Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology

Ghaziabad

Sensor and Instrumentation

Unit:I Faculty
Passport
Engineering Science Size
Course photo

Course Code BOE 405 Mr. Robin Abraham

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 Faculty Information
Faculty
Mr. Robin Abraham received his B.E, with First Class in Passport Size
Electronics & Communication from Bharatiar University, photo
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu in the year 2001 and M.E, with
First class and honors in Applied Electronics (Electronics
& Communication) in the year 2007 from Anna
University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Mr. Robin is pursuing
PhD (part time) from Satyabama University, Chennai in
the area of Wireless Sensor Networks. He has more than
20 years of teaching experience and 01 year industrial
experience in reputed Institutions / Organizations. He has
published several papers in reputed National and
International Conferences / Journals including SCIE /
IEEE / Scopus. His research interests include clustering
and routing in WSN, VLSI etc.

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 Evaluation Scheme

Subject L T P CT TA TOTAL PS TE PE TOTAL CREDIT

Sensor & 3 1 0 30 20 50 100 150 4
Instrumentation
(BOE 405)

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 SUBJECT SYLLABUS
Unit- I: Sensors & Transducer: Definition, Classification & selection of sensors,
Measurement of displacement using Potentiometer, LVDT & Optical Encoder, Measurement
of force using strain gauge, Measurement of pressure using LVDT based diaphragm &
piezoelectric sensor.
Unit-II: Measurement of temperature using Thermistor, Thermocouple & RTD, Concept of
thermal imaging, Measurement of position using Hall effect sensors, Proximity sensors:
Inductive & Capacitive, Use of proximity sensor as accelerometer and vibration sensor,
Flow Sensors: Ultrasonic & Laser, Level Sensors: Ultrasonic & Capacitive.
Unit -III: Virtual Instrumentation: Graphical programming techniques, Data types,
Advantage of Virtual Instrumentation techniques, Concept of WHILE & FOR loops, Arrays,
Clusters & graphs, Structures: Case, Sequence & Formula nodes, Need of software based
instruments for industrial automation.
Unit-IV: Data Acquisition Methods: Basic block diagram, Analog and Digital IO, Counters,
Timers, Types of ADC: successive approximation and sigma-delta, Types of DAC: Weighted
Resistor and R-2R Ladder type, Use of Data Sockets for Networked Communication.
Unit V: Intelligent Sensors: General Structure of smart sensors & its components,
Characteristic of smart sensors: Self calibration, Self-testing & self-communicating,
Application of smart sensors: Automatic robot control & automobile engine control.
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 Course Outcome

CO1 Apply the use of sensors for measurement of displacement,

force and pressure.
CO2 Employ commonly used sensors in industry for measurement
of temperature, position, accelerometer, vibration sensor,
flow and level.
CO3 Demonstrate the use of virtual instrumentation in automation
industries.
CO4 Identify and use data acquisition methods.
CO5 Comprehend intelligent instrumentation in industrial
automation.

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 Program Outcomes
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.

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 Program Outcomes
7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change

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 CO-PO Mapping

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 Brief Introduction about the Subject with Videos

This course is designed with an aim of educating students in microtechnology

and its use to fabricate sensors and systems. The students will have an exposure
to sensors and its importance in the real world. The students will also able to
understand how to fabricate some of those sensors. Students will have an
exposure towards how to fabricate the sensors and its application in real world.
The students will provide an understanding on modern day microsensors and
micro actuators. The students will have an idea about how to simulate some of
those sensors and characterize before fabricating it. Below are some of the
course objectives.
To understand the concepts of measurement technology.
To learn the various sensors / transducers used to measure various
physical parameters.
 To learn the fundamentals of signal conditioning, data acquisition and
communication systems used in mechatronics system development
 To learn about the optical, pressure and temperature sensor
 To understand the signal conditioning and DAQ systems

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 Prerequisite and Recap

Pre-requisites of course: Basic Electrical Engineering ,

Basic Electronics Engineering

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 Unit content
Unit- I:
Sensors & Transducer: Definition, Classification & selection of
sensors, Measurement of displacement using Potentiometer, LVDT
& Optical Encoder, Measurement of force using strain gauge,
Measurement of pressure using LVDT based diaphragm &
piezoelectric sensor.

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 Unit Objective

1. Student will be able to distinguish, analyse different types of

errors.
2. Students will be able to apply transforms to obtain the
characteristics of transducers.
3. Students will be able to analyse the working principles of
sensors and transducers.
4. Students will be able to select and design suitable instruments
to meet the requirements of industrial applications and various
transducers used for the measurement of various physical
quantities

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 Topic Objective

Various topics in this unit shall help students gain

knowledge on basics of sensors, transducers and basic
working of different types of transducers.

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 ACCURACY & PRECISION

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 Sensor

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 Introduction

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 Sensor Systems

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 Sensor Classification

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 Notes

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 Sensor Characteristics

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 POTENTIOMETER

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 Notes

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 POTENTIAL DIVIDER

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 Measurement of displacement using Potentiometer

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 POTENTIOMETER EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

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 ROTARY POTENTIOMETER

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 Notes

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 Notes

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of optical encoder
• The advantages of an optical encoder include the following.
• The optical encoder easily improves accuracy as well as a resolution by developing
the slit shape because it has a mechanism to notice whether light from LED passes
or not throughout the slit.
• This encoder is not affected by the nearby magnetic field.
• These encoders provide the highest resolutions.
• These are more resistant to the interference of electrical noise from eddy currents.
• These encoders have flexible mounting options.

• The disadvantages of optical encoders include the following.

• The main drawback of this encoder is that: it is mechanically not strong.
• These encoders have a thin glass disk that can be damaged by extreme shock or
severe vibration.
• These encoders depend on “line of sight,” so they are mainly vulnerable to dirt, oil &
dust.
• Optical disks in this encoder are normally designed with either plastic or glass so
there is more chance to get damaged from extreme temperature, vibrations, and
contamination.

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 Application of optical encoder
• The applications of optical encoders include the following.
• These encoders are ideal for applications that need a high level of
precision & accuracy.
• These are used where a strong magnetic field is produced.
• It is applicable in devices that utilize large-diameter motors.
• These encoders help in detecting the optical signals which pass
throughout the slit and change them into electrical signals.
• These encoders are very helpful in measuring & controlling rotating
motion across a broad range of applications like spectrometers, lab
equipment, centrifuges, medical devices, CT scan systems, etc.
• These encoders are used in high torque-based applications in
extremely constrained areas.
• These are used in programmable inspection devices.
• These are used in commercial or industrial equipment.
• These are used in chemical dosing equipment.

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 Notes

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 Notes

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 strain gauge
• A strain gauge type transducer converts physical quantity such as load,
pressure or displacement into mechanical strain on the strain generating body
(elastic body), and the mechanical strain is converted into electrical output
using strain gauges mounted on the elastic body.

• Strain gauge working principle is based on the concept of electrical resistance

variation due to mechanical strain. The strain gauge consists of a fine wire or
foil, typically made of a highly conductive material like copper or constantan,
which is attached to a flexible backing material.

• A Strain gauge (sometimes refered to as a Strain gage) is a sensor whose

resistance varies with applied force; It converts force, pressure, tension,
weight, etc., into a change in electrical resistance which can then be
measured.

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 Measurement of force using strain gauge

• What is strain?
• In mechanical testing and measurement, you need to understand how an
object reacts to various forces. The amount of deformation a material
experiences due to an applied force is called strain. Strain is defined as the
ratio of the change in length of a material to the original, unaffected length, as
shown in Figure 1. Strain can be positive (tensile), due to elongation, or
negative (compressive), due to contraction. When a material is compressed in
one direction, the tendency to expand in the other two directions
perpendicular to this force is known as the Poisson effect

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 strain gauge

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 LOAD CELL

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 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

• The piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an

electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress.

• In such materials, electrons can be driven out of orbit in the direction of

the force. Electrons leave one side of the material and accumulate on the
other side, building up positive and negative charges on opposite sides.

• There are two types of piezoelectric effects:

• Direct piezoelectric effect. The first type is the direct piezoelectric effect,
which is the transformation of mechanical strain into electrical charge. For
example, a 1 cm3 cube of quartz with 2 kN of correctly applied force can
produce a voltage of 12500 V.
• Converse piezoelectric effect. The second type, called the converse
piezoelectric effect, takes an applied electrical potential and converts it to
mechanical strain. Therefore, an electric field can be applied to induce an
expansion or contraction of the material and vice versa.

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 Direct piezoelectric effect

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 Converse piezoelectric effect

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 PIEZO ELECTRIC TRANSDUCER

• The piezoelectric transducer converts mechanical motion into an electrical signal & vice
versa.

• A piezoelectric transducer utilizes the principle of the piezoelectric effect. Hence the
name is a piezoelectric transducer. The piezoelectric effect is the effect in which when
force or pressure is applied on certain material’s surface, an electrical output in form of
electric voltage is received from the other two surfaces. The produced voltage is the
function of the applied force or pressure. Because a piezoelectric transducer produces
the output in the form of electric voltage, a piezoelectric transducer is a type of electric
transducer.

• When there is no force or no pressure applied to the piezoelectric transducer, the output
electric voltage produced is also 0 i.e. no output is produced.
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 Notes

MATERIALS

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 LVDT based Diaphragm

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 Inductive Pressure Transducer ( LVDT)

• Movement of the diaphragm of a pressure sensor can be measured using a

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT).
• The transformer core is connected to the centre of the diaphragm. As the
diaphragm moves, the core moves in and out of the transformer thereby
changing the output voltage. This can be used to determine the amount of
diaphragm displacement and, hence, the pressure. Some type of spring
loaded mechanism to return the core to its original position is required.

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 Notes

LVDT based Diaphragm

Fig 2

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 Notes

The diaphragm act as primary transducer and LVDT which

follows the output of bourdon tube act as a secondary transducer.

The diaphragm senses the pressure and converts it into a

displacement. The free end of diaphragm shows this
displacement.

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 Notes
Contd.
A cord is used to connect the free end of
bourdon tube to the core of LVDT
When the free end shows the displacement, the
core of LVDT also moves.
This movement of core is proportional to the
displacement of free end, which is proportional
to the applied pressure. The LVDT gives
analogues output which is a conversion of
displacement into respective emf.
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 Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer

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 PROBLEMS

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 SOLUTION

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 Daily Quiz

1. A Sensor is a _______.
a)subsystem b)machine c)module d)all of the above

2.The function of a sensor is to ________.

a) Detect events within specified environment b)Separate physical parameters c)Track and transfer
data to computer processor d)Both a and c

3.Are sensors used along with other electronic devices?

a)Yes b)No c)Maybe

4.Sensors convert signals from analog to _______ domain

a)Digital b) Electrical c) Mechanical d)Both a and b

5.LDR sensor is abbreviated as ________.

a)Light Dependent Resistor b)Light determinant Resistor c) Luminous Duplicated Resistor d)None of the
above

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 Daily Quiz

6. Change in output of sensor with change in input is ____________

a) Threshold b) Slew rate c) Sensitivity d) None of the mentioned

7.Smallest change which a sensor can detect is ____________

a) Resolution b) Accuracy c) Precision d) Scale

8. Full form of LVDT is

a)Linear Variable Differential Transducer b)Line Voltage Differential Transformer c)Linear
Variable Differential Transformer d)Line Voltage Differential Transducer

9.Which of the following quantity can be directly measured by LVDT?

a)Displacement b)Force c)Pressure d)Weight

10.The ___________ of a strain gauge varies with applied force:

a)Resistance b)Capacitance c)Inductance e)Flux

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 Weekly assignment

ASSIGNMENT I
a) Define Transducer and give detailed classification of
transducers based on their working principle.
b)Discuss the criteria for the selection of electrical transducer for
any process.
c)Enlist the different types of resistive transducers and strain
gauges. Describe the working principle of strain gauge in detail.
(d) Describe the construction and working of LVDT. What are the
associated sources of errors in its use and how they can be
minimized ?
(e)Enlist the relative merits and demerits of analog and digital
transducers. Describe the working principle of encoders.

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 Weekly assignment

ASSIGNMENT II
a) Enlist the relative merits and demerits of analog and digital
transducers.
b) Describe the working principle of encoders.
c)Enlist the relative merits and demerits of analog and digital
transducers. Describe the working principle of encoders.
d)Discuss on measurement of force using strain gauge and load
cells.
e) Explain the working principle of piezoelectronic sensor.

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 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video
Links and Online Courses Details
● NPTEL :: Electrical Engineering - NOC:Sensors and Actuators
● Sensors and Actuators - Course (nptel.ac.in)
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjD9RhXn0pE

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 References

Text Books:
1. DVS Murthy, Transducers and Instrumentation, PHI 2nd Edition 2013
2. D Patranabis, Sensors and Transducers, PHI 2nd Edition 2013.
3. S. Gupta, J.P. Gupta / PC interfacing for Data Acquisition & Process Control,
2nd ED / Instrument Society of America, 1994.
4. Gary Johnson / Lab VIEW Graphical Programing II Edition / McGraw Hill
1997.
Reference Books:
1. Arun K. Ghosh, Introduction to measurements and Instrumentation, PHI, 4th
Edition 2012.
2. A.D. Helfrick and W.D. cooper,Modern Electronic Instrumentation &
Measurement Techniques, PHI – 2001
3. Hermann K.P. Neubert, “Instrument Transducers” 2nd Edition 2012, Oxford
University Press.

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 MCQ
1.The sensors are classified on the basis of
(A) Functions (B) Performance (C) Output (D) All of the
above
2.-A piezo-electrical crystal generates voltage when subjected
to ____ force.
(A) Electrical (B) Mechanical(C) Gravity(D) All of the above
3.Following is not an example of transducer.
a)Analogue Voltmeter b)Photo electric cell c)Pneumatic
cylinder
4.

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 Glossary Questions
1. Explain characteristics of transducers.
2. How do you measure Output Voltage using
piezoelectric crystal, explain with neat
diagram.
1. Explain the working principle of linear
potentiometer displacement sensor and derive
expression for output voltage.
2. Explain principle and working of Strain gauge.
Derive the expression of gauge factor.
3. How to select a sensor for any process.

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 Old Question Paper
SENSOR-AND-INSTRUMENTATION-KOE-034-2.pdf (abesit.in)
Microsoft Word - KOE034 (abesit.in)

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 Expected Questions for Exam

1. What is the optical encoder? Explain different type of optical

encodes.
2. How pressure can be measured by LVDT.
3. What are the factors that affect the selection of a transducer?
4. Explain the principle of operation of LVDT with the help of neat
sketch and characteristics. Write its two advantages & disadvantages.
5. A strain gauge is bonded to a beam 0.1m long and has a cross
sectional area 4 cm2.
Young’s modulus for steel is 207 GN/m2. The strain gauge has an
unstrained resistance 240 Ω and a gauge factor 2.2 When a load is
applied, the resistance of gauge changes by 0.013Ω. Calculate the
change in length of the steel beam and the amount of force applied to
the beam. (2.46x10-6m, 5.092X106N/m2, 2.037X103 N)

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 CLASS TEST 1

1. What is Hall Effect and how it is used for measuring position?

2. With the help of a neat sketch explain the working of a
'LVDT'. What are its advantages and disadvantages?
3. Explain the principle and working of a strain gauge. Derive
the expression of gauge factor.
4. What is Transducer? Explain the classification of
Transducers.
5. Define Optical encode. Explain its types.

6. Explain working principle of RTD with its characteristics

graph, why platinum is most preferred in RTD & write its
limitation

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