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The document presents a problem set for a course in Algebra, specifically focusing on group theory and its properties. It includes various exercises to determine whether certain sets with defined operations are groups, the implications of certain group properties, and proofs related to subgroups and cyclic groups. Additionally, it covers topics such as the existence of elements of certain orders in groups and the structure of cosets.

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23 views2 pages

Ps 1

The document presents a problem set for a course in Algebra, specifically focusing on group theory and its properties. It includes various exercises to determine whether certain sets with defined operations are groups, the implications of certain group properties, and proofs related to subgroups and cyclic groups. Additionally, it covers topics such as the existence of elements of certain orders in groups and the structure of cosets.

Uploaded by

suryarockzshoe
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Problem set - 1

MA 111: Algebra (Even semester 2022-2023)


Instructor: Abhash Kumar Jha

1. In the following determine whether the set with given operations are groups. If they are not,
point out which of the group axioms fail to hold.

(a) G = Z, a · b := a − b, the usual subtraction of integers.


(b) G = Z+ , a · b := ab, the usual product of integers.
(c) G = {x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 } and the operation on G is defined as
(
xi+j , if i + j < 7,
xi · xj =
xi+j−7 , if i + j ≥ 7
  
a b
(d) G = : a, b, c, d ∈ R, ad − bc ∈ Q \ {0} with matrix multiplication.
c d
  
a b
(e) G = : a, b, d ∈ R, ad 6= 0 with matrix multiplication.
0 d
  
a 0
(f) G = : a(6= 0) ∈ R with matrix multiplication.
0 1/a
  
a b
(g) G = : a, b, c, d ∈ Z3 , ad − bc 6= 0 with matrix multiplication.
c d
(h) G = Z, a · b = a + b + ab.
a+b
(i) G = Z, a · b = 5 .
(j) G = Z × Z, (a, b) · (c, d) = (ad + bc, bd).
(k) G = {0 ≤ x < 1}, a · b = a + b − ba + bc.
(l) G = {z ∈ C : z n = 1 for some n ∈ Z+ } with usual multiplication of complex number.

2. Let G be a group such that (a · b)2 = a2 · b2 for all a, b ∈ G. The G must be abelian.

3. If G is a group in which (a · b)n = an · bn for three consecutive integers n and for all a, b ∈ G,
then G is abelian.

4. Prove that the conclusion of the above problem does not hold if we assume the relation
(a · b)n = an · bn for just two consecutive integers n.

5. If G is a finite group, then there exists a positive integer N such that aN = e for all a ∈ G.
Let |G| = 2n; n E Z
6. Let G be group of even order. Then it has an element x 6= e such that x2 = e. Consider
1. |x| =2
both cases

2. |x| = n
7. Let G (6= ∅) be a set which is closed under an associative operation. In addition it satisfies:

(a) There exists an element e ∈ G such that a · e = a for all a ∈ G.


(b) For each a ∈ G, there exists an element y such that a · y = e.

1
Prove that G must be a group under this operation.
  
a b
8. Let G = : a, b, c, d ∈ R, ad − bc 6= 0 be the group with matrix multiplication.
c d
Consider the sets
     
a b 1 b
H= ∈ G : ad 6= 0 , K = ∈G:b∈R .
0 d 0 1

Prove that H 6 G and K 6 H.

9. Let G be a group and H and K are finite subgroups of G, then find the number of elements
in the set HK.

10. Let G be a group. Then prove that the intersection of two subgroups of G is a subgroup of
G.

11. If G has no nontrivial subgroups, then G must be a finite of prime order. Langrage Theorm

12. Let G be a group and H be a subgroup of G. For a fixed a ∈ G, consider the set aH := {ah =
Not Understood h ∈ H} also called left coset. Prove that there is one-to-one correspondence between the set
of left cosets of H in G and the set of right cosets of H in G.

13. Let G be a group and H 6 G such that whenever Ha 6= Hb then aH 6= bH. Prove that
gHg −1 ⊂ H for all g ∈ G, where gHg −1 := {ghg −1 : h ∈ H}.

14. Find all the subgroups of Z with usual addition. Also, find their indices in Z.

15. Find the intersection of any two distinct subgroups of Z with usual addition.

16. Let G be a group and H 6 G, K 6 G. Suppose that indices of H and K in G is finite. Then
prove that index of H ∩ K in G is also finite.

17. Let G be a group and H 6 G. Consider the set NG (H) := x ∈ G : xHx−1 = H . Then


prove that H ⊂ NG (H) and NG (H) 6 G. NG (H) is called the normalizer of H in G.

Definition 0.1. A group G is said to be cyclic if it generated by a single element x ∈ G.

If G is a cyclic group generated by x, then x is called a generator of G and we denote by


G = hxi.

18. Prove that every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic.

19. Let G be a cyclic group of order n. Then find the number of generators of G. (Hint: first try
this for Zn for some particular value of n).

20. Prove that Z×


n is cyclic for n = 8, 9, 17, 18, 25, 27. Also, find the generators in all these cases.

21. Prove that Z×


20 is not cyclic.

22. Let G be group. If x ∈ G and xm = e, then order of x divides m.

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