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Computer Animation

Computer Animation involves generating animated images through a series of steps including storyboard layout, object definitions, key frame specifications, and in-between frame generation. Key frames define the start and end points of transitions, while morphing and warping techniques facilitate smooth transitions between images. Various programming languages and specialized animation languages are utilized to create and control animation sequences, incorporating kinematics and dynamics for realistic motion representation.

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19 views10 pages

Computer Animation

Computer Animation involves generating animated images through a series of steps including storyboard layout, object definitions, key frame specifications, and in-between frame generation. Key frames define the start and end points of transitions, while morphing and warping techniques facilitate smooth transitions between images. Various programming languages and specialized animation languages are utilized to create and control animation sequences, incorporating kinematics and dynamics for realistic motion representation.

Uploaded by

martinphilson356
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPUTER ANIMATION

MODULE 5

INTRODUCTION
• Computer Animation is the process used for generating animated
images using computer graphics.
• Animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation.
From Latin amatio, "the act of bringing to life"; from animo("to
animate" or "give life to ") and -atio ("the act of").
DESIGN OF ANIMATION SEQUENCE
Steps for designing animation sequence
• Storyboard Layout
• Object Definitions
• Key frame specifications
• Generation of in-between frames

STORYBOARD LAYOUT
• It is the outline of an action. It defines the motion sequences as a set
of basic that are to take place.
• Depending on the type of animation to be produced, the storyboard
could consist of a set of rough sketches or it could be a list of basic
ideas for motion.
OBJECT DEFENITION
• Each object participating in the action is given object definition, such
as terms of basic shapes, such as polygons or splines.

FRAMES
• It is one of the many single photographic images in a motion picture.
The individual frames are separated by frame lines. Normally, are
needed for one second of film.
KEY FRAME
• A key frame in animation and filmmaking is a drawing that defines the
starting and ending points of any smooth transition.
• A sequence of key frames which movement the spectator will see, but
the position of the key frames on the film, defines the timing of the
movement. 2 or 3 can be present for a span of a second.

IN BETWEEN
• It is a process of generating intermediate frames between 2 images to
give appearance that the 1st image evolves smoothly into the second
image. In-betweens are the drawing between the key frames which
help to create the illusion of motion.
• Film requires 24 frames per second and graphics terminals are
refreshed at a rate of 30 to 60 frames per second.
RASTER ANIMATION
• On raster systems, we generate real-time animation in limited
application using raster operation.
• Such as 2D or 3D transformations on objects.
• Raster images are collection of a large number of pixels.
• These pixels are stored in BIT MAP of the image in the system
memory which is then viewed by the video controller.
• The raster images when played in a particular sequence it is called as
raster animation sequence.
• Each raster image is called as raster frame.
• Raster animations forms the more realistic real-time images

COMPUTER ANIMATION LANGUAGES


• Design and control of animation sequences are handled with a set of
animation routines.
• A general-purpose language, such as C, Lips, Pascal, or FORTRAN, is
often used to program the animation functions, but several
specialized animation languages have been developed.
• Animation functions include a graphics editor, a key frame generator,
an in-between generator, and standard graphics routines.
• The graphics editor allows us to design and modify object shapes,
using spline surface, constractive solid geometry methods, or other
representation schemes.
• A typical task in an animation specification is scene description.
• This includes the positioning of objects and light sources, defining the
photometric parameters, and setting the camera parameters (position,
orientation, and less characteristics).
• Another standard function is action specification. This involves the layout
of motion paths for the object and camera.
• And we need the usual graphics routines: viewing and perspective
transformations, geometric transformations to generate object movements
• As a function of accelerations or kinematic path specification,
visible-surface identification, and the surface rendering operations.

KEY FRAME SYSTEM


• Key frame systems are specialized animation languages designed
simply to generate the in-betweens from the user-specified key
frames
• Usually, each object in the scene is defined as a set of rigid bodies
connected at the joints and with a limited number of degrees of
freedom.
• As an example, the single-arm robot in has six degrees of freedom,
which are called arm sweep, shoulder swivel, elbow extension, pitch,
yaw and roll
• We can extend the number of degrees of freedom for this robot arm
to nine by allowing three-dimensional translations for the base.
• If we also allow base rotations, the robot arm can have a total of 12
degrees of freedom.
• The human body in comparison has over 200 degrees of freedom.

MORPHING
• It can be defined as transition from one object to another. And also, the
process of transforming one image into another.
• An animation technique that allows you to blend two still images, creating a
sequence of in-between pictures that when played in quick time,
metamorphoses the first image into the second.
• As the metamorphosis proceeds, the first image is gradually and is faded
out. The second image starts out totally distorted toward the first and is
faded in.
• The morph process consists of:
• Warping two images so that they have the same “shape”.
• Cross dissolving the resulting images.
WARPING
• A warp is a 2-D geometric transformation and generates a distorted
image when it is applied to an image. Warping an image means: apply
a given deformation to it.
• Two ways to warp an image:
• Forward mapping: each pixel in source image is mapped to an appropriate
pixel in destination image. Some pixels in the destination image may not be
mapped.
• Reverse mapping: this method goes through each pixel in the destination
image and samples an appropriate source image pixel. All destination image
pixels are mapped to some source image pixel. This mapping is used in the
Beier/Neely line morphing method.

MORPHING PROCESS
• STEP I : Interpolating the lines: interpolate the coordinates of the end
points of every pair of lines.
• STEP II : Warping the Images: Each of the source images has to be
deformed towards the needed frame. The deformation works pixel by
pixel is based on the reverse mapping. This algorithm is called
Beier-Neely Algorithm
MOTION SPECIFICATION
Various ways in which motions of objects can be specified as:
•Direct Motion Specification
•Goal-Directed Systems
•Kinematics and Dynamics.

KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS


KINEMATICS
• Motion parameters such as position, velocity and acceleration are
specified without reference to the forces.
INVERSE KINEMATICS
• Initial and final positions of objects at specified times and from that
motion parameters.
DYNAMICS
• The forces that produce the velocities and acceleration are specified.
It uses laws such as Newton’s law of motion, Euler or Navier-stokes
equations

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