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The document discusses digital communication, highlighting the transition from analog to digital signals to overcome issues like distortion and interference. It outlines the advantages of digital communication, such as reduced noise, reliability, and flexibility in design, as well as the components of a digital communication system including source, transducers, encoders, modulators, and decoders. The document emphasizes the importance of digitization for clearer and more secure communication.

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hardikmachhi1484
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7 views

Module_1

The document discusses digital communication, highlighting the transition from analog to digital signals to overcome issues like distortion and interference. It outlines the advantages of digital communication, such as reduced noise, reliability, and flexibility in design, as well as the components of a digital communication system including source, transducers, encoders, modulators, and decoders. The document emphasizes the importance of digitization for clearer and more secure communication.

Uploaded by

hardikmachhi1484
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module no 1

Digital Communication
The communication that occurs in our day-to-day life is in the form of signals. These signals,
such as sound signals, generally, are analog in nature. When the communication needs to be
established over a distance, then the Analog signals are sent through wire, using different
techniques for effective transmission.

The Necessity of Digitization


The conventional methods of communication used analog signals for long distance
communications, which suffer from many losses such as distortion, interference, and other
losses including security breach.

In order to overcome these problems, the signals are digitized using different techniques. The
digitized signals allow the communication to be more clear and accurate without losses.

The following figure indicates the difference between analog and digital signals. The digital
signals consist of 1s and 0s which indicate High and Low values respectively.

Advantages of Digital Communication


As the signals are digitized, there are many advantages of digital communication over analog
communication, such as −

1) The effect of distortion, noise, and interference is much less in digital signals as they
are less affected.
2) Digital circuits are more reliable.
3) Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than Analog circuits.
4) The occurrence of cross-talk is very rare in digital communication.
5) The hardware implementation in digital circuits, is more flexible than Analog.
6) Signal processing functions such as encryption and compression are employed in digital
circuits to maintain the secrecy of the information.
7) The probability of error occurrence is reduced by employing error detecting and error
correcting codes.
8) Spread spectrum technique is used to avoid signal jamming.
9) Combining digital signals using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is easier than
combining Analog signals using Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).
10) Digital signals can be saved and retrieved more conveniently than Analog signals.

Digital Communication system


The elements which form a digital communication system is represented by the following
block diagram for the ease of understanding.

Source: The source is the origin of the information to be transmitted. This could be audio,
video, text or any other form of data. Source can be an analog signal. Example: A Sound signal.

Input Transducer: An input transducer, also known as a sensor, is a device that converts
physical energy (sound signal, pressure, temperature, light energy, etc.) into an electrical
signal. (Example: microphone). This block also consists of an Analog to digital converter
where a digital signal is needed for further processes. A digital signal is generally represented
by a binary sequence.

Source Encoder: The source encoder compresses the data into minimum number of bits. This
process helps in effective utilization of the bandwidth. It removes the redundant bits
(unnecessary excess bits, i.e., zeroes). This includes sampling, quantization, and encoding the
source into a binary format.

Channel Encoder: The channel encoder, does the coding for error correction during the
transmission of the signal, due to the noise in the channel, the signal may get altered and hence
to avoid this, the channel encoder adds some redundant bits to the transmitted data. These are
the error correcting bits. Techniques such as error correction coding (e.g., Hamming codes,
Reed-Solomon codes) are commonly used.

Digital Modulator: The digital modulator converts the digital signal into a form suitable for
transmission over the communication medium. Digital modulation techniques like BPSK
(Binary Phase Shift Keying), QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), or QAM (Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation) are typically used.

Channel: This is the medium through which the signal travels from the transmitter to the
receiver. The channel can be wired (like a coaxial cable or fiber-optic link) or wireless (like
radio waves, microwaves, etc.), and it introduces noise, interference, and distortion.

Digital Demodulator: The demodulator converts the received signal back from its modulated
form to a digital signal. The signal gets reconstructed here using different demodulator
techniques.

Channel Decoder: The channel decoder, after detecting the sequence, does some error
corrections. The distortions which might occur during the transmission, are corrected by adding
some redundant bits. This addition of bits helps in the complete recovery of the original signal.
Error detection and correction algorithms, such as CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), are used
here

Source Decoder: The source decoder reconstructs the original information from the digital
signal, effectively reversing the operations performed by the source encoder.

Output Transducer: This is the last block which converts the signal into the original physical
form, which was at the input of the transmitter. It converts the electrical signal into physical
output (Example: loud speaker).

Output signal: This is the output which is produced after the whole process. Example − The
sound signal received.

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