meta> Tag

<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, JavaScript">
<meta name="author" content="John Doe">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
</head>
 Relative and Absolute File Paths
Relative File Paths
A relative file path specifies the location of a file or directory about the current
location, or the location of the file that references it
For instance, if an HTML file and an image are in the same directory, you can reference
the image in the HTML file using just its name (e.g., image.jpg)
Absolute File Paths
An absolute file path specifies the exact location of a file or directory, regardless of
the current location
It includes the entire path from the root directory to the file or directory in question
For instance, an absolute file path on a Windows system might look like
C:\Users\Username\Documents\image.jpg