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_Random Variables and Discrete Distributions

The document covers the fundamentals of probability and statistics, focusing on discrete random variables and distributions, specifically the Bernoulli and binomial distributions. It explains key concepts such as mean, variance, and standard deviation, as well as when to apply these distributions in various scenarios. Additionally, it introduces the Poisson distribution and its characteristics.

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7 views

_Random Variables and Discrete Distributions

The document covers the fundamentals of probability and statistics, focusing on discrete random variables and distributions, specifically the Bernoulli and binomial distributions. It explains key concepts such as mean, variance, and standard deviation, as well as when to apply these distributions in various scenarios. Additionally, it introduces the Poisson distribution and its characteristics.

Uploaded by

senanayakakethaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability and Statistics

Random Variables and Discrete Distributions

Thilini Kulaweera
MSc (Colombo) | BSc (Kelaniya)
Goals
Interpret the mean and standard deviation for a discrete probability
distributions

Use the binomial probability distribution to find probabilities

Describe when to apply the binomial distribution

Use the Poisson discrete probability distributions to find probabilities


Introduction to Probability Distributions
Discrete Random Variables
Discrete Probability distribution
Summary Measures
Summary Measures
The Covariance
The covariance measures the strength of the linear relationship
between two variables.
The Covariance
Bernoulli Distribution
Suppose a random experiment has two outcomes, namely
Success and Failure. Let probability of success be p and
probability of failure be q = 1 - p. Such an experiment is
called Bernoulli experiment or Bernoulli trial.

Trials of random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if


they satisfy the following conditions There is finite number
of trials. The trials should be independent.
Bernoulli Distribution

Each trial has exactly two out comes: successor failure. The
probability of success remains the same in each trial.
Let a Bernoulli experiment be conducted n times.
Let the variable Xi, i = 1, 2, 3.......... take values 1 and 0 according
as ith experiment is a success or a failure. Then, Xi is a Bernoulli
variate with parameter p. It denotes the number of successes in
the ith experiment
Bernoulli Distribution
Bernoulli distribution has one constant, namely p. This constant p is called a
parameter of the Bernoulli distribution.
Bernoulli distribution can also be written as

p(x)=pxq1−x x=0,1
Here, occurrence of the value 1 may be termed as
success and the occurrence of the value 0 may be termed as failure.
Therefore P (success) = p and P(failure) = q = 1 – p.
Bernoulli Experiment

Mean and Variance

Mean = E(X) = p
Variance = Var (x) = p×(1−p)=p×q
Standard Deviation = √(p×q)
Bernoulli Experiment
Given below are some of the examples on Bernoulli Distribution.

1. A fair coin is tossed. Let the variable x take values 1 and 0 according to
as the toss results in ‘Head‘ or ‘Tail’. Then, X is a Bernoulli variable with
parameter p=1/2. Here, X denotes the number of heads obtained in the
toss.

Probability of success = 1/2 and


probability of failure =1/2.
Bernoulli Experiment
2. In a single throw of a dice, the outcome "5"
is called a success and any other outcome is called a
failure, then the successive throws of a dice will contain
Bernoulli trials.

The probability of success = 1/6 and the probability of


failure = 5/6.
Binomial Distribution
A fixed number of observations, n
❖ 15 tosses of a coin; ten light bulbs taken from a warehouse

Two mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories


❖ head or tail in each toss of a coin; defective or not defective light bulb
❖ Generally called “success” and “failure”
Probability of success is p, probability of failure is 1 – p
Binomial Distribution
Constant probability for each observation
❖ Probability of getting a tail is the same each time we toss the coin
Observations are independent
The outcome of one observation does not affect the outcome of the other

Two sampling methods


▪Infinite population without replacement
▪Finite population with replacement
Possible Binomial Distribution

A manufacturing plant labels items as either defective or acceptable

▪ A firm bidding for contracts will either get a contract or not

▪ A marketing research firm receives survey responses of “yes I will buy”


or “no I will not”

▪ New job applicants either accept the offer or reject it


Binomial Distribution
Calculating Binomial Distribution
Binomial Distribution Summary measures
Binomial Distribution Table
Poisson Distribution
Poisson Distribution - when to apply
Poisson Distribution Formula
Poisson Distribution characteristics
Poisson table
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Questions ?
Thank You

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