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Unit 2

The document provides an overview of various shell types, including the command-line interpreter for Linux and Unix, the Python shell, Jupyter Notebook, and IPython, highlighting their functionalities and commands. It also discusses NumPy's universal functions (ufuncs), their advantages such as vectorized operations, type casting, and broadcasting, along with examples of trigonometric and statistical functions. Additionally, it illustrates broadcasting with examples demonstrating how operations can be performed on arrays of different shapes.

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23 views6 pages

Unit 2

The document provides an overview of various shell types, including the command-line interpreter for Linux and Unix, the Python shell, Jupyter Notebook, and IPython, highlighting their functionalities and commands. It also discusses NumPy's universal functions (ufuncs), their advantages such as vectorized operations, type casting, and broadcasting, along with examples of trigonometric and statistical functions. Additionally, it illustrates broadcasting with examples demonstrating how operations can be performed on arrays of different shapes.

Uploaded by

22ee143
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SHELL:

A shell is a type of computer program called a command-line interpreter that lets Linux and Unix
users control their operating systems with command-line interfaces.

Some of the essential basic shell commands in Linux for different operations are:
● File Management -> cp, mv, rm, mkdir
● Navigation -> cd, pwd, ls
● Text Processing -> cat, grep, sort, head
● System Monitoring -> top, ps, df
● Permissions and Ownership -> chmod, chown, chgrp
● Networking – > ping, wget, curl, ssh, scp, ftp
● Compression and Archiving – > tar, gzip, gunzip, zip, unzip
● Package Management – > dnf, yum, apt-get
● Process Management -> kill, killall, bg, killall, kill

The Python shell, also known as the Python interactive interpreter or REPL (Read-Eval-Print
Loop), is a command-line interface that allows you to interact directly with the Python
interpreter, execute code, and see the results immediately.

Jupyter Notebook

Jupyter notebooks are used for all sorts of data science tasks such as exploratory data analysis
(EDA), data cleaning and transformation, data visualization, statistical modeling, machine
learning, and deep learning.

IPython

IPython is an enhanced interactive Python shell that is used inside Jupyter Notebooks. It
provides additional functionality over the standard Python shell.

Magic Commands

Magic commands in IPython start with % (for single-line commands) or %% (for cell-wide
commands).

Commonly Used Magic Commands

Magic Command Description


%ls Lists files in the current directory
%pwd Shows the current working directory
%run script.py Runs an external Python script
%timeit Measures execution time of a
statement statement
Magic Command Description
%history Displays command history
%who Shows all variables in memory
%reset Clears all variables from memory
%matplotlib Displays plots inside Jupyter
inline Notebook

Comparison: Python Shell vs Jupyter Notebook vs IPython


Python Jupyter IPyth
Feature
Shell Notebook on
Interactive Code
✅ Yes ✅ Yes ✅ Yes
Execution
Supports Markdown ❌ No ✅ Yes ❌ No
Inline Visualizations ❌ No ✅ Yes ✅ Yes
Cell Execution ❌ No ✅ Yes ✅ Yes
Magic Commands ❌ No ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

Link : https://jakevdp.github.io/PythonDataScienceHandbook/01.03-magic-commands.html
NumPy Universal functions (ufuncs in short) are simple mathematical functions that operate
on ndarray (N-dimensional array) in an element-wise fashion.

ufunc, or universal functions offer various advantages in NumPy. Some benefits of using ufuncs
are:

1. Vectorized Operations

ufuncs are applied element-wise to all the elements in the ndarray.

Vectorization, in various contexts, refers to transforming data (like text or images) into
numerical vectors, allowing machines to perform mathematical computations on them
efficiently, or converting raster graphics into vector graphics.

ufuncs are more efficient than loops as they are applied simultaneously to all
elements. Vectorization is very useful on large data sets.

2. Type Casting

Type casting means converting the data type of a variable to perform the necessary operation.

ufuncs automatically handle type casting and ensure compatible datatypes for calculations.

This allows code to be concise and reduces the chances of error.

3. Broadcasting

Broadcasting means to perform arithmetic operations on arrays of different size.

ufuncs automatically handle broadcasting and avoids the need for manual array shape
manipulation.

ufunc’s Trigonometric Functions in NumPy

Function Description

compute the sine, cosine, and tangent of


sin, cos, tan
angles
ufunc’s Trigonometric Functions in NumPy

arcsin, arccos, arctan calculate inverse sine, cosine, and tangent

calculate the hypotenuse of the given right


hypot
triangle

sinh, cosh, tanh compute hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent

compute inverse hyperbolic sine, cosine, and


arcsinh, arccosh, arctanh
tangent

deg2rad convert degree into radians

rad2deg convert radians into degree

Example: Using Trigonometric Functions

Statistical functions

These functions calculate the mean, median, variance, minimum, etc. of


array elements.
Aggregation:

Function Name NaN-safe Version Description

np.sum np.nansum Compute sum of elements

np.prod np.nanprod Compute product of elements

np.mean np.nanmean Compute mean of elements

np.std np.nanstd Compute standard deviation

np.var np.nanvar Compute variance

np.min np.nanmin Find minimum value

np.max np.nanmax Find maximum value

np.argmin np.nanargmin Find index of minimum value

np.argmax np.nanargmax Find index of maximum value

np.median np.nanmedian Compute median of elements

Compute rank-based statistics of


np.percentile np.nanpercentile
elements

Evaluate whether any elements


np.any N/A
are true

Evaluate whether all elements are


np.all N/A
true

NaN (Not a Number): NaN represents missing or undefined data in


Python.
Examples of Broadcasting
Example 1: Scalar and Array
python
CopyEdit
import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])


result = arr * 2 # Broadcasting scalar multiplication

print(result) # Output: [2 4 6]
🔹 Why it works? The scalar 2 is "broadcast" to match the shape of arr.

Example 2: Row Vector and Column Vector


python
CopyEdit
a = np.array([[1], [2], [3]]) # Shape (3,1)
b = np.array([10, 20, 30]) # Shape (1,3)

result = a + b # Shape (3,3) after broadcasting

print(result)
Output:
lua
CopyEdit
[[11 21 31]
[12 22 32]
[13 23 33]]
🔹 Why it works?

● a is (3,1), so NumPy expands it horizontally to (3,3).


● b is (1,3), so NumPy expands it vertically to (3,3).

https://jakevdp.github.io/PythonDataScienceHandbook/

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