Maths jee

📌 Chapter Summary: Permutations & Combinations (P&C) – JEE &

Board Preparation

📝 What You Will Learn in This Chapter:

How to count arrangements (Permutation) and selections (Combination).

Golden Rule: AND → Multiply, OR → Add.

Common JEE-level mistakes and how to avoid them.

Your Personal Weak Areas (where you usually make mistakes).

1️⃣ Fundamental Rule of Counting

"AND" → Multiply (When both events must happen together).

"OR" → Add (When one of multiple choices is taken).

Examples:

A person has 3 shirts & 4 pants. Total outfits = 3 × 4 = 12.

Choose either a Math or Physics book (5, 6 options). Total choices = 5 + 6 = 11.

🔴 Common Mistakes:
Confusing when to multiply and when to add.

Forgetting to add separate cases.

🛑 Your Mistakes:
Selecting between Multiplication & Addition.

Missing cases when breaking down a question.

2️⃣ Factorial (!)

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 n! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × ... × 1

📌 Important Values: 0! = 1, 1! = 1, 2! = 2, 3! = 6, 4! = 24, 5! = 120.

🔴 Common Mistakes:
Forgetting that 0! = 1.
Expanding factorials unnecessarily.

🛑 Your Mistakes:
Expanding factorials when cancellation is possible.

3️⃣ Permutations (Ordered Arrangements)

n!
P (n, r) =
(n − r)!
​

✅ Example: Arranging 3 students in a row from 5:

P (5, 3) = 5!/(5 − 3)! = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60

✔ Special Cases:

All objects: P (n, n) = n!.

n!
Identical objects: p!q!r! .

Circular arrangements: (n − 1)!.

🔴 Common Mistakes:
Using P&C formulas without checking if order matters.

Confusing linear and circular permutations.

🛑 Your Mistakes:
Forgetting when to use (n − 1)! in circular cases.

Confusion between identical & distinct objects.

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4️⃣ Combinations (Selections Without Order)
n!
C(n, r) =
r!(n − r)!
​

✅ Example: Selecting 3 players from 5:

C(5, 3) = 5!/(3!2!) = 10

✔ Properties:

C(n, 0) = 1, C(n, n) = 1.
C(n, r) = C(n, n − r).

🔴 Common Mistakes:
Mixing up Permutation and Combination.

Forgetting C(n, r) = C(n, n − r) symmetry.

🛑 Your Mistakes:
Using Permutation instead of Combination.

5️⃣ JEE-Level Applications

✅ Arranging People in Seats: n!.
✅ Creating Numbers Without Repetition: n × (n − 1) × (n − 2).
✅ Creating Numbers With Repetition: n . r

✅ Dividing n objects into k groups: n!

.
✅ Distributing r identical objects among n people: C(n + r − 1, r).
n1 !n2 !...nk !
​

​ ​ ​

6️⃣ Final Strategy for JEE & Boards

✔ Memorize All Formulas & Rules
✔ Understand Concepts Visually (Draw Cases When Needed)
✔ Solve Past-Year JEE Mains & Advanced Problems

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✔ Use "AND" vs. "OR" Rule Properly
✔ Practice Trickier Case-Based Problems

📌 Chapter Summary: Probability – JEE & Board Preparation

📝 What You Will Learn in This Chapter:
Basic probability concepts and rules.

Types of probability: Classical, Empirical, and Axiomatic.

Conditional probability and Bayes' theorem.

Common JEE-level mistakes and how to avoid them.

Your Personal Weak Areas (where you usually make mistakes).

1️⃣ Basic Probability Rules

Favorable Outcomes
P (E) =
Total Outcomes
​

📌 Probability always lies between 0 and 1:

0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1

✅ Example:
Tossing a fair die, probability of getting a 3:

1
P (3) =
6
​

Probability of getting an odd number (1, 3, 5):

3 1
P (odd) = =
6 2
​ ​

🔴 Common Mistakes:
Forgetting that probability is always between 0 and 1.

Incorrectly counting total outcomes in a sample space.

🛑 Your Mistakes:

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 Missing some possible cases when calculating total outcomes.

2️⃣ Types of Probability

✔ Classical Probability: Based on equally likely outcomes.
✔ Empirical Probability: Based on experimental data.
✔ Axiomatic Probability: Defined using probability rules.

✅ Example:
Classical Probability: Tossing a fair coin, P (H) = 12 .
​

80
Empirical Probability: 80 out of 100 students pass an exam, P (Pass) = 100
​ = 0.8.

🔴 Common Mistakes:
Confusing experimental probability with classical probability.

🛑 Your Mistakes:
Assuming real-world probabilities are always equal (e.g., thinking all dice are fair).

3️⃣ Complementary & Mutually Exclusive Events

✔ Complementary Events: P (A) + P (A′ ) = 1.
✔ Mutually Exclusive Events: P (A ∩ B) = 0 (Cannot occur together).

✅ Example:
Getting a 6 on a die (A) and not getting a 6 (A’):

1 5
P (A′ ) = 1 − P (A) = 1 − =
6 6
​ ​

🔴 Common Mistakes:
Using the wrong formula for mutually exclusive events.

Forgetting that complementary probability is 1 - P(A).

🛑 Your Mistakes:

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 Confusing mutually exclusive and independent events.

4️⃣ Conditional Probability & Bayes' Theorem

P (A ∩ B)
P (A∣B) =
P (B)
​

📌 Bayes' Theorem:
P (B∣A)P (A)
P (A∣B) =
P (B)
​

✅ Example:
A box has 3 red and 2 blue balls. If a red ball is already drawn, probability of drawing
another red:

2 1
P (R2 ∣R1 ) = =
4 2
​ ​ ​ ​

🔴 Common Mistakes:
Forgetting to update the sample space after an event occurs.

Confusing conditional probability with independent probability.

🛑 Your Mistakes:
Misinterpreting conditional probability statements in word problems.

5️⃣ Independent & Dependent Events

✔ Independent Events: P (A ∩ B) = P (A)P (B).
✔ Dependent Events: Probability changes after one event occurs.

✅ Example:
Tossing two fair coins, probability of getting two heads:

1 1 1
P (H1 ∩ H2 ) = P (H1 ) × P (H2 ) = × =
2 2 4
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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🔴 Common Mistakes:
Applying the independence formula to dependent events.

🛑 Your Mistakes:
Forgetting to check if events are dependent or independent before applying formulas.

6️⃣ JEE-Level Applications

✅ Probability in Cards & Dice:
26
Drawing a red card from a deck: P (R) = 52
​ = 12 .
​

3
Rolling an even number on a die: P (E) = 6
​ = 12 . ​

✅ Probability in Combinations:
Selecting 2 red and 1 blue ball from a set:

C(3, 2) × C(2, 1)
P =
C(5, 3)
​

✅ Bernoulli Trials & Binomial Distribution:

P (X = k) = C(n, k)pk (1 − p)n−k

7️⃣ Final Strategy for JEE & Boards

✔ Memorize All Probability Formulas & Laws
✔ Understand Conditional Probability & Bayes’ Theorem
✔ Solve Past-Year JEE & Board Questions
✔ Practice Probability Distribution Problems
✔ Avoid Confusing Dependent & Independent Events

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