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Tides are primarily caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun, Earth's rotation, and the elliptical orbits of the Earth and moon. Ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis force, and specific currents like the Gulf Stream, which affects climate in Europe. The document also highlights the interactions between warm and cold currents, such as the Labrador and Oyashio currents, and their ecological impacts.

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17 views2 pages

Notes

Tides are primarily caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun, Earth's rotation, and the elliptical orbits of the Earth and moon. Ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis force, and specific currents like the Gulf Stream, which affects climate in Europe. The document also highlights the interactions between warm and cold currents, such as the Labrador and Oyashio currents, and their ecological impacts.

Uploaded by

Pratyusha ig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Here are the factors that cause tides, based on the provided images:

1. Gravitational Forces
○ The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun is the primary
factor responsible for tides.
○ The moon's gravitational force is stronger because it is closer
to the Earth than the sun.
2. Earth’s Rotation
○ The Earth rotates from west to east, which influences the
movement of tidal waters.
3. Revolution of the Moon
○ The moon also revolves around the Earth in an elliptical orbit,
causing variations in the gravitational pull.
4. Elliptical Orbit of the Earth and Moon
○ The Earth’s orbit around the sun and the moon’s orbit around
the Earth are both elliptical, meaning the distances between
these celestial bodies change.
○ When the moon is closest to the Earth (perigee), tides are
stronger.
○ When the moon is farthest from the Earth (apogee), tides are
weaker.
5. Gravitational and Centrifugal Forces
○ The water on the Earth's surface facing the moon experiences
maximum gravitational pull, leading to a high tide.
○ On the opposite side of the Earth, high tide also occurs due to
centrifugal force, which acts against the gravitational force.
○ The areas between these two high tides experience low tides.

Circulation Pattern of Ocean Currents (Till Oyashio Current)


1. Influence of Winds and Coriolis Force
○ Ocean currents are influenced by prevailing winds and the Coriolis force.
○ The oceanic circulation roughly corresponds with the Earth’s atmospheric
circulation.
2. Anticyclonic Circulation in Middle Latitudes
○ Air circulation over the oceans in the middle latitudes is mainly anticyclonic
(clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere).
3. Cyclonic Circulation in Higher Latitudes
○ At higher latitudes, where wind flow is cyclonic, the oceanic circulation follows
the same pattern.
4. Influence of Monsoon Winds
○ In regions with pronounced monsoons, the movement of currents is
significantly influenced by monsoon winds.
5. Effect of the Coriolis Force
○ Due to the Coriolis effect:
■ Warm currents move from low latitudes to the right in the Northern
Hemisphere.
■ Warm currents move to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
○ Cold currents from the Arctic and Antarctic regions move towards warmer
tropical waters.
6. Gulf Stream
○ A powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic Ocean current.
○ Originates in the Gulf of Mexico and exits through the Strait of Florida.
○ Moves along the east coast of North America, influencing the climate from
Florida to Newfoundland.
7. Splitting of the Gulf Stream
○ At about 40°N, the Gulf Stream splits into two branches:
■ North Atlantic Drift: Moves towards northern Europe.
■ Southern recirculating stream: Moves towards West Africa.
8. Influence on European Climate
○ The North Atlantic Drift helps keep Western Europe and Northern Europe
warmer than they would be at similar latitudes.
9. Labrador Current
○ A cold current originating from the Arctic Ocean.
○ Flows southward along the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland.
○ Meets the Gulf Stream, creating dense fog and one of the world's richest
fishing grounds.
10. Oyashio Current
● A cold current that originates from the Arctic Ocean.
● Moves southward along the east coast of Russia and Japan.
● Brings cold, nutrient-rich waters, supporting marine life but also cooling the coastal
regions.

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