Chapter 1:- Basics of Information Technology

1. What is Data and Information?

Ans. A collection of raw facts and figures is called Data, while the processed data is called
Information.
2. What is data processing?
Ans. The process of converting data in to useful information is called Data Processing.
3. What is Information Technology?
Ans. Information technology is defined as ‘The technology that combines computing with
high speed communication links for carrying data in the form of text, sound, image, video
etc, from one place to another”.
4. What is Computer?
Ans. A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data, process it in to useful
information and store it for later use. Computer is a combination of two things Hardware
and Software.
5. What do you know about Hardware and Software?
Ans. Physical components of computer are called Hardware. We can touch, see and feel the
hardware. The set of instructions given to computer to solve a specific problem is called
software. Software is also called computer program.
6. What is the difference between system and application software?
Ans. The program that is necessary for the working of computer is called System Software,
while those programs that are designed to solve some specific problems of users are called
Application Software.
7. What is input and what are Input devices?
Ans. The data and instructions given to the computer to perform specific tasks are called
input. The devices that are used to enter data and instructions in to the computer are called
input devices. Input devices take data and instructions from the user and convert in the
format that is understandable by computer.
8. What do you meant by QWERTY?
Ans. The standard keyboard is called “QWERTY” keyboard. This is because of the first six
keys on top row of alphabets are “Q W E R T Y”
9. What are pointing devices?
Ans. A pointer is a small symbol that appears on the screen in graphical user interface. A
pointing device is an input device that is used to control the position of the pointer or cursor
on the screen.
10. What is Mouse?
Ans. It is a small light weight input device. It is moved on a flat screen to control the
movement of the cursor on the screen. It has two or three buttons at its top. To perform a
specific task with mouse, first pointer is moved to a certain place. Then these buttons are
used.
11. What is a touch-pad?
Ans. A touch pad is a small, flat surface. This surface is sensitive to pressure and motion.
Sliding the fingers on touch pad moves the pointer on the screen. It also has one or more
buttons. These buttons are close to touch pad. These buttons work like mouse buttons.
12. What is track-ball?
Ans. It is also a pointing device. It is similar to mouse. It can be used as an alternative to a
mouse. It is a stationary device it has a rolling ball on the top. The track ball is rolled with
figure.
13. What is joystick?
Ans. It is also a pointing device. It has a vertical handle mounted on a base with one or two
buttons. The movement of pointer is controlled by vertical handle. It is used to play video
games. It is also used in some computer added design systems.
14. Define barcode.
Ans. Bar code is an identification code. It consists of set of vertical lines and spaces of
different width. Bar code represents data. Information is displayed on different products in
the form of bar code in the form of bar code. Bar code is also called “universal product
code”.
15. What are source data entry devices?
Ans. The devices that are used for direct data entry to computer system are called source
data entry devices. These are fast input devices. We can enter data very quickly and
efficiently.
16. What is barcode reader?
Ans. Barcode reader is an input device. It is a source data entry device. It is used to read
barcode.
17. What is Smart Card?
Ans. A smart card looks like credit card. This card contains a microprocessor and a memory
chip. This card is used into a special card reader. The card reader can read and update its
contents.
18. What is facsimile?
Ans. A fax machine is also called facsimile transmission machine. It uses telephone line to
send images to another fax machine. It scans an image printed on paper, converts it in to
electrical signals and sends it to another fax machine. The receiving fax machine converts
the signals in to an image and print on paper. There are two types of fax machines.
19. What is meant by output?
Ans. The information that is generated after processing data is called output. There are two
types of output, hard copy output and soft copy output.
20. Define VGA.
Ans. VGA stands for Video Graphic Arrays. It supports 256 colors depending on screen
resolution. At 320x200 it supports 16 colors and at 640x480 it supports 256 colors. It is called
4-bit color.
21. Define SVGA.
Ans. SVGA stands for Super Video Graphic Arrays. It supports 256 colors at high resolution. It
is called 8-bit color.
22. Define XGA.
Ans. XGA stands for Extended Graphic Arrays. It supports 16.7 million colors at a resolution
of 1024x768 pixel. It is called 24-bit color or true color.
23. What is a printer?
Ans. A printer is a hardware device. It is used to print characters, symbols and graphics on
paper. The printed output is called hard copy output.
24. What are impact printers?
Ans. An impact printer prints characters or images by sticking a hammer or wheel against an
inked ribbon. Due to the strike of hammer images or characters appear on screen.
25. What are non-impact printers?
Ans. Non-impact printer prints characters and graphics without sticking hammer or wheel on
paper. They use different technologies for printing.
26. What are plotter and its types?
Ans.It is an output device that is used to produce high quality graphics in variety of colors.
Itcan print on large surface.
Flat-Bed Plotter: This plotter has a flat place called bed. Paper is adjusted on bed. The size of
bed is adjusted according to need. It has a set of pens. The pens move on the paper to draw
the graph on paper.
Drum Plotter: This plotter works like flat-bed plotter. The paper is placed over a drum. This
drum can rotate and move. The pens are stationery. Drum rotates and moves against the
pens to draw graphs and drawings. Drum plotter is also used to track earthquake readings.
27. Define SDLC.
Ans. SDLC stands for System Development Life Cycle. It is an organized way of developing
successful computerized system.
28. Define preliminary investigation.
Ans. This is the first phase of SDLC. In this phase the initial analysis of the system is
performed. In this phase the following tasks are performed.
29. What is parallel implementation?
Ans. In this type of implementation new and old system are used side by side. The results of
both systems are compared. When the new system starts working properly old system is
stopped.
30. What is pilot implementation?
Ans. In this type of implementation only some selected persons can use new system. All
workers cannot use new system.
Chapter 2:- Information Networks

1. What is telecommunication?
Ans. The process of transferring information from one point to another point using cables or
wireless media is called telecommunication.
2. What is computer network or information network?
Ans. A set of two or more computers connected together to share information and other
resources is called an information network. Information network is also called computer
network. Information network is combination of two important technologies. These are
computing and telecommunication.
3. What is workgroup computing?
Ans. A group of people working together on a task and sharing information through
computer network is called workgroup. The process is sharing information by using a
computer network is called workgroup computing. It is also called collaborative computing.
4. What is email?
Ans. E-mail stands for Electronic mail. It is a process of sending messages from one computer
to another on Internet.
5. What is Internet?
Ans. Internet is a Wide Area Network that consists of millions of computers around the
world. It is the biggest network of the world. The computers of internet are connected
together through physical media or wireless media.
6. What is the different between Intranet and Extranet?
Ans. Intranet is a privately owner business network based on Internet Technology. It is a
secure network. While extranet is a collection of two or more intranets. Different
organizations use extranet to share the information of their intranets. Each organization use
security on its intranet.
7. Define bridge.
Ans. Bridge is a device that is used to connect two similar networks. It organizes the
messages between the networks.
8. What is a Router?
Ans. A router is a device that is used to connect two or more networks having similar or
different protocols. It is a combination of hardware and software. The important software in
a router is operating system and the routing protocol. It also has some management
software. It manages the best route for data between two commutation networks.
9. Define gateway.
Ans. A gateway is used to connect two different networks. It is an intelligent device. It is
combination of hardware and software.
10. What is NIC?
Ans. NIC stands for Network Interface Card. It is circuit board that fits in the computer
internal expansion slots. Some computers have built-in NIC. It handles sending, receiving and
error checking in data transmission.
11. What is Ethernet?
Ans. It is the most popular LAN protocol. It is easy to install and manage. Mostly it is used in
bus topology. In bus topology all nodes use same cable for sending and receiving data. The
 nodes must follow some rules for communication. If two computers send data at the same
time, it may lose.
12. What is Token Ring?
Ans. It is the second most widely used protocol for local area network. Token ring is used in
networks using ring topology. It uses a token passing mechanism to access the network. A
token is a special series of bit. It is like a ticket. Only one token is available in a network.
13. What is TCP/IP?
Ans. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Every computer on
Internet uses this protocol. It was developed in 1973. It ensures reliable connections
between computer on Internet.
14. What is DSL?
Ans. DSL stands for Digital Subscriber line. It is new technology. It uses telephone line for fast
data transmission. A special modem is required for DSL technology. DSL line provides high
data transfer rate than ISDN. Both Internet and telephone services can be used on this line
at same time.
15. What is FTP?
Ans. FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It transfers the protocol that is used to send files
from one computer to another computer of Internet. We can download or upload files. The
process of transferring a file from remote computer to our computer is called downloading.
Similarly the process of transferring a file from local computer to a remote computer is
called uploading.
16. What is Gopher?
Ans. Gopher is a software application. It provides menu-based search and file retrieval
facilities on a computer network. It covers a wide range of information that consists of
reference metrical, magazine and articles etc.
17. What is facto standard?
Ans. De Facto means by facts or by tradition. These standards were developed without any
formal planning. These standards came into existence due to historical planning. SNA is an
example of De-Facto Standard.
18. What is De-Jure Standard?
Ans. De-Jure means According to law. These standards were developed after research. These
standards were designed according to the need of the organizations these are the standards
mentioned by the international organizations.
19. What is network topology?
Ans. There are many ways of connecting computers to form a computer network. The way in
which a number of computers are connected together to form a network is called network
topology.
20. What do you know about Peer-to –Peer model?
Ans. In peer-to-peer network all computers have same status. There is no server computer.
Every computer on network can use the shared resources of other computers. The user can
share data and devices of other computers.
21. What do you know about Client/Server Model?
Ans. In this model one or more computers of a network act as a server. Server is a special
type of computer. The server controls the whole network. It is used to store files and
 database that can be shared on many different computers in the network. Server is the most
powerful computer in network.

Chapter 3:- Data Communications.

1. What is data communication?

Ans. The transfer of data from one point to another point is called data communication. In
the process of data communication data is transferred electronically from one point to
another point.
2. What is sender?
Ans. Sender is also called source or transmitter. It is a device used in communication system
to send or transmit data to another device. In a network of computers usually computer is
used as transmitter.
3. What is receiver?
Ans. Receiver is also called sink. It is a device in a communication system to receive data
from another device. It may be a computer or some other device.
4. What is medium?
Ans. It is a path through which data ins transmitted from one place to another in a data
communication system. It may be a wire or wireless medium.
5. Define encoder and decoder.
Ans. Encoder is a device that converts digital signal in a form that can pass through a
transmission medium. The decoder is a device that converts the encoded signals in to digital
form.
6. What is transmission mode?
Ans. The manner or the way in which data is transmitted from one point to another is called
Data transmission mode.
7. What is simplex mode?
Ans. In simplex mode, data transmission can take place in only one direction. In this mode, a
terminal can only send data and cannot receive data or can only receive data and cannot
send data.
8. What is half-duplex mode?
Ans. In half-duplex mode, the communication can take place in both directions, but only in
one direction at a same time.
9. What is full-duplex mode?
Ans. In full-duplex mode, the communication can take place in both directions,
simultaneously, i.e. at the same time.
10. What is parallel data transmission?
Ans. In parallel data transmission groups of bits are transferred at one time over multiple
wires. It is usually unidirectional. A separate line is used to transmit a bit. It is faster way of
transferring data.
11. What is serial data transmission?
 Ans. In serial data transmission, data is sent one bit at a time. The bits are sent in a
sequence. Only one line is used for transmission. Serial transmission is slower than parallel
transmission.
12. What is bounded media?
Ans. In guided transmission media, communication devices are directly linked with each
other via cables or other physical materials for data communication. It is also referred to as
bounded media. The physical transmission media are usually used in LAN.
13. What is unbounded media?
Ans. In unguided transmission media, communication devices communicates with each
other through the air or space using broadcast radio signals, microwave, signals or infrared
signals. This transmission medium is used when it is impossible to install the cables.
14. What is fiber optics?
Ans. It is used for connecting networks over long distance. Fiber optic cable transmission
medium uses light to transmit data. The data transmission speed is very high. The data
transmission speed is up to billions bits per second.
15. What is modulation?
Ans. The technique by which a digital signal is converted to analog signal is known as
Modulation.
16. What is demodulation?
Ans. The technique by which a analog signal is converted to digital signal is known as
demodulation.
17. What is baseband?
Ans. Baseband is a communication technique in which digital signals are place on the
transmission line without change in modulation. Signal is transmitted up to a couple of
miles. It does not require complex modem. Digital signals are called baseband signals.
18. What is broadband?
Ans. Broadband is a technique to transmit large amount of data over long distance. It sends
different signals by which modulation each signal onto a different frequency.
19. What is External Modem?
Ans. External modem is attached with system unit as an external device. It is connected to
computer by using serial cable to COM1 or COM2 port. It also requires external power
supply.
20. What is Internal Modem?
Ans.It is circuit board that is inserted to the expansion slot of the motherboard. It is not
frequently removed from computer. It is difficult to set up.
21. What is Wireless Modem?
Ans. Wireless modem transmits the data signals through air instead of using cable. These are
also called radio frequency modems. This type of modem is used with cellular technology,
and wireless local area networks.

Chapter 4:- Applications and Uses of Computers.

1. How computer can be used in Marketing?

Ans. Computers are used for making the products. There are marketing software that
provides information of products to customers. Computers are also used to manage
advertising and selling activities.
2. How banks can get benefit from the use of computers?
Ans. The use of computer in bank has provided convenience for customers and staff. Use of
computer in bank saves a lot of time. Customers can trade in multiple currencies. MICR is
used to read cheque. Banks provide credit cards that are used to buy products from shops or
by using Internet.
3. What is the use of computer in departmental stores?
Ans. In departmental stores business activities are very fast and accurate due to the use of
computer. Bar Code Readers are used to enter data in computer. The work of cashier
becomes very simple by using bar code reader.
4. What is E-commerce?
Ans. E-Commerce stands for Electronic commerce. It means the buying, selling and exchange
of products, services and information through computer networks. A person can make a
business deal with persons through-out the world. We can buy and sell goods on Internet.
5. What is electronic banking?
Ans. It is also known as cyber banking. For different activities, we do not need to go to bank.
We can transfer money, pay bills, use credit cards etc.
6. What is the use of computer in Medical field?
Ans. Computer is playing an important role in medical fields. Different tasks are performed
with the help of computer, some important uses of computer in medical field are as
following.
 Patient monitoring
 Patients records
 Diagnosis
7. What is a robot? And how robots are used in industry?
Ans. A robot is an automatic programmable machine that can move and perform different
tasks. Robots are used in different application.
Some important applications of robots are as follows:-
 Assembling and paintings of cars
 Testing blood samples
 Outer space experimental programs
 Radioactive environment
8. What is computer simulation?
Ans. It is a special type of computer model. Computers are used to represent read world
systems. It creates an artificial model of the real life system. It is used to train people. A
person is familiarizing with the environment before actually entering the environment. It
reduces the cost of training.
9. What is meant by Reprographics?
Ans. Producing multiple copies of a document is called reprographics.
10. What is CBT?
Ans. CBT stands for Computer-based Training. There are different programs that can be used
for this purpose. Many educational organizations use these programs for training.
11. What is CAL?
Ans. CAL stands for Computer-Aided Learning. It is the process of using information
technology in education. Teachers can reduce their lecture preparation time due to
information technology.
 12. What is CAD?
Ans. CAD stands for Computer-Aided Design. These are the software that is used for making
design of different products. CAD systems need high-resolution monitor, input devices and
output devices.
13. What is CAM?
Ans. CAM stands for Computer-Aided Manufacturing. It is used to control manufacturing
process. CAM system is used to control production machinery. The design made by CAD
system is used as input in CAM system.

Chapter 5:- Computer Architecture.

1. What is Von-Neumann Computer Model?

Ans. In 1951, Van Neumann and his team proposed a design of a stored program computer.
According to his design a set of instruction and data are stored in memory of computer.
Computer reads and executes these instructions one by one.
2. What is CPU?
Ans. CPU is the main component of computer. It is also called processor. In personal
computer it is called microprocessor. It takes data from RAM and input devices. After
processing it sends data to RAM or output devices.
3. What is CU?
Ans. CU stands for Control Unit. CU is the most important part of the CPU. It is responsible to
controls all activities in the computer. It controls all input and output devices.
4. What is ALU?
Ans. ALU stands for Arithmetic and logic unit. ALU is another important part of CPU. It
performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on
data.
5. What is main memory?
Ans. Main memory is very important component of computer. It stores the programs in
execution. It also stores the required data of the program under execution. A computer
cannot work without main memory.
6. What is I/O Unit?
Ans. I/O unit is very important component of computer. Computer has different input and
output devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, and printer etc. These devices can are
different from one another in the organization.
7. What is cache memory?
Ans. Cache memory is a temporary storage within CPU. It is used to speed up the execution
of the program. The latest CPU has built-in cache memory. The cache memory is about 100
times faster than RAM and about 100 times expensive. If CPU needs any instruction it first
searches in cache memory.
8. What is system bus?
Ans. The electrical path through which data and instructions are transferred from one part
of computer to another part is called bus. The bus used to connect the main components of
computer is called system bus. Total number of parallel wires in a bus is called bus size.
9. What is Bus Interconnection?
Ans. Buses are another important component of the basic architecture of computer. These
are used to connect different part of computer.
 10. What is DMA?
Ans. DMA stands for Direct Memory Access. In this scheme a special hardware component
DMA controller is used. Processor issues I/O command to this device and gets buses in some
other useful task.
11. What is CPU register?
Ans. Registers are small memory locations inside CPU. Data is stored temporarily in registers.
The read and write speed in these memory location is very high. These are small size
temporary storage locations inside CPU.
12. What is Assembler?
Ans. Assembler is a language translator program that translates the instructions of assembly
language into machine language.
13. What is interpreter?
Ans. An interpreter translates source code statement by statement. It takes one statement
translates it in machine code and executes it. It does not make an object file. Extension
speed of program, executed with interpreter, is show.
14. What is compiler?
Ans. A compiler is a program that converts instructions written in high level language into
machine language as a whole. First source code is written and saved in a file. Compiler reads
source code file translate it and make a new file containing machine codes.
15. What is object code?
Ans. It is machine code. Source code is converted into object code with the help of software.
It is not easily understandable. it is very difficult to modify.
16. What is source code?
Ans. The program written in high-level language is called source code. Computer does not
understand this program. It is easy for the programmer to write and understand it.
17. What is programming language?
Ans. Languages are used for communication. If we want to communicate with computer we
need some language. Programming languages are used to communicate with computer.
Programming languages are used to make computer programs. Every computer program is
written in some programing languages.

Chapter 6:- Security, Copyright and the Law.

1. Define security.
Ans. Security is very important issue in computerized system. Main components of
computerized system are hardware, software and data. The most important thing in a
computerized system is data.
2. What is computer virus?
Ans. A destructive program containing code that can generate copies of itself and attaches
itself with other programs so that it is automatically executed when those programs are
executed is called a virus.
3. How virus is activated?
Ans. Viruses are transferred from one computer to another due to following reasons:-
 Email
 Networks
 Removable storage media
  Pirated software
4. What are different types of viruses?
Ans. There are many types of viruses. A few common types are described below:-
 Boot sector virus
 Chenobal virus
 Logic bomb
 Trojan horse
 Redlof
5. What is data security?
Ans. The protection of data is called data security. Data stored on a computer is very
important for us. It may be lost due to different reasons. Sometimes data is lost accidentally
or some one can damage data intentionally.
6. What is privacy issue?
Ans. Privacy issue means that any person has the right to see his personal data. He can make
a request to view data at any time. He also has the right to stop the processing of data.
7. What is copyright Act?
Ans. Copyright act 1976 is main law that is about software privacy. Some amendments were
made in 1983. Software privacy is now a punishable crime. Huge amount of penalties has to
pay as punishment.

Chapter 7:- Windows Operating System

1. What is an operating system?

Ans. Operating system is system software. It provides an interface for user to interact with
the computer. Computer cannot work without work without operating system. It makes the
computer hardware useful. It provides a link between user and hardware of computer.
2. What is graphical user interface?
Ans. A GUI operating system provides a graphical user interface to communicate with
computer. In graphical user interface windows, icons, menus, and other graphical objects
are used to issue commands. The user does not need to memorize commands.
3. Define command-line operating system.
Ans. A command line operating system provides a command prompt for typing commands.
We used these commands to interact with the computer. User needs to memorize
commands to perform different tasks.
4. What are the purposes of Operating System?
Ans. The main purpose of operating system are:
 To manage the hardware and software resources of computer.
 It provides a consistent way for application to use hardware without knowing all details
of the hardware.
5. What is partition?
Ans. It is a disk management technique. Disk is divided into parts logically. Hard disk can
contain one or more partitions. Each partition acts as an independent hard disk. It is useful if
we want to use multiple operating systems.
6. What is the difference between primary partition and extended partition?
Ans. A primary partition is used as a system partition. Windows 2000 starts from primary
partition. A hard disk can have maximum of four primary partitions. Primary partition can be
 created on hard disk and cannot be further sub-partitioned, while extended partition is a
type of partition that can be further divided into sub-partitions. We do this to use multiple
operating systems. We can create any number of drives in extended partition.
7. What is multi-tasking?
Ans. An operating system that can load and run more than one programs at one time is
called multi-tasking operating system.
8. What is multi-processing?
Ans. It is the capability to support multiple processors in one computer. Windows 2000
provides multi-processing capability.
9. What is Plug and Play?
Ans. This feature allows an operating system to automatically detect and configure a device
and install the proper device driver. Windows 2000 has plug and play feature.
10. What is print queue?
Ans. Printer is a slow device if there is more than one job for a printer. Windows makes
queue of jobs. We can cancel or stop a printing job at any time. Some other printer options
can also be set.
11. What is the use of control panel?
Ans. We can perform different kinds of management tasks with control panel.
12. What is internet explorer?
Ans. It is a web browser. It is available with windows operating system. It is used for
Internet. It provides advance features to work on World Wide Web.
13. What is the use of recycle bin?
Ans. It is an icon on the desktop. This icon represents a folder that open when we double
click recycle bin icon. When we delete a file or folder from hard-disk it is not deleted
permanently. It is transferred in recycle bin folder.
14. What is start button?
Ans. It is a button that is present on taskbar at button left corner of desktop. It is used to
access most of the programs installed on computer.
15. What is a window?
Ans. Window is the most important feature of windows operating system. It is the basic
building block of all graphical objects. A window consists of different graphics objects like
buttons, menus, taskbars etc.

Chapter 8:- Word Processing

1. What is a word processing?

Ans. The process of creating text document before it is printed on paper is called word
processing. In this process we create, edit, format and add graphics to documents.
2. What is text editor?
Ans. Text editor is simple word processing software that has only basic features. Windows
operating system has two text editors Notepad and Word-pad.
3. What is font?
Ans. The characteristics of letters, symbols and punctuation marks in a document is called
font. Same characters in different font have different appearance.
4. What are header and footer in MS-word?
 Ans. A header is the text that is added at the top of each page. For example, document title
or page number. Footer is the text that is added at the bottom of every page.
5. What is a Table?
Ans. A table is a combination of rows and columns. The intersection of rows and columns is
called a cell. Tables are used to display data. Data is written in different cells. Tables are also
used to arrange images and text on a page.
6. What is Undo and Redo?
Ans. Some time we want to reverse the change we have made in a document we can do so
with undo option. Redo command is used to remove effect of undo command.
7. What is clipboard?
Ans. Clipboard is a temporary space in the computer memory. It is used to store data
temporarily, that is copied and moved. All type of data can be stored on clipboard.
8. What is Word-Art?
Ans. Word Art is a feature of MS WORD program. It is used to create stylish text in different
shapes. It provides the facility of resizing, coloring and shading text. It converts texts into
graphics.

Chapter 9:- Spreadsheet Software

1. What is a spreadsheet?
Ans. Spreadsheet is a computer program used for calculation. It provides a worksheet to
enter data. It provides several methods for analyzing data stored in a worksheet. It
provides several methods for analyzing data stored in a worksheet. It can hold large
amount of data arranged in rows and columns.
2. What is a worksheet?
Ans. Worksheet is a area where data is entered. It is a grid of rows and columns. In excel
2000 a worksheet consists of 256 columns and 65536 rows.
3. What is cell and cell address?
Ans. The intersection of row and columns is called a cell. It is the basic unit of worksheet.
Every cell has a unique address. This address is formed by combining column letter and
row number of the cell e.g. A5.
4. What is active cell?
Ans. The cell in which data can be entered is called active cell. A bold rectangular box
appears around the active cell.
5. What is relative referencing?
Ans. Using a cell with its address is called relative referencing. When a formula, contains
relative referencing, is copied from one cell and pasted in another cell, the cell address
in formula changes.
6. What is absolute referencing?
Ans. If we want no change in cell address of a formula during copy-paste operation, we
must use absolute referencing. Absolute referencing is done by placing a dollar sign $
with in the cell address of a formula.
7. What is formula?
Ans. Formulas are used for calculations. It is an important feature of spreadsheet. A
formula must start with an equal sign. A formula can also be written in formula box. A
formula consists of cell addresses, constants and arithmetic operations.
 8. What are charts?
Ans. Charts allow us to present data entered into the worksheet in a visual format. We
can use different types of graphs. First we enter data in to worksheet and then we make
charts.
9. What are functions?
Ans. A function is a built-in formula that is used to perform a specific task. The function
returns a value that appears in the cell in which we write function. To use a function we
give some values. These values are called arguments of a function.

Chapter 10:- Fundamentals of the Internet.

1. What is IP Addressing?
Ans. In this addressing scheme each computer on Internet is assigned a unique number. This
number is called IP Address. IP stands for Internet Protocol. An IP address is a combination
of four numbers separated by a dot.
2. What is DNS Addressing?
Ans. An IP address consists of four numbers. It is difficult for us to remember the IP
Addresses of different servers. As an alternate IP Address each server on Internet has a
unique name. this name is called domain name.
3. What do you know about News Group?
Ans. These are discussion groups on Internet. These are classified according to different
categories for example health, hobbies, celebrities etc.