Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences

Journal homepage: https://ejuow.uowasit.edu.iq

Agriculture Based on Wireless Sensor Network: Literature

Survey
Zahraa S. Kareem¹*, Abbas H. Miry 1, Gregor A. Aramice1

Affiliations Abstract
1
Electrical Engineering
Department, College of This manuscript provides an extensive review of the existing literature
Engineering, Mustansiriyah regarding the confluence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of
University, Baghdad, Iraq* Things (IoT) innovations in the field of Agriculture. The investigation delves
into a variety of systems and frameworks crafted to elevate agricultural
Correspondence
Zahraa S. Kareem,
methodologies through immediate surveillance and oversight of ecological
[email protected] factors. Essential elements encompass the deployment of diverse sensors,
Received
including those for soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, which are vital for
10-October-2024 refining irrigation practices and promoting effective water utilization. The
Revised manuscript underscores the significance of microcontrollers such as Arduino
20-November-2024 and Raspberry Pi in managing and relaying information to central hubs or cloud
Accepted
28-November-2024
platforms for distant access and governance via mobile interfaces. Furthermore,
the study addresses the applications of communication protocols like LoRa,
ZigBee, and Wi-Fi, which enable extensive and efficient data relay. The
Doi:https://doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.Vol12.Iss4.610
incorporation of machine learning strategies for distinguishing crops and
weeds, along with the utilization of solar energy to power sensor units, is also
scrutinized. The manuscript wraps up by highlighting the transformative
potential of IoT and WSN technologies in modernizing smart agriculture,
providing avenues for energy-efficient and automated farming solutions.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Light Dependent Resistor

:‫الخالصة‬
‫( في‬IoT) ‫( وابتكارات إنترنت األشياء‬WSN) ‫هذي المخطوطة تقدم مراجعة شاملة لألدبيات الموجودة بخصوص تداخل شبكات االستشعار الالسلكية‬
‫ التحقيق يتناول مجموعة متنوعة من األنظمة واألطر المصممة لتحسين األساليب الزراعية من خالل المراقبة الفورية واإلشراف على‬.‫مجال الزراعة‬
‫ اللي تعتبر حيوية‬،‫ بما في ذلك تلك الخاصة برطوبة التربة ودرجة الحرارة والرطوبة‬،‫ العناصر األساسية تشمل نشر مستشعرات متنوعة‬.‫العوامل البيئية‬
‫ المخطوطة تؤكد على أهمية المتحكمات الدقيقة مثل أردوينو وراسبيري باي في إدارة ونقل‬.‫ل تحسين ممارسات الري وتعزيز استخدام المياه بشكل فعال‬
‫ الدراسة تتناول تطبيقات‬،‫ باإلضافة إلى ذلك‬.‫المعلومات إلى مراكز مركزية أو منصات سحابية للوصول البعيد واإلدارة عبر واجهات الهواتف المحمولة‬
‫ كما يتم فحص دمج استراتيجيات تعلم اآللة‬.‫ اللي تمكن من نقل البيانات بشكل واسع وفعال‬، Wi-Fi‫و‬ZigBee ‫ و‬LoRa ‫بروتوكوالت االتصال مثل‬
‫ المخطوطة تختتم بتسليط الضوء على اإلمكانيات‬.‫ باإلضافة إلى استخدام الطاقة الشمسية لتشغيل وحدات االستشعار‬،‫لتمييز المحاصيل واألعشاب الضارة‬
.‫ وتوفير طرق لحلول زراعية موفرة للطاقة وآلية‬،‫في تحديث الزراعة الذكية‬WSN ‫ و‬IoT ‫التحويلية لتقنيات‬

1. INTRODUCTION
Innovative farming is a strategy that employs scientific methods and advanced technology to boost agricultural
yields, essential for satisfying the rising food needs of an ever-expanding world population [1]. By the 12 months
2050, the speedy boom of urban areas will necessitate a 70% enhance in food manufacturing to fulfill international
desires. At present, farming utilizes roughly 70% of the accessible water supply, underscoring the importance of
effective resource management. Contemporary agricultural practices, augmented by IoT innovations, have
outstripped conventional techniques, presenting answers to these pressing issues [2-6]. The IoT stands proud as a
vital innovation for transforming agriculture, allowing devices to engage and share statistics seamlessly while not
Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

having direct touch. Fresh improvements which include semi-automated and completely automatic irrigation setups,
utilizing tools like Arduino microcontrollers and GSM generation, had been counseled to beautify water
conservation and increase crop yields [7-9]. The agricultural sector's IoT landscape is anticipated to expand
remarkably, with forecasts suggesting an annualized advancement of 10.2% out of 2022 to 2030 [10,11]. Emerging
patterns in agriculture had been fashioned with the aid of improvements in WSNs. The miniaturization and
affordability of sensor devices have turned WSNs into a favored choice in precision agriculture. These networks
find application not just in conventional farming but also in horticulture, livestock management, and viticulture.
The main aim of implementing WSNs in these domains is to enhance quality and yield [1]. The significance of
weaving WSN into IoT frameworks to tackle communication hurdles and elevate agricultural practices [12,13].
Merging AI with wireless communication advancements offers smart decision-making assistance for irrigation
systems, enabling distant oversight and control [14]. The farming industry has skilled wonderful technological
development, incorporating current-day improvements together with the IoT, WSNs, drones, AI, robotics, big
statistics analytics, and blockchain era to boost productiveness and performance [10]. The research manuscript
unfolds in the following manner. In Section 2, a comprehensive literature review is presented, highlighting prior
scholars who have woven technological advancements into their explorations to aid in the metamorphosis of
conventional labor-heavy farming into intelligent agriculture. Section 3 delves into the realm of WSN, shedding
light on their pivotal influence in agricultural progression and outlines their fundamental components, such as
sensors, control units, and communication devices. Additionally, it touches upon the applications of WSN within
the sphere of smart agriculture. Concurrently, Section 4 comparisons of technologies, Section 5 the result, Section
6 the conclusions.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The integration of WSN technologies with the IoT is of great interest to many researchers due to the significant
advancements these technologies have brought about in various fields, including agriculture. Recent research in this
area has been summarized and presented in Table 1.

Jindarat and Wuttidittachotti [15] The system transforms traditional chicken farming into a “Smart Farm.” It uses
sensors like the Gas Sensor (MQ-2, MQ-135, MQ-136), Photosensitive sensor (LDR), and Humidity Sensor
(DHT22) to monitor the environment. An Arduino connects all sensors, sending data to the Raspberry Pi via UART.
The camera links to the Raspberry Pi through a Common System Interface (CSI). The system creates a bridge
between the Raspberry Pi and smartphones using a server-client model. Data exchange is managed through sockets,
referencing IP addresses and ports within the transport layer, employing the TCP protocol. The Raspberry Pi runs
on Raspbian Wheezy. Python is used to decode Arduino signals and manage controls like fans and lights based on
sensor readings. An Android app lets users remotely manage and modify farm conditions. Kamath et al. [1] The
goal is to deploy a wireless network for observing crops and weeds. The paper highlights the surge of wireless
sensor networks in farming, driven by IoT innovations. These networks play a pivotal role in the surveillance of
fundamental agricultural metrics such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and nitrite levels. The research
elucidates the utilization of Raspberry Pi devices as visual sensor nodes within the established network. These nodes
transmit data to a central base station through Bluetooth 4.0, which subsequently communicates the information to
a remote station employing the IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n protocols. To energize the sensor nodes and the base station,
solar cell is employed. At the remote station, the acquired images undergo preprocessing. The study utilizes machine
learning classifiers, namely random forest and support vector machine, to categorize paddy crops and weeds.
Muhammad et al. [7] The research focuses on an intelligent irrigation system aimed at water conservation. Various
IoT middleware platforms like Ubidots, ThingSpeak, and Amazon IoT facilitate device connectivity and data
exchange throw Wi-Fi. The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B serves as the microcontroller for the smart agriculture system.
The system employs multiple sensors, including the DHT22 for temperature and humidity and soil moisture sensors
for soil monitoring. Since the Raspberry Pi lacks built-in analog input, the ADS1115 Analog to Digital Converter
is used for accurate signal conversion. The paper emphasizes LoRa technology for long-range communication
necessary for environmental monitoring. Suggested improvements include adding sensors for pH levels, light
detection, and crop observation via image processing to enhance system efficiency.
Atmaja et al. [12] The study concludes that a communication framework for Smart Agriculture, founded on WSN
and the IoT, has been successfully established. This framework proficiently interfaces with a Raspberry Pi to gather
data from a variety of sensors, such as ultrasonic, soil pH, and soil moisture sensors, subsequently transmitting this
information to servers for remote access. Sensor data is relayed from all sensor nodes to the Raspberry Pi via ESP
01 modules. These sensors accumulate data that is processed locally by Arduino and conveyed to a server utilizing
ESP8266. The Raspberry Pi functions as a local server, directing data to a central server and archiving it in an online
database. The Raspberry Pi operates on a Linux-based operating system, Raspbian. Khriji et al. [16] This research

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Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

explores clever irrigation techniques using a wireless sensor network linked to the Internet of Things. A case study
pertaining to the smart irrigation system was executed, which encompassed five components: (sensing, processing,
subscriber unit, operation, persistence). The sensing component is comprised of a soil moisture sensor (SEN_13637)
and a soil temperature sensor (DS18B20), in conjunction with a wireless node referred to as Panstamp. The
processing component consists of receiving nodes that are serially connected to the Raspberry Pi (RPI). The data is
transmitted to the gateway (RPI) utilizing the MQTT communication protocol. A MySQL database was employed
for direct data storage, which can be accessed through a web interface or a mobile application. The lightweight
open-source broker Mosquitto was selected, and an appropriate web server, Flask.

Trihandoyo and Aristawati [17] The research focuses on crafting a super-efficient automation system for ideal plant
growth. This cutting-edge system is thoughtfully built with a range of crucial elements, including a versatile
breadboard, a sophisticated Arduino R3 microcontroller, an advanced soil moisture sensor, a DHT11 sensor for
accurately measuring temperature, a clear and informative LCD display, a reliable water pump to ensure proper
hydration, and a fan to facilitate air circulation and temperature regulation. Furthermore, the intricate circuit diagram
of the monitoring system was carefully developed to seamlessly integrate all these components, thereby allowing
for precise monitoring and adjustment of the environmental parameters crucial for the plants' growth. Jain [18] The
paper examines the incorporation of an embedded system that mitigates the limitations of conventional irrigation
techniques. By leveraging IoT and web-based technologies, the system seeks to optimize water utilization. A notable
benefit of this system is its remote operation and visualization via an Android mobile application. The proposed
framework amalgamates several moisture sensors, DHT22 with IoT devices that convey data to a central unit and
archive it in the cloud for instantaneous monitoring and management. A mobile application is designed to enable
users to remotely access and regulate irrigation data, thereby improving the efficacy and effectiveness of water
usage in agriculture. The system utilizes a microcontroller (Arduino YUN) and Node MCU (ESP8266) for data
processing and communication, ensuring irrigation is triggered based on real-time soil moisture assessments.
Ogunbiyi et al. [19] The research centers on crafting and implementing a self-operating irrigation system linked
with a mobile app. This innovative system empowers farmers to oversee irrigation from afar. It comprises an
Arduino Microcontroller, an Android smartphone equipped with Wi-Fi, an Esp8266 Wi-Fi Module, soil moisture
sensors (YL-69), solenoid valves or a DC water pump, relays, and switches. The Arduino Microcontroller is coded
in C, while the mobile app is created using Java for Android devices. This application showcases sensor information
and enables farmers to relay commands to the microcontroller via Wi-Fi. The system features an LCD that interacts
with the microcontroller to exhibit the moisture levels in the soil. - et al. [20] The manuscript elaborates on the
benefits of automated leaf detection in agricultural monitoring, facilitating the identification of foliar diseases. This
project includes a self-operating irrigation system. A WSN is utilized to collect real-time information from the field.
This network comprises sensors for soil moisture, water level, NPK analysis, PI camera to monitor the leaf disease
and ultrasonic detection to track the plant's growth. The information gathered by these sensors is processed by a
central unit (Raspberry Pi) that interfaces with the user's device through a Wi-Fi module. Users can track the motor's
condition and metrics and the illness of the leaf and the height of the plant via a specialized webpage. Natonis et al.
[21] The main objective of this study is to create an innovative greenhouse system that allows for remote and
automated management, making it easier for farmers to cultivate their crops. The design phase involves crafting
mechanical and hardware schematics using design tools such as Sketchup and Fritzing, as well as programming in
the Arduino IDE. The system is built around an Arduino Uno microcontroller, which plays a crucial role in
managing different sensors (DHT22 for Temperature and Humidity, GUVA-S12SD for Ultraviolet Intensity, and
Soil Moisture Sensor). The Wi-Fi Module (ESP8266) is employed to enable seamless communication between the
Arduino Uno and the server (Blynk).

Tang et al. [14] This scholarly inquiry offers an exhaustive examination of the utilization of IoT technology and
wireless communication methodologies that facilitate the transition of conventional agricultural irrigation systems
towards intelligent irrigation practices. The study elaborates on the hierarchical development within the agricultural
IoT framework, emphasizing that the efficacy of this system is fundamentally dependent on the communication
technologies employed. It encompasses short-range data transmission methodologies such as Zigbee, Wi-Fi, and
5G, alongside low-power wide-area communication technologies including LoRa and NB-IoT. Furthermore, the
research articulates the merits and demerits, as well as the applications of the aforementioned five technologies,
while also addressing the challenges encountered in the management of smart agricultural irrigation systems. Effah
et al. [22] have proposed an innovative model architecture categorizing sensor networks into static and dynamic
clusters. Each cluster comprises a central main node and several subordinate member nodes.Member nodes utilize
the DHT22 sensor to collect soil moisture and temperature data, relaying it to the main node. Subsequently, it

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Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

communicates with a gateway/base station or another cluster coordinator. Both main nodes and the gateway
maintain local data copies in CSV format, logging the relevant time, date, and sender MAC address. Each entity,
including main nodes, member nodes, and the gateway, represents Raspberry Pi 3B+. BLE 4.2 technology facilitates
communication within member node clusters, while LORA technology is employed for base station
communications, enabling off-site signal propagation. This system is powered by rechargeable solar energy banks.
Hosny et al. [23] The paper offers a comprehensive examination of advancements in IoT applications within
greenhouse agriculture. It categorizes IoT-related greenhouse farming into smart greenhouses, hydroponics, and
vertical farming, referencing pertinent review articles. The authors identify various resource management challenges
in greenhouse farms, such as energy, water, and communication service management, necessitating solutions to
enhance IoT technology utilization. Actuators execute directives from the control system, regulating components
like irrigation and lighting based on sensor inputs. The paper evaluates multiple communication protocols, such as
ZigBee and LoRa, each possessing distinct advantages and disadvantages. It proposes future research avenues to
address these challenges, including the creation of a unified architecture and the integration of advanced
technologies like AI and 5G.

Kumar et al. [2] The strategy weaves IoT into smart farming, boosting productivity. This paper showcases sensors
monitoring vital environmental factors and utilizes drones with tech gear. The IoT system evaluates communication
methods for optimal performance. Cloud tech offers farmers swift data insights for prompt choices. Machine
learning analyzes data to reveal key agricultural trends. Farmers can detect nutrient issues, diseases, or pests through
data insights. IoT controllers are vital for farming automation; Arduino is basic but lacks Wi-Fi, while ESP8266
Node MCU is preferred for connectivity. Raspberry Pi manages larger farms effectively, despite memory limits,
while the Giant Board boosts IoT capabilities. Intel Edison simplifies aquaponics and horticulture, marking a shift
to modern farming tech. Advanced tools like BeagleBone and ESP32 are crucial for secure and efficient farm IoT
systems, balancing speed and security. Mandal et al. [24] The paper explores innovative smart farming techniques
like IoT, AI, blockchain, sensors, and mobile tools like chatbots. AI helps tackle agricultural issues using expert
systems, fuzzy logic, and neural networks. Sensors are crucial for precision agriculture, gathering key data on the
environment and crops.Mobile apps facilitate smart farming with tools for disease identification, fertilizer use, and
water needs. The paper outlines various communication technologies for IoT, such as Wi-Fi, Sigfox, LoRa, and
ZigBee. Case studies illustrate the real-world impact of smart technologies in farming. Sanz et al. [25] The team of
researchers crafted an innovative system aimed at tracking hydrological events. This setup features a robust array
of sensors, including those for soil moisture and water levels, all interconnected through Narrowband Internet of
Things (NB-IoT) technology. The system employs a Quectel BC660K NB-IoT communication modem, the system
relied on IoT devices powered by Li-Ion batteries,along with an ESP-32 processor for optimal data handling.
Calibration of the soil moisture and water level sensors was performed through controlled experiments to guarantee
precise measurements in real-world settings. The open-source cloud platform Thinger.io was leveraged for data
management, facilitating smooth integration and analysis of the sensor information. Et-taibi et al. [26] The research
introduces an innovative cloud-driven smart irrigation framework powered by solar energy aimed at linking multiple
small-scale intelligent farms. The system employs sensors to collect instantaneous data on environmental parameters
(Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT 11), Fire Sensor, PIR Motion Sensor, Soil Moisture Sensor). And the NI
CompactRIO controller, along with Cloud Computing and Arduino Nanos, programmed with LabVIEW. The
findings indicate notable advancements in water preservation. Node RED is utilized for overseeing and visualizing
data. The paper emphasizes various communication technologies employed to enable data exchange and device
interconnectivity, which include (Wi-Fi, GPRS, Bluetooth, ZigBee, MQTT, LoRa, 4G, and 5G). Ting and Chan
[27] The paper emphasizes the importance of LoRaWAN for IoT networks. The system utilizes LoRa technology
for long-range communication. The design incorporates strategically placed components including transmitter and
receiver nodes, a solar power system, and wiring. An Arduino Uno microcontroller processes data from various
sensors. These sensors comprise a DHT22 for temperature and humidity, a raindrop sensor, an FC-28 soil moisture
sensor, and a DS3231 real-time clock module. The NodeMCU ESP32 is employed for synchronized data
transmission in the smart farm system. An I2C LCD display offers a user-friendly interface for monitoring
environmental conditions. The ThingSpeak IoT platform is integrated for real-time data visualization and crop
condition monitoring. The Blynk mobile application enables remote management of IoT devices. Yamini et al. [28]
The paper uses simulations to assess various wireless sensor network techniques. It compares platforms like Tmote
Sky and OpenMote, validating results through simulations and real-world tests. The paper discusses network
simulators like NS-2 and OMNET++ for simulating events. These tools are vital for testing network protocols,
including TCP, broadcasting, and multicasting. The methodology employs interference models to gather data,
crucial for grasping WSN communication dynamics. It mentions communication technologies in IoT systems, such

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Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

as WSNs, ZigBee, NFC, GPRS, LTE, RFID, and Bluetooth. The research explores simulation tools like
Matlab/SIMULINK to enhance IoT modeling speed. The study looks into energy-efficient strategies for WSN-IoT
integration, including the Chaotic Whale Optimization Process. Adopting longer encryption key lengths is vital for
securing sensor nodes.

Parab [29] The initiative is designed to create a smart agricultural ecosystem powered by IoT technology, and
machine learning. It employs a range of sensors, such as the DHT11 for monitoring temperature and humidity, a
PIR sensor for detecting movement, and a soil moisture sensor. These devices are meticulously positioned
throughout the field to capture essential environmental information. The heart of this system is the ESP8266
microcontroller. This microcontroller plays a vital role in forwarding the information via a Wi-Fi connection to be
visualized on an application interface. Additionally, this module features a recommendation algorithm that advises
on the best crops to plant and the appropriate fertilizers to utilize, based on the inputs given by the farmers.
Furthermore, there’s a manual switch to control the water pump, activating or deactivating it according to the soil’s
moisture levels. Sinha [30] The document delineates a sophisticated irrigation framework that enhances the
monitoring and management of water utilization in agricultural methodologies, utilizing six specific sensors that
measure water levels, soil moisture, light intensity, temperature, DHT11 humidity, and pH values. It also includes
a GSM module, LCD, and a motorized pump as output devices. Furthermore, soil moisture and humidity sensors,
among others, are incorporated with an Arduino Microcontroller. Exhaust fans operate as output mechanisms,
crafted to eliminate unpleasant scents, excess moisture, smoke, and various airborne pollutants.The system utilizes
wireless communication technology to connect the intelligent sensing apparatus with the smart irrigation network.
This facilitates the smooth transfer of data from the sensors to the central system for analysis. Ali et al. [31] This
research delves into the realm of automated poultry farming through the fusion of sensor networks and machine
learning technologies. An array of sensors, including MQ135, LDR, DHT11, and water level indicators, link
seamlessly to the RPI3B+ for efficient data gathering. Information is transmitted every minute to the RPI3B+,
logged in CSV format for subsequent analysis and enhancement. The RPI3B+ operates a machine learning algorithm
to scrutinize user interaction trends within the system. The RPI3B+ serves as a decentralized decision-making entity,
fine-tuning settings for fans, heaters, pumps, lights, and exhaust systems to uphold optimal conditions. An
evaluation of five machine learning models revealed that the Decision Tree model excelled beyond the others in
this context.

Table 1 Survey Summary

cite Year Aim of the work System IoT Devices Communication

Capabilities Technologies

[15] 2015 The study seeks to create Monitoring _Gas Sensor module (MQ-2, TCP protocol
a savvy chicken farming and MQ-135, MQ-136), and UART
management system that Controlling Photosensitive sensor module
blends embedded tech (LDR), and the Humidity
with smartphone Sensor module (DHT22)
innovation. _Raspberry Pi and Arduino

[1] 2019 launch a wireless visual Monitoring _temperature, humidity, soil Bluetooth 4.0,
sensor network for and moisture, and nitrite levels IEEE 802.11
precision farming, Controlling _Raspberry Pi a/b/g/n
specifically monitoring
paddy fields for weed
detection.
[7] 2020 A smart irrigation Monitoring _DHT22 for temperature and Wi-Fi
system designed for and humidity and soil moisture
water savings, it curtails Controlling sensors
excess watering by _Raspberry Pi 4 Model B
tracking soil moisture
and weather, ensuring
optimal water usage
while safeguarding plant
health.

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Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

[12] 2021 leverage the magic of Monitoring _ultrasonic, soil pH, and soil Wi-Fi
IoT and WSN to forge a and moisture sensors
powerful communication Controlling _Raspberry Pi and Arduino
network that enhances _ ESP8266-01
smart farming, boosting
productivity and
sustainability.
[16] 2021 Craft an ingenious Monitoring _soil moisture sensor MQTT
irrigation system that and (SEN_13637) and soil
harnesses IoT and WSN Controlling temperature sensor
to enhance water (DS18B20) and Panstamp
efficiency and minimize _Raspberry Pi
expenses.

[17] 2022 crafting a super-efficient Monitoring _soil moisture sensor and Non
automation system that and DHT11 sensor
enables meticulous Controlling _Arduino R3
oversight and fine-tuning
of essential
environmental factors
vital for plant
flourishing.
[18] 2023 Harness IoT innovation Monitoring _moisture sensors and Wi-Fi
to craft an intelligent and DHT22
irrigation solution that Controlling _Node MCU (ESP8266)
boosts water _Arduino YUN
conservation, minimizes
effort, and fosters eco-
friendly farming.
[19] 2023 Crafting an intelligent Monitoring _soil moisture sensors (YL- Wi-Fi
irrigation system that and 69)
pairs with a mobile app, Controlling _Arduino
enabling farmers to _ ESP8266
control their watering
from afar
[20] 2023 empower farmers to Monitoring, _ PI camera, soil moisture, Wi-Fi
optimize their irrigation Controlling ultrasonic detection, water
through a smart system and prediction level, and NPK analysis
that adapts to soil _Raspberry Pi
moisture.
[21] 2023 design a cutting-edge Monitoring _DHT22 for Temperature Wi-Fi
greenhouse that enables and and Humidity, GUVA-
remote automation for Controlling S12SD for Ultraviolet
seamless crop Intensity, and Soil Moisture
management by farmers Sensor
_Arduino Uno
_ ESP8266

[14] 2024 Craft an insightful Boost the Non Non

critique and assessment productivity,
to bolster the evolution eco-
and execution of friendliness,
intelligent irrigation and impact of
solutions, thus farming water
improving agricultural use strategies
efficiency and
sustainability.
[22] 2024 Showcase a practical Monitoring _DHT22 BLE 4.2 and
hardware assessment of and _Raspberry Pi 3B+ LORA
an innovative cluster- Controlling
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Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

based agricultural
Internet of Things (CA-
IoT) network, crafted to
be resilient, cost-
effective, versatile, user-
friendly, and
infrastructure-free,
tackling the pressing
issues of global food
scarcity due to climate
shifts and an expanding
population via precision
agriculture and
greenhouse technologies.
[23] 2024 The document delves It classifies Non Non
into the innovative IoT-driven
strides of IoT integration greenhouse
in greenhouse farming. agriculture
into innovative
smart
greenhouses,
soilless
hydroponics,
and dynamic
vertical
farming.
[2] 2024 showcase how IoT Farmers can Non Non
innovations can unveil nutrient
transform agriculture by deficiencies,
enhancing efficiency, illnesses, or
productivity, and pest invasions
sustainability, while using data-
tackling implementation driven
hurdles. insights.
[24] 2024 The article delves into _AI helps Non Non
cutting-edge smart tackle
agriculture methods agricultural
utilizing IoT, AI, issues
blockchain, sensors, and _gathering key
mobile solutions like data on the
chatbots. environment
and crops
_Mobile apps
facilitate smart
farming with
tools for
disease
identification,
fertilizer use,
and water
needs
[25] 2024 craft a dynamic Monitoring _soil moisture and water NB-IoT
framework to track levels
hydrological phenomena _ESP-32
driven by events.
[26] 2024 The study unveils a Monitoring, _Temperature and Humidity GPRS and
groundbreaking cloud- Controlling, Sensor (DHT 11), Fire ZigBee
based smart irrigation and Prediction Sensor, PIR Motion Sensor,
system designed to Soil Moisture Sensor
_Arduino Nanos
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Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

connect various small- _NI CompactRIO

scale intelligent farms.
[27] 2024 craft an innovative and Monitoring _raindrop sensor, an FC-28 LoRa
budget-friendly IoT and controlling soil moisture sensor and
framework employing DHT22
sensors and accessible _Node MCU ESP32
apps to revolutionize _Arduino Uno
farming, aiming to boost
productivity and growth
in small-scale agriculture
through the expansive
reach of the LoRa
protocol.
[28] 2024 to investigate and The fusion of Non Non
dissect cutting-edge IoT and WSNs
(WSN) methods in the enhances
realm of the Internet of demand
Things (IoT). response, load
predictions,
and grid
resilience via
smart data
insights.
[29] 2024 craft a visionary IoT Monitoring, _DHT11 for monitoring Wi-Fi
agricultural platform that Controlling temperature and humidity, a
monitors field insights and prediction PIR sensor for detecting
and forecasts for eco- movement, and a soil
friendly farming, moisture sensor
delivering tailored _ ESP8266
guidance to empower
local farmers' choices.
[30] 2024 crafting an ingenious Monitoring _measure water levels, soil WSN
irrigation system that and moisture, light intensity, GSM
optimizes water Controlling temperature, DHT11
efficiency by tracking humidity, and pH values
consumption and _Arduino
distributing it wisely
across farmlands.
[31] 2024 Create a smart poultry Monitoring, _MQ135, LDR, DHT11, and WSN
farm system (CSPF) by Controlling water level indicators
harnessing the power of and prediction _RPI3B+
IoT and machine
learning.

Table 2 Comparison between studies

Category Studies Focus Innovations Impact Top Choice
1. Smart Farming [15,1,7] Managing Early Significant for
Management and poultry farms, integration of niche
Precision Systems monitoring IoT with applications
(2015-2020) paddy fields, embedded (e.g., poultry,
and systems, visual paddy fields),
implementing sensors, and laying
smart irrigation smartphone groundwork
to conserve interactions for specialized
water focused on precision
efficiency farming.
2. Advanced IoT [12,16,17] IoT and WSN Improved data Enhanced
and Wireless frameworks communication efficiency and

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Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

Sensor Networks applied to and real-time operational

for Broader irrigation and monitoring for savings; serves
Applications environmental larger or more as a foundation
(2021-2022) control complex for fully
farming setups autonomous
farming
systems.
3. Next-Generation [18,19,20,26,30] Focused on IoT-driven Real-time,
Smart Irrigation irrigation water remote
and Remote- efficiency, distribution irrigation
Control Systems integrating based on soil control,
(2023-2024) mobile and moisture and enhancing
cloud-based user input, water
systems for combined with conservation,
small farm smartphone reducing labor,
connectivity apps and and adaptable
cloud-based to various
control farming scales.
4. Comprehensive [21,22,23,29] Broad IoT Focus on Ideal for
Smart Agriculture applications in climate closed-
and Greenhouse greenhouse resilience, environment
Management management, user-friendly farms,
(2024) including IoT, and field empowering
remote monitoring for local farmers
automation and real-time with data-
cluster-based environmental driven insights
networking for adjustments for improved
resilience crop yield.
5. Integration of [24,25,27,28,31] AI, blockchain, Combines AI Holistic, data- Study 24:
AI, Blockchain, and IoT for predictions, rich platforms Integrates IoT,
and IoT for combined to blockchain for that optimize AI, blockchain,
Transformative create data integrity, yield and and mobile
Farming (2024) frameworks for IoT for real- sustainability; solutions,
data tracking, time blockchain providing a
security, and monitoring and enhances versatile
operational control reliability and framework for
ease transparency, productivity,
valuable for efficiency, and
larger sustainability,
ecosystems. adaptable
across various
farming types
and scales.

3. VERVIEW OF WSN FOR SMART FARMING

3.1 Components of WSN
The WSNs are a system made up of many components that work together to monitor and collect data on a variety
of environments. These components, ‘sensing units, communication units, processing units, and power sources’, all
have an essential part to play in WSN’s ability to work in complex ways and fulfil functions such as data collection,
processing and relaying, that are crucial for uses ranging from ecological observation to structural integrity
evaluations. Refer to Fig. 1.

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Zahraa S. Kareem et al.

Fig. 1 physical components of wireless sensor network in smart farming

3.1.1 Sensing unit

In the realm of Intelligent Farming, various sensors are deployed to detect and evaluate numerous atmospheric and
soil conditions. Below are descriptions of the selected sensors [7].

3.1.1.1 Humidity and temperature sensor (DHT22)

Humidity and temperature detectors are employed to gauge the ambient relative humidity and temperature. To
function, they require an input voltage of 5 V [18]. Measurement Range: − 40 ◦C–80 ◦C for temperature, 0%–100%
for humidity Precision: ±0.5 ◦C for temperature, ±2% for humidity [27].

3.1.1.2 Soil Moisture Sensor

Soil hydration detectors are employed to gauge the water levels and moisture present in soil for flora [21]. These
sensors mainly function based on two distinct concepts: tension-based sensors (Tensiometer, Granular Matrix
Sensor) and sensors that measure soil water content (Time Domain Reflectometry, Capacitive sensor) [23,32,33].
There are two categories of soil moisture sensors: (Resistive Soil Moisture Sensor, Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor)
[7].

3.1.1.3 Water level sensor

The water level monitoring device is an instrument designed to gauge the fluid height within a stationary receptacle
that may be excessively high or low [30]. This water level monitor consists of three terminals: VCC, Ground, and
Data. It operates optimally with a current draw of less than 20 mA and a direct current voltage of 3-5V. Its sensing
range spans an area of 40 mm× 16 mm. The liquid level monitor performs best within a temperature range of 10 to
30 degrees Celsius and a humidity spectrum from 10% to 90%, provided there is no condensation present [31].

3.1.1.4 The LDR

Light sensors are frequently employed to monitor illumination within greenhouses. Their main function is to assess
the brightness of sunlight and modify automated sunshades as necessary [2,34,35]. The sensitivity of an LDR
fluctuates with different wavelengths, peaking at approximately 600 nm [31].

3.1.2 Communication unit

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The protocols of WSNs have gained remarkable traction over traditional wired transmission systems, thanks to their
efficient communication methods, ease of upkeep, and budget-friendly nature when juxtaposed with cabling
solutions. These innovative protocols enable seamless wireless interactions, remote data gathering, and a variety of
applications by sending out electromagnetic waves [23,36,37]. Subsequently, a comparative analysis is illustrated
in Table 2.

3.1.2.1 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

Is recognized as Bluetooth smart technology. It functions within the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. Furthermore,
BLE finds its application in various agricultural fields due to its efficiency in power consumption and cost-
effectiveness as a wireless communication solution. It facilitates data transmission over short ranges of up to 10
meters and achieves data rates reaching 200 Kbps. In contrast to traditional Bluetooth, BLE accommodates an
unlimited number of nodes in a star configuration and features reduced connection times, resulting in diminished
power usage. Nonetheless, BLE is limited to one-way communication. Hence, BLE is ideal for scenarios where the
longevity of battery life is prioritized over high-speed data transfers [16].

3.1.2.2 Wi-Fi
Is a wireless LAN innovation forged by the IEEE 802.11 standard [38]. As the digital landscape has evolved, Wi-
Fi has gained immense traction across numerous sectors. Wi-Fi flaunts impressive communication speeds, robust
signal penetration, rapid data transfer, and expansive bandwidth. Nevertheless, the technology heavily relies on
bandwidth, and any disruptions in the signal may lead to system failures [14]. Furthermore, Wi-Fi’s data protection
is lacking, rendering it vulnerable to breaches and potential data loss during agricultural environmental monitoring
and data exchanges. Additionally, Wi-Fi is ill-suited for the retrieval and storage of substantial agricultural data
volumes. Its networking capacity is limited, allowing only a finite number of devices to connect, typically in the
range of dozens, making it inadequate for extensive agricultural irrigation systems [14]. This innovation
encompasses a variety of radio wavelengths, ranging from 2.4 to 60 GHz, and meticulously outlines the
configuration of data packets. Wi-Fi has gained immense popularity across numerous gadgets, mainly owing to its
extensive coverage area, generally between 3–7 km, aided by a robust transmitting antenna, along with its capability
to achieve data transfer rates reaching as high as 700 Mbps [10,39,40].

3.1.2.3 ZigBee

ZigBee technology, founded on the IEEE 802.15.4 framework, navigates through various radio frequency
spectrums, such as 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, and 868 MHz, achieving a remarkable data transfer speed of 250 kbps.
Impressively, ZigBee is capable of operating in a low-energy sleep mode, allowing battery usage to last for extensive
durations [10,41]. It embraces a range of networking methodologies, incorporating star, tree, and mesh
configurations, which culminate in three main types of Zigbee networks: star, tree, and wireless mesh network
designs [42].

3.1.2.4 LoRaWAN
This technology is grounded in the IEEE 802.15.4 g framework [23,43,44]. The challenges posed by the vast
expanse of the farm are addressed through LoRa technology, which enables extensive-range communication via
radio frequency. LoRa offers a lot of benefits that make it highly fitted for wireless data transmission in IoT. Long-
range is one of the most significant as it allows transmitting data over a considerable distance. This is vital for smart
agriculture, in which sensors are spread over a vast area. Low power consumption also contributes to better
efficiency of devices with batteries and their enhanced lifespan. The security of the LoRa data transmission helps
to guarantee that it is confidential and authentic. The method uses multi-symbol data formats and chirp spread
spectrum (CSS) modulation for effective data encoding and transmission, allowing LoRa to operate across various
frequency ranges, such as 433 to 435 MHz in Malaysia and 919 to 923 MHz in Asia [27,45].

3.1.3 Processing unit

Are specialized hardware components developed to perform data related operations amazingly fast, offloading these
tasks from the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Operations Managers provide the necessary visibility into how data
is moved and processed in complex computing landscapes, ensuring optimal performance as well as, maximizing
resource efficiency.
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3.1.3.1 Raspberry Pi
A low-cost little Linux-powered board, able to drive monitor and keyboard/mouse it provided an inexpensive means
of interacting with electronics whilst still being a platform for programming or even hosting simple web services.
Remember that it has no analog inputs compared to Arduino, so you need an external ADC or an interface board
for those. MySQL could be embedded on the board where a GPIO pin can do duties as Digital Input or Output, both
work at 3.3V [15].

3.1.3.2 Node MCU (ESP8266)

Is an open-source IoT framework, which is versatile. It is worth mentioning that its firmware operates on ESP8266
Wi-Fi module. Development language is done in Arduino IDE with C/C++ or Lua programming languages. The
device uses 16 GPIO pins for the control of peripheral devices, for example, sensors, LEDs, and switches. In
addition, 16 pins can act as PWM outputs. Node MCU has two UART interfaces, and the device works under XTOS
OS. The capacity of the device is 4M Bytes. Moreover, the supply voltage is 5V. There exists an L106 32-bit
processor, which is powered at a speed of 160 MHz [29].

3.1.3.3 Arduino YUN

ATmega32u4 microcontroller and an Atheros AR9331 are included in the board and are provided with Wi-Fi and
Ethernet connectivity options. ATmega operates with a frequency of approximately 16 MHz. This board facilitates
the management of systems and mechanisms, provides data exchange across the network. Its power is 5 V DC [18].

3.2 Application of WSN in smart farming

The domain of smart farming has readily adopted WSNs as central instruments, supplying sophisticated methods of
managing and improving agricultural domains. They guarantee that data collection and analysis take no time at all,
which means more well-informed decisions and better crops. Therefore, the major functions of WSNs in the area
of agriculture are as follows, developed further with the help of recent research studies.

3.2.1 Monitoring soil conditions

One of the possible applications of the WSNs is the use of them to gather the soil characteristics of the agricultural
land during some time and analyze the data later to predict the most suitable crop to grow there. The sensor networks
are used to detect a variety of agricultural parameters such as temperature, humidity, leaf moisture, soil hydration
and others [1]. Trihandoyo and Aristawati [17] The research focuses on crafting a super-efficient automation system
for ideal plant growth. This cutting-edge system is thoughtfully built with a range of crucial elements, including a
versatile breadboard, a sophisticated Arduino R3 microcontroller, an advanced soil moisture sensor, a DHT11
sensor for accurately measuring temperature, a clear and informative LCD display, a reliable water pump to ensure
proper hydration, and a fan to facilitate air circulation and temperature regulation. Furthermore, the intricate circuit
diagram of the monitoring system was carefully developed to seamlessly integrate all these components, thereby
allowing for precise monitoring and adjustment of the environmental parameters crucial for the plants' growth.

3.2.2 Irrigation management

Precise irrigation is a method of water application synchronized with the peculiar needs of the crop. It implies
measurement and control of a number of waters given to the foliage using the findings taken in the soil, or the status
of the crop, in addition to climatic components illustrating the crop’s fitness. This type of irrigation can be achieved
through such key goals as economy of water use, minimum energy cost, and maximum crop yield. It is facilitated
by such modern technologies as WSNs, interconnected systems, mobile applications, real-time monitoring, and
other [16]. Ogunbiyi et al. [19] The research centers on crafting and implementing a self-operating irrigation system
linked with a mobile app. This innovative system empowers farmers to oversee irrigation from afar. It comprises an
Arduino Microcontroller, an Android smartphone equipped with Wi-Fi, an Esp8266 Wi-Fi Module, soil moisture
sensors (YL-69), solenoid valves or a DC water pump, relays, and switches. The Arduino Microcontroller is coded
in C, while the mobile app is created using Java for Android devices. This application showcases sensor information
and enables farmers to relay commands to the microcontroller via Wi-Fi. The system features an LCD that interacts
with the microcontroller to exhibit the moisture levels in the soil.

3.2.3 Crop health monitoring

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Observing flora is a crucial component of farming, gardening, and botanical studies. It encompasses the consistent
tracking and evaluation of different physiological, environmental, and growth factors of flora. This practice aids in
grasping the plant's vitality, development speed, and overall effectiveness [17]. - et al. [20] The manuscript
elaborates on the benefits of automated leaf detection in agricultural monitoring, facilitating the identification of
foliar diseases. This project includes a self-operating irrigation system. A WSN is utilized to collect real-time
information from the field. This network comprises sensors for soil moisture, water level, NPK analysis, a PI camera
to observe foliar ailment, and ultrasonic sensors to overseer grass expansion. The information gathered by these
sensors is processed by a central unit (Raspberry Pi) that interfaces with the user's device through a Wi-Fi module.
Users can track the motor's condition and metrics, along with the foliar ailment and the plant's extent via a
specialized webpage.

Table 3 Comparison Between the Components and its Limitations

Component Energy Data Accuracy Scalability Limitations Difficulties

Efficiency
Humidity & Moderate High accuracy: Scalable for Cost: Sensitive to
Temperature power ±0.5°C (temp), multiple Affordable; temperature
Sensor requirement; ±2% (humidity) installations Maintenance: extremes and
(DHT22) operates at 5V within limited Requires humidity
range recalibration condensation,
over time; which may
Environmental impact longevity
Impact: Limited and accuracy
to moderate
environments
Soil Moisture Varies by type Moderate Scalable but Cost: Capacitive Soil composition
Sensor (Resistive is accuracy, typically sensors are more affects data
less efficient, especially for requires close costly; accuracy;
Capacitive is resistive type proximity Maintenance: resistive sensors
efficient) Soil conditions may degrade in
can affect sensor damp soil,
lifespan; requiring
Environmental frequent
Impact: Not replacement
suited for highly
alkaline soils
Water Level Low power (20 High accuracy Limited Cost: Moderate; Sensitive to
Sensor mA at 3-5V) within limited scalability due Maintenance: condensation and
temperature and to optimal Regular extreme
humidity range range in small cleaning needed; temperatures;
setups Environmental limited to
Impact: Limited stationary and
to non-corrosive moderate
liquids environments
LDR (Light Low power Moderate Scalable for Cost: Low; Susceptible to
Sensor) consumption accuracy, peak broader area if Maintenance: dust or physical
sensitivity at 600 light Minimal; obstructions,
nm conditions are Environmental impacting sensor
uniform Impact: Stable, accuracy
limited
interference
with external
conditions
Bluetooth Low Very energy High accuracy Limited to Cost: Low; Not suited for
Energy (BLE) efficient, ideal for short-range small-scale Maintenance: long-range
for battery- communication networks (10m Minimal, but communication;
operated range) range limited to one-
devices constraints; way
Environmental communication
Impact: Minor,
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due to low and small

power usage networks
Wi-Fi High energy High accuracy, Moderate Cost: Moderate Limited to areas
consumption robust signal scalability, to high; with good signal,
penetration with limited Maintenance: vulnerable to
number of Higher upkeep interference, not
devices per due to data ideal for large
network security risks; data storage due
Environmental to bandwidth
Impact: High limitations
energy use
ZigBee Low energy Moderate Scalable, Cost: Moderate; Limited data rate
consumption accuracy for low supports mesh Maintenance: of 250 kbps;
(sleep mode) data transfer networks Minimal but prone to
requires interference from
networking other 2.4 GHz
setup; devices
Environmental
Impact: Low
LoRaWAN Very low Moderate High Cost: Higher for Limited data rate;
energy accuracy over scalability for initial setup; susceptible to
consumption long distances wide area Maintenance: environmental
networks Periodic noise due to large
firmware coverage area
updates;
Environmental
Impact: Low
Raspberry Pi Moderate High accuracy Scalable with Cost: Moderate Requires external
energy for processing additional to high; ADC for analog
efficiency and data peripherals Maintenance: input; limited
handling Requires GPIO pins for
software multiple sensors
management;
Environmental
Impact:
Moderate
Node MCU Low energy High accuracy Moderate Cost: Low; Limited
(ESP8266) consumption for low-power scalability Maintenance: processing
applications with limited Minimal; capacity; may
GPIO pins Environmental require additional
Impact: Low support for
due to power extensive
efficiency applications
Arduino YUN Moderate High accuracy in Moderate Cost: Moderate May require
energy connectivity and scalability, but to high; external data
efficiency data exchange more complex Maintenance: storage; limited
due to multiple Moderate, to small to
controllers requires medium-sized
technical applications
knowledge;
Environmental
Impact:
Moderate

4. COMPARISONS OF TECHNOLOGIES

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In order to evaluate the technologies' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in agricultural systems, the
following SWOT table has been created for intelligent farming: humidity and temperature sensors, soil moisture
sensors, water level sensors, LDRs, BLE, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, Raspberry Pi, Node MCU, and Arduino
YUN. Table 4 Comparison between technologies

Technology Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Humidity & High precision; Limited range and Suitable for small Potential data
Temperature affordable; low temperature and medium-scale inaccuracies in
Sensor (DHT22) power consumption resilience; may farms; potential for extreme weather;
require recalibration weather pattern and susceptible to
humidity data environmental wear
analytics
Soil Moisture Essential for Soil type and Improved water Potential sensor
Sensor irrigation mineral content management; damage from
management; cost- affect accuracy; optimized crop extreme soil
effective options resistive sensors yield; applicable conditions; higher
available degrade in high for both open fields maintenance for
moisture and greenhouses resistive sensors
Water Level Low-cost; provides Limited operating Useful for Susceptibility to
Sensor critical data for range; may need managing water corrosion and
irrigation reservoirs regular cleaning resources extreme weather;
and water efficiently; inaccuracies in high
management reducing water humidity
wastage environments
LDR (Light Low cost; essential Accuracy depends Supports crop Vulnerable to
Sensor) for greenhouse on exposure and growth environmental
automation; dust accumulation; optimization; factors like dust and
effective for sensitive to greenhouse shading
monitoring sunlight obstructed light automation for
levels sources lighting
adjustments
Bluetooth Low Highly energy- Limited to short- Useful for small Limited scalability
Energy (BLE) efficient; cost- range farms; effective for in large fields;
effective; supports communication; close-range sensor subject to
multiple nodes lacks two-way networks interference from
communication other Bluetooth
devices
Wi-Fi High-speed data High power Allows real-time Vulnerable to
transmission; broad consumption; monitoring and network instability
device compatibility limited scalability in control; enables and security threats;
dense sensor data sharing and high power
networks; security cloud storage requirements
concerns unsuitable for
large-scale
deployment
ZigBee Low power Low data rate; Well-suited for Limited scalability
consumption; potential extensive mesh in very large farms;
effective for mesh interference in the networks in farms; lower bandwidth
networks; supports 2.4 GHz band enables multiple limits complex data
multiple topologies node setups across transmission
fields
LoRaWAN Long-range, low Low data rate; Ideal for remote, Limited data
power; suitable for higher initial setup large-scale farms; throughput restricts
vast agricultural costs; susceptible to enables long-range complex data
areas; secure data environmental noise monitoring and analysis; potential
transmission over long ranges efficient water regulatory issues
usage management for spectrum usage

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Raspberry Pi Versatile and Moderate power Enables advanced Requires external

powerful; supports consumption; lacks data processing and components for
complex data analog inputs; decision-making analog data; may be
processing and limited GPIO for on-site; can host costly for small
storage; suitable for extensive sensor web interfaces for farms or simpler
advanced connections monitoring use cases
applications
Node MCU Low cost; highly Limited processing Great for IoT Limited
(ESP8266) versatile; energy- power and storage; applications; can computational
efficient; compact may need additional serve as a Wi-Fi- capability for large
design modules for enabled controller data sets; may not
extended for multiple sensors suit long-term,
applications intensive data
applications
Arduino YUN Integrated Limited to smaller- Enables real-time May not handle
microcontroller and scale applications; data exchange extensive data
Linux environment; relatively high cost; across networks; processing tasks;
supports Wi-Fi and lower processing ideal for small limited expansion
Ethernet speed compared to farms and localized capability due to
connectivity other boards data processing fewer GPIO and
lower processing
power

The agricultural technologies included in this table include sensors for temperature, humidity, water levels, soil
moisture, light detection, and BLE, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and LoRaWAN communication systems, as well as processing
units like Raspberry Pi and Node MCU. Temperature and humidity sensors, soil moisture sensors, water level
sensors, light sensors, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, Raspberry Pi, Node MCU
(ESP8266), and Arduino YUN are just a few of the technologies and solutions included in the table for a variety of
applications. Cost-effectiveness, precision, range, dependability, and device interoperability are just a few
advantages that these technologies provide. They do, however, have certain drawbacks, such low data rates and
battery usage. It is advised to employ energy-efficient procedures and take into account alternate technology for
larger farms in order to improve these solutions. The necessity of routine calibration and maintenance for these
systems is also emphasized in the text. By addressing the limitations of these technologies through calibration,
material selection, hybrid systems, and optimal configurations, farmers may increase productivity, improve resource
management, and ensure sustainability in agricultural operations.

5. RESULTS
The research findings presented in the connected documents highlight the significant advancements and potential
of integrating Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the field of smart
agriculture.

Communication Efficiency, Resource Utilization, Irrigation Efficiency, and Management Accuracy

Fig. 2 illustrates the trends and impacts of WSN and IoT technologies on various aspects of agricultural operations.
The integration of these technologies has led to substantial improvements in communication efficiency, enabling
seamless data transfer between sensor nodes, control units, and remote monitoring platforms. This enhanced
connectivity has in turn optimized resource utilization, particularly in areas such as precision irrigation management.
The data-driven insights provided by WSN-IoT systems have significantly improved the accuracy and
responsiveness of agricultural decision-making. Farmers can now monitor real-time soil moisture levels,
environmental conditions, and crop health, allowing for targeted and efficient resource allocation. This has resulted
in enhanced irrigation efficiency, reducing water wastage and promoting sustainable farming practices.

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Fig. 2 The Results of Communication efficiency, Resource utilization, irrigation efficiency, and management
accuracy

Energy Consumption and Sustainability Index

Fig.3 showcases the impact of WSN and IoT technologies on energy consumption and the overall sustainability
index in smart agriculture. The adoption of energy-efficient sensor nodes, communication protocols, and processing
units has led to a notable reduction in power requirements for agricultural monitoring and control systems. This
improvement in energy efficiency, coupled with the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar power,
has significantly enhanced the sustainability of smart farming operations. The sustainability index, which
encompasses factors like water conservation, carbon footprint, and resource optimization, has shown a marked
increase with the implementation of these advanced technological solutions.

Fig.3 Show the Results of energy consumption and sustainability index

Overall, the research findings demonstrate that the confluence of WSNs and IoT in agriculture has the potential to
revolutionize traditional farming practices. By enabling real-time monitoring, data-driven decision-making, and
automated resource management, these technologies can contribute to increased productivity, improved resource
utilization, and enhanced environmental sustainability in the agricultural sector. However, the successful
deployment of these systems requires addressing challenges related to infrastructure costs, data security, and user
adoption, which will require further research and strategic investments.

6. CONCLUSIONS
The confluence of (IoT) and (WSNs) in agriculture is examined in this paper, with an emphasis on how these
technologies might improve agricultural sustainability and efficiency through automation and resource

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optimization. The study emphasizes the application of cutting-edge microcontrollers and sensors, machine
intelligence fusion, creative energy solutions, and cutting-edge communication technologies like LoRa and ZigBee
for real-time monitoring and governance. Smart agriculture, which addresses urgent issues in agriculture such real-
time monitoring, data-driven decision-making, and resource efficiency, may be developed through the integration
of WSNs and IoT technology. Real-time crop and soil monitoring; automated precision agriculture; AI-driven
predictive analytics for crop management; monitoring of livestock health and behavior; improved crop disease
detection through computer vision; effective supply chain management; smart irrigation systems with predictive
weather integration; greenhouse automation and climate control; crop and weed detection for targeted treatment;
and an integrated farmer decision support system (DSS) are some useful ideas for combining AI with 5G networks
in smart farming. Nonetheless, there are a number of issues that must be resolved. Using these technologies may be
complicated by infrastructure expenses, data protection issues, and farmer training requirements. It can be costly to
deploy 5G and IoT infrastructure in rural or isolated agricultural regions, and the growing amount of data exchange
raises privacy issues. Furthermore, farmers might need training in order to operate and maintain this sophisticated
equipment. To sum up, the combination of 5G and AI presents a revolutionary chance for smart farming, fostering
sustainability and production. To overcome real-world obstacles and make these technologies viable and accessible
for mass agricultural usage, further study and calculated investments are required. We can optimize crop
management, lower risks, enhance agricultural practices, and use less water by integrating these technologies.

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