CS1002 – Programming

Fundamentals
Lecture # 19
Thursday, November 02, 2023
FALL 2023
FAST – NUCES, Faisalabad Campus

Rizwan Ul Haq
2
Arrays

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3 Introduction
 A data type is called simple if variables of that type can store only
one value at a time
 A structured data type is one in which each data item is a collection
of other data items

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4 Example
//Program that takes five numbers print their average
//and the numbers again
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n1, n2, n3, n4, n5;
double average;
cout << "Enter five integers : " ;
cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3 >> n4 >> n5 ;

average = (n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5) / 5.0 ;

cout << "The average of the given numbers = " << average ;
cout << "\nand the numbers are n1 = " << n1 << " n2 = " << n2
<< " n3 = " << n3 << " n4 = " << n4
<< " n5 = " << n5 << endl ;
return 0;
}
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5 Example
 Five variables must be declared because the numbers are to be
printed later
 All variables are of type int, that is, of the same data type
 The way in which these variables are declared indicates that the
variables to store these numbers all have the same name, except the
last character, which is a number

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6 Arrays
 Array: A collection of a fixed number of components where all of the
components have the same data type
 In a one-dimensional array, the components are arranged in a list
form
 Syntax for declaring a one-dimensional array:

 intExp evaluates to a positive integer

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7 Arrays
num[0]
Example: num[1]

int num[6]; num[2]

num[3]
num[4]
num[5]

num[0] num[1] num[2] num[3] num[4] num[5]

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

num
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8 Defining Arrays
 When defining arrays, specify
 Name
 Type of array
 Number of elements
arrayType arrayName[ numberOfElements ];
 Examples:
int c[ 10 ];
float myArray[ 3284 ];
 Defining multiple arrays of same type
 Format similar to regular variables
 Example:
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];
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9 Accessing Array Components
 General syntax:

 Where indexExp, called an index, is any expression whose value is a

nonnegative integer
 Index value specifies the position of the component in the array
 [] is the array subscripting operator
 The array index always starts at 0

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10 Accessing Array Components (cont'd.)
int list[8];
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
list

list[5] = 75;
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
list 75

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11 Accessing Array Components (cont'd.)
list[3] = 20 ;
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
list 20

list[6]=100;

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

list 20 100

list[2]= list[3] + list[6];

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
list 120 20 100
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12 Accessing Array Components (cont'd.)

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13 Accessing Array Components (cont'd.)
Array can also be declared as
const int SIZE_OF_ARRAY = 20;
int array[SIZE_OF_ARRAY] ;

First declare a named constant and then use it to declare an array of this specific size.

When an array is declared its size must be known. You cannot do this:
int arr_size;
cout << "Enter size of array ";
cin >> arr_size;

int arr[arr_size];

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14 Processing One-Dimensional Arrays
 Some basic operations performed on a one-dimensional array are:
 Initializing
 Inputting data
 Outputting data stored in an array
 Finding the largest and/or smallest element
 Each operation requires ability to step through the elements of the
array
 Easily accomplished by a loop

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15 Processing One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)
 Consider the declaration
int list[100]; //array of size 100
int i;

 Using for loops to access array elements:

for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) //Line 1
//process list[i] //Line 2

 Example:
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) //Line 1
cin >> list[i]; //Line 2
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16 Processing One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)
double scores[10];
int index;
double largest, sum, average;

Initializing an array
for (index = 0 ; index < 10 ; ++index)
scores[index] = 0.0 ;

Reading data into array

for (index = 0 ; index < 10 ; ++index)
cin >> scores[index] ;

Printing the array

for (index = 0 ; index < 10 ; ++index)
cout << scores[index] << “ ”;

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17 Processing One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)
Finding an element in an array
int index = -1, value;
cout << “Please enter the value to find : ” ;
cin >> value;
for (int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; ++i){
if(values[i] == value)
index = i;
}
if (index != -1)
cout << “The value was found at index = ” << index ;
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18 Processing One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)
Finding sum and average of an array
sum = 0.0;
for (index = 0 ; index < 10 ; ++index)
sum = sum + scores[index];
average = sum / 10;

Largest element in the array

maxIndex = 0;
for (index = 1 ; index < 10 ; ++index)
if (scores[maxIndex] < scores[index])
maxIndex = index;
largest = scores[maxIndex];
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19 Processing One-Dimensional Arrays

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20 Arrays by an Example …
1 // C++ Program
2 // Initializing an array.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw; Declare a 10-element array of
11
12 int main()
integers.
13 {
14 int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers
15
Initialize array to 0 using a
16 // initialize elements of array n to 0 for loop. Note that the array
17 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) has elements n[0] to n[9].
18 n[ i ] = 0; // set element at location i to 0
19
20 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
21
22 // output contents of array n in tabular format
23 for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
24 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << n[ j ] << endl;
25
CS1002 - Fall 2023 26 return 0; // indicates successful termination
27
28 } // end main
21 Output
Element Value
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
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22 Example

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23 Array Index Out of Bounds
 If we have the statements:
const ARRAY_SIZE = 10;
double num[ARRAY_SIZE];
int i;

 The component num[i] is valid if i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9

 The index of an array is in bounds if the index >=0 and the index <=
ARRAY_SIZE-1
 Otherwise, we say the index is out of bounds
 In C++, there is no guard against indices that are out of bounds
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24 Array Index Out of Bounds

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25 How array element is calculated
 Each element is placed at consecutive location
 We can calculate address of any element of array by performing simple
arithmetic
address_of_index_x = base_address + size_of_datatype * x
 Example
int array[10] ;
Assume this array starts at address 100 in memory. To calculate address of index 5.
address_of_index_5 = 100 + 4*5 = 120
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

100 103 104 107 108 111 112 115 116 119 120 123 124 127 128 131 132 135 136 139

Note: Compiler just knows the address of the first element of the array known as the base
address of the array. All other indexes are calculated relative to base address.
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26 How array element is calculated
 Can we have –ve indexes in the array
 Like array[-2]

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27 Array Initialization During Declaration
 Arrays can be initialized during declaration
 In this case, it is not necessary to specify the size of the array
 Size determined by the number of initial values in the braces
 Example:

 double sales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90, 23, 45.68};

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28 Partial Initialization of Arrays During Declaration
 The statement:
int list[10] = {0};
declares list to be an array of 10 components and initializes all of
them to zero
 The statement:
int list[10] = {8, 5, 12};
declares list to be an array of 10 components, initializes list[0] to 8,
list[1] to 5, list[2] to 12 and all other components are initialized to 0

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29 Partial Initialization of Arrays During Declaration
(cont'd.)
 The statement:
int list[] = {5, 6, 3};
declares list to be an array of 3 components and initializes list[0] to 5,
list[1] to 6, and list[2] to 3

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30 Partial Initialization of Arrays During Declaration
(cont'd.)
 int list[10] = {2, 5, 6, , 8}; //illegal
 In this initialization, because the fourth element is uninitialized, all
elements that follow the fourth element must be left uninitialized

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31 Arrays by an Example II …
1 // C++ Program
2 // Initializing an array with a declaration.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw; Note the use of the initializer
11 list.
12 int main()
13 {
14 // use initializer list to initialize array n
15 int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 };
16
17 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
18
19 // output contents of array n in tabular format
20 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
21 cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl;
22
23 return 0; // indicates successful termination
24
25 } // end main
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32 Some Restrictions on Array Processing
 Consider the following statements:
int myList[5] = {0, 4, 8, 12, 16}; //Line 1
int yourList[5]; //Line 2

 C++ does not allow aggregate operations on an array:

yourList = myList ; //illegal

 Solution:
for(int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; ++i)
yourList[i] = myList[i] ;
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33 Some Restrictions on Array Processing (cont'd.)
 The following is illegal too:
cin >> yourList ; //illegal

 Solution:
for(int i=0 ; i<5 ; ++i)
cin >> yourList[i] ;

 The following statements are legal, but do not give the desired results:
cout << yourList ;
if(myList <= yourList)
.
.
.

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34 Examples Using Arrays
 Array size
 Can be specified with constant variable (const)
const int SIZE = 20;
 Constants cannot be changed
 Constants must be initialized when declared
 Also called named constants or read-only variables

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35 Arrays by an Example - III …
1 // C++ Program
2 // Initialize array s to the even integers from 2 to 20.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using namespace std;
6 #include <iomanip>
7 Note use of const keyword.
8 Only const variables can
9 int main()
10 { specify array sizes.
11 // constant variable can be used to specify array size
12 const int ARRAYSIZE = 10;
13
14 int s[ARRAYSIZE ]; // array s has 10 elements
15 The program becomes more
16 for ( int i = 0; i < ARRAYSIZE; i++ ) // set the values scalable when we set the array
17 s[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i; size using a const variable. We
18 can change arraySize, and all
19 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl; the loops will still work
20 (otherwise, we’d have to update
21 // output contents of array s in tabular format every loop in the program).
22 for ( int j = 0; j < ARRAYSIZE; j++ )
23 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << s[ j ] << endl;
24
25 return 0; // indicates successful termination
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26
27 } // end main
36 Program Output …
Element Value
0 2
1 4
2 6
3 8
4 10
5 12
6 14
7 16
8 18
9 20
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37 Arrays by an Example -IV…
1 // C++ Program
2 // Compute the sum of the elements of the array.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 int main()
9 {
10 const int ARRAYSIZE = 10;
11
12 int a[ arraySize ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
13
14 int total = 0;
15
16 // sum contents of array a
17 for ( int i = 0; i < ARRAYSIZE; i++ )
18 total += a[ i ];
19
20 cout << "Total of array element values is " << total << endl;
21
22 return 0; // indicates successful termination
23 Output:
24 } // end main Total of array element values is 55
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38 Arrays by an Example –VI …
1 // C++ Program
2 // Roll a six-sided die 6000 times.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip> An array is used instead of 6 regular variables,
9
10 using std::setw; and the proper element can be updated
11 This creates a number between 1 and 6, which
12 #include <cstdlib> determines the index of frequency[] that
13 #include <ctime>
14 should be incremented.
15 int main()
16 {
17 const int ARRAY_SIZE= 7;
18 int frequency[ARRAY_SIZE ] = { 0 };
19
20 srand( time( 0 ) ); // seed random-number generator
21
22 // roll dice 6000 times
23 for ( int roll = 1; roll <= 6000; roll++ )
24 ++frequency[ 1 + rand() % 6 ];
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39

26
27 cout << "Face" << setw( 13 ) << "Frequency" << endl;
28
29 // output frequency elements 1-6 in tabular format
30 for ( int face = 1; face < ARRAY_SIZE; face++ )
31 cout << setw( 4 ) << face
32 << setw( 13 ) << frequency[ face ] << endl;
33
34 return 0; // indicates successful termination
35
36 } // end main

Program Output …
Face Frequency
1 1003
2 1004
3 999
4 980
5 1013
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6 1001
40 Arrays by an Example –VII …
1 // C++ Program
2 // Student poll program.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 // define array sizes
15 const int RESPONSE_SIZE = 40; // size of array responses
16 const int FREQUENCY_SIZE = 11; // size of array frequency
17
18 // place survey responses in array responses
19 int responses[RESPONSE_SIZE ] = { 1, 2, 6, 4, 8, 5, 9, 7, 8,
20 10, 1, 6, 3, 8, 6, 10, 3, 8, 2, 7, 6, 5, 7, 6, 8, 6, 7,
21 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 4, 8, 6, 8, 10 };
22
23 // initialize frequency counters to 0
24 int frequency[FREQUENCY_SIZE ] = { 0 };
25
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41

26 // for each answer, select value of an element of array

27 // responses and use that value as subscript in array
28 // frequency to determine element to increment
29 for ( int answer = 0; answer < RESPONSE_SIZE; answer++ )
30 ++frequency[ responses[answer] ];
31
32 // display results
33 cout << "Rating" << setw( 17 ) << "Frequency" << endl;
34
35 // output frequencies in tabular format
36 for ( int rating = 1; rating < FREQUENCY_SIZE ; rating++ )
37 cout << setw( 6 ) << rating
38 << setw( 17 ) << frequency[ rating ] << endl;
39
40 return 0; // indicates successful termination
41
42 } // end main
responses[answer] is the
rating (from 1 to 10). This
determines the index in
frequency[] to increment.
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42
Program Output …
Rating Frequency
1 2
2 2
3 2
4 2
5 5
6 11
7 5
8 7
9 1
10 3

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43 Questions

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