SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (22605)

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
22605

NAME OF FACULTY: Mr. Admane T.S

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1

 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (22605)

SPECIFICATION TABLE FOR QUESTION PAPER DESIGN.

Unit Unit Title Teaching Distribution of Theory Marks

No. Hours R level U level A level Total
Marks
Fundamental of 04 02 04 06
I solid waste
management
Storage, 10 04 04 06 14
collection and
II Transportation
of municipal
solid waste
Disposal of 14 02 06 08 16
III municipal solid
waste
Biomedical 08 04 04 06 14
waste
management
and health
IV aspects and
public
involvement in
solid waste
management
Industrial waste 08 04 04 06 14
V management
and E-waste
management
Legal aspects of 04 02 04 06
VI solid waste
management

48 18 26 26 70
Total

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UNIT NO I:

FUNDAMENTAL OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

MARKS :-06
UNIT OUTCOMES:-

Students will be able to:-

Explain the principles of waste reduction

1a
Classify the given solid wastes according to their sources.
1b
Describe the characteristics of the given solid wastes.
1c
Justify the need of solid waste management in the given situation.
1d
Assess the impact of solid waste management on the environment in the given
1e
situation.

List the factors generating solid wastes in the given specific area with justification.
1f

1. Enlist eight types of Solid Waste. With example? 4 MARKS (S19)

ANS: - 1) Domestic waste 2) Commercial waste 3) Industrial waste 4) Market waste 5) Agricultural waste
6) Biomedical waste 7) E-waste 8) Hazardous waste 9) Institutional waste 10) Construction and
demolition waste

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2. State the various factors affecting solid waste generation? 4 MARKS (S19)
ANS: Factors affecting solid waste generation -1) Living standard of people 2) Awareness of people 3)
Collection frequency 4) Source reduction/ recycling 5) Geographic location 6) per person income 7) Public
attitude 8) Size of households 9) Population density 10) Population increase 11) Habits and culture of people
12) Industries in the vicinity

3. State two physical characteristics and two chemical characteristics of solid

Waste? 2 Marks (S19)
ANS: - Physical characteristics of solid waste-
1) Density – 50-290 kg/m3. Knowledge of the density of waste i.e. mass per Unit volume is essential for the
design of all elements of the solid waste Management system.
2) Moisture content – 05-60%. Moisture content is a critical determinant in the economic feasibility of waste
treatment by incineration since energy must be supplied for evaporation of water and in raising the temperature
of the water vapour.
3) Size distribution - 1 cm to 50 cm. The measurement of the size distribution of particles in the waste stream is
important because of its significance in the design of mechanical separators and shredders
4) Field capacity - Field capacity of solid waste is total amount of moisture that can be retained in waste sample
subject to downward pull of gravity.
5) Permeability of compacted waste - The Hydraulic conductivity of compacted waste is an important physical
property to a large extent Governs movement of liquid and gases in landfill.
6) Porosity – It represents the amount of voids per unit overall volume of Material.
Chemical characteristics of solid waste-
1) pH - The pH of fresh solid waste is normally around 7. During Decomposition it tends to become acidic and
stabilized solid waste has an Alkaline pH.
2) Organic content - The knowledge of organic content helps assess the Feasibility of biological processing-
composting and anaerobic digestion.
3) Carbon content - The carbon is determined by using the New Zealand Formula in which the percent organic
matter is divided by 1.724.
4) Nitrogen content - Nitrogen, phosphorous and potash values are important In composting.
5) Toxicity - Toxicity characteristics include heavy metals, pesticides, Insecticides etc.
Also following are the some chemical characteristics of waste:-
1. Lipids 2.Carbohydrates 3.Proteins 4.Heating value 5.Natural fibers
Lipids:
This class of compounds includes fats, oils and grease, and the principal sources of lipids are garbage,
cooking oils and fats. Lipids have high heating values, about 38,000 kJ/kg(kilojoules per kilogram),
which makes waste with high lipid content suitable for energy recovery. Since lipids become liquid at

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 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (22605)

temperatures slightly above ambient, they add to the liquid content during waste decomposition.
Though they are biodegradable, the rate of biodegradation is relatively slow because lipids have a low
solubility in water.
Carbohydrates:
These are found primarily in food and yard wastes, which encompass sugar and polymer of sugars
(e.g., starch, cellulose, etc.) with general formula (CH2O)x. Carbohydrates are readily biodegraded to
products such as carbon dioxide, water and
Methane. Decomposing carbohydrates attract flies and rats, and therefore, should not be left exposed
for long duration.
Proteins:
These are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and consist of an organic
acid with a substituted amine group (NH2). They are mainly found in food and garden wastes. The
partial decomposition of these compounds can result in the production of amines that have unpleasant
odours.
Heating value:
An evaluation of the potential of waste material for use as fuel for incineration requires a
determination of its heating value, expressed as kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg). The heating value is
determined experimentally using the Bomb calorimeter test, in which the

4. Explain four R’s in waste hierarchy. 4 Marks (S19)

Following are the four R’s in waste hierarchy

1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which produces maximum solid
waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then minimize the use of raw
materials producing more waste by implementing different techniques.
3. Reduce: The concept of reducing is what is produced and what is consumed. I.e. multiuse items is essential to
reduce the waste e.g. print on both side of paper to reduce paper wastage. Reducing waste is minimizing waste
quantity.

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4. Reuse: Reuse or re-purpose items for different functions than what they are Intended. e.g. Old newspaper can
be used to make packing items.
5. Recycle: Recycle means it will be transformed again into a raw material that Can be shaped into a new item.
E.g. glass, metals etc.
6. Recover: It is the fourth option in which recoverable materials are processed and includes activities like
recycling and composting.
7. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible actions to recover
that waste matter. It may include incineration, dumping.

5. Enumerate various sources of solid waste. (S19 4 MARKS)

Following are the sources of solid waste
i) Residential: This includes wastes from residential houses like dwellings; Apartments etc., and consisting of
leftover food, vegetables peels, plastic, Clothes, ashes etc.
ii) Commercial: This refers to waste generated from restaurants, hotels, motels, stores, markets, auto-repair
shops, medical facilities etc., and consisting of leftover food, glasses, metals, ashes etc.
iii) Institutional: This includes waste coming from educational, administrative and public buildings like prisons
etc., and consisting of paper, plastic, glasses etc.
iv) Municipal: This mainly refers to waste from various municipal activities like construction and demolition,
street cleaning, landscaping etc., and consisting of leaf matter, dust, building debris, waste water treatment plant
residual sludge etc.
v) Industrial: This mainly consists of waste generated from various industrial activities and consisting of
process wastes, ashes, construction and demolition wastes, hazardous wastes etc.
vi) Agricultural: This includes wastes coming from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms etc., and consisting of
agricultural remains, spoiled vegetables and grains, litter etc.
vii) Open areas: This mainly refers to waste from streets, alleys, parks, Playgrounds, beaches, highways,
recreational areas etc.

6. Define E-waste. State the composition of E-waste. Define biomedical waste? (S19 4
MARKS)
ANS:-E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic and electrical devices and components as well as
substances involved in their manufacture and repair Process.
Many varieties includes in the E waste
i) Telecommunication waste- mobile, Telephones, Monitors and laptops, Mouse, keyboards and other
electronic devices, telephone exchange wireless cables and related scrap, Televisions
ii) Electrical Waste – Switches, relays, connectors and related scrap material
iii) Electronic waste- Electronic metal waste, Printed Circuits Boards, E – Equipment and Machinery, IC,
Sockets Connectors

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iv) Cable waste- PVC, Pre insulated Copper and Aluminum Cable waste

Biomedical waste
Any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings
or animals or in research activities or in the production or testing of biological, and including
categories mentioned in schedule I.

7. Describe ‘Waste Minimization Approach’. (S19) 4 M

ANS: - Optimization of resources: waste reduction at individual and institutional level goes side by
side with the utilization of raw materials.
Using again the Scrap Material: this is the process in which individual and industry reuse the waste
material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it from becoming a waste material.
Quality control improvement and process monitoring: this technique is to ensure that products
produced are kept from rejection and this is
Increased by the inspection of frequency and monitoring point’s inspection.
Exchanging Waste: this is the technique in which the waste product, which Comes out of a process,
becomes a raw material for another process. This is another way for reducing waste.
Point of use from ship: to maintain and making deliveries for the raw
Materials to be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of Assembly with fewer packages
and wrappings can save from the waste Production.
Zero waste: this is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at the source and at all
points down the supply chain, with the intention of producing no waste. It is a design philosophy
which emphasizes waste prevention as opposed to end of pipe waste management

8. Define recycling. What is the purpose of recycling?

ANS: - Definition:- The action or process of converting waste into reusable material.
Purpose of recycling:
i) To save raw material resources in production
ii) To save energy in production
iii) To reduce solid waste in landfills
iv) To minimize environmental pollution
v) To reduce the consumption of conventional raw materials.
vi) To reduce air pollution from incinerations.

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9. Describe the hazardous and non-hazardous substances, their origin and their

Health effects. (S19) 4 M

ANS:-

ii) E-waste
E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic and electrical devices and components as
well as substances involved in their manufacture and repair process

10. Explain importance of solid waste management in making any city as smart city.
1. Environmentally friendly:
a. Correct ways of waste management especially industrial waste can keep our environment from
pollution. Example:
i. Heavy metal such as mercury which can harm to our ecosystem. Proper disposal required.
ii. Nuclear waste to prevent radiation to our natural environment.

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2. Waste causes resource depletion:

This is due to the common buying pattern: buy, throw, and then buy again. As the waste piles up
high, the demand for more products also rises, almost exhausting the natural resources. This has a
spiral effect, mainly involving threats to biodiversity, deforestation, pollution, and other
environmental problems.
3. Waste management
is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.
The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to
reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out
to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive
substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each

11. Give the meaning of following term

I. Hazardous waste
Hazardous wastes may be defined as wastes of industrial, institutional or Consumer origin
which, because of their physical, chemical or biological characteristics Are potentially
dangerous to human and the environment. Typical examples are: Solvents, paints and
pesticides whose spent containers are frequently mixed with Municipal wastes and become
part of the urban waste stream.
ii. Domestic waste
The solid wastes that originate from single and multi-family household Units. These wastes
are generated from household activities such as cooking, cleaning, Repairs, hobbies,
redecoration, empty containers, packaging, clothing, old books,Writing/new paper, and old
furnishings.
iii. Agriculture waste
This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and vegetables, agricultural Remains, litter, etc.,
generated from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
iv. Commercial waste
Solid wastes that are originate in offices, wholesale and retail stores, restaurants, hotels,
markets, warehouses and other commercial establishments.

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