RESEARCH DESIGN

Prepared by: Group 5

Task of defining the research problem is the preparation of the design
of the research project popularly known as "research design"

A research design can be defined as a framework of methods and

techniques chosen by researcher to combine various components in a
logical manner so that research problem can be handled well.

A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and

analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose with economy in procedure.
KEY ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
 Research Objective:
What is the research trying to achieve or investigate?

Research Question Example: How does temperature variation affect battery

performance in electric vehicles?
Hypothesis: Higher temperatures reduced battery life due to increased internal
resistance.

Data Collection Method Example:

Conduct real time monitoring of a smart grid system to measure voltage
fluctuations.
Sampling Example: Instead of testing all transformers, engineers select 20
transformers from different regions to study efficiency loss over time.

Data Collection Instrument Example:

Using oscilloscopes to measure voltage waveform in a power
transmission study.
Deploying sensors to track power usage in a smart home system.
 Data Analysis Example:
Using MATLAB or Python to analyse fault detection in electrical circuits.
Applying Fourier Transform to study signal distortion in communication
system.

Time Frame Example:

A study on wireless power transmission efficiency may require six months
of testing different transmitter-receiver distances.
 Ethical Considerations Example:
Informing participants before collecting biometric data.
Ensuring high voltage lab experiments follow safety standards to
prevent electrical hazards.
 Resources Example:
Researching battery degradation in electrical vehicles may require
specialised testing equipment and software like ANSYS.

DATA PRESENTATION AND REPORTING

Sampling Design - which deals with the methods of selecting
items to be observed for the study.
Observation Design - which relates to the condition under
which the observation are to be create.
Statistical Design - which concern the question of “How the
information and data gathered are to be analyzed?”.
Operational Design - which deals with techniques by which
the procedures satisfied in sampling.
 -deals with the methods of selecting
items to be observed for the study.

Key Components:

Target population: Who is the study focused on? (e.g., adults,

students, employees)
Sample size: How many participants or data points will be
included?
Sampling method: How will the sample be selected? (e.g.,
random sampling, convenience sampling, etc.)
Sampling frame: The list of potential participants or units
from which the sample is drawn.
 -deals with the methods of selecting
items to be observed for the study.

Example:

Target population: College students in the Rizal Technological

University
Sample size: 500 students
Sampling method: Stratified random sampling (dividing
students by major and then randomly selecting from each
group)
Sampling Frame: A list of all currently enrolled students at
RTU
 - which relates to the condition under
which the observation are to be
create.

Key Components:

Type of observation: Will you be observing natural behavior

(naturalistic observation) or will you manipulate the environment
(controlled observation)?
Data collection tools: What instruments or methods will be used
to gather data? (e.g., surveys, interviews, video recordings)
Frequency and duration: How often and for how long will
observations be made?
Setting: Where will the observations take place?
 - which relates to the condition under
which the observation are to be
create.

Example:

Type of Observation: Controlled observation via an online survey

Tool: Structured online survey, including Likert scale questions,
multiple-choice questions, and open-ended questions.
Frequency: Survey administered once during the second
semester; open for 1-2 weeks for responses, with reminders as
necessary.
Setting: Online
 - which concern the question of
“How the information and data
gathered are to be analyzed?”

Key Components:

Statistical tests: What tests will be used to analyze the data? (e.g.,
t-tests, regression analysis, chi-square tests)
Data analysis software: Which tools will be used for analysis? (e.g.,
SPSS, R, Python)
Significance level: What is the threshold for statistical
significance? (e.g., p-value < 0.05)
Assumptions: What assumptions are made about the data? (e.g.,
normal distribution, homogeneity of variance)
 - which concern the question of
“How the information and data
gathered are to be analyzed?”

Example:

Statistical test: A multiple regression will explore how study

habits, sleep patterns, and academic performance are related.
Software: SPSS(Statistical Package for the social sciences)
Significance level: p < 0.05.
Assumptions: linearity, normality, homoscedasticity,
independence of errors, and no multicollinearity.
 - which deals with techniques by
which the procedures satisfied in
sampling.

Key Components:
Timeline: What are the key milestones and deadlines for data
collection, analysis, and reporting?
Procedures: What step-by-step actions will be taken in the
study? (e.g., recruitment process, administration of surveys)
Quality control: How will data integrity and reliability be
ensured?
Ethical considerations: What steps will be taken to protect
participants' rights and ensure ethical conduct?
 - which deals with techniques by
which the procedures satisfied in
sampling.

Example:
Timeline: Survey sent at the beginning of the semester, with
reminders every two weeks.
Procedures:
Recruitment via email with a survey link and consent form.
Survey administration online with follow-up reminders.
Quality control: Monitor responses, send reminders, clean data, and
check reliability.
Ethical considerations: Ensure informed consent, confidentiality,
and the right to withdraw, with ethical approval from the institution.
 The study will target college students in RTU, A stratified random sample
of 500 students will be selected, ensuring diversity in major and year of
study. Data will be collected via a structured online survey, which will ask
students about their study habits, sleep patterns, and academic
performance. The survey will be administered during the second semester
of the academic year. A multiple regression analysis will be used to examine
the relationship between study habits and academic performance. SPSS
will be used for analysis, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The survey
will be emailed to students at the beginning of the second semester, with
reminders sent every two weeks to ensure a high response rate. Ethical
considerations, including informed consent and confidentiality, will be
emphasized.
 It refers to the process of planning a study to test a hypothesis, where
variables are manipulated to observe their effects on outcomes. By
carefully controlling conditions, researchers can determine whether
specific factors cause changes in a dependent variable.
This is concerned with cause and effect relationships in which all
experimental studies involve manipulation or control of the
independent variables (causes) and measurement of dependent
variables (effects).
In experimental research, the intervening or extraneous variables are
not part of the study but are believed to influence study outcomes.
 A true experimental research design relies in
statistical analysis to prove or disprove a researcher’s
hypothesis. It is one of the most accurate forms of
research because it provides specific scientific evidence.
Furthermore, out of all the types of experimental
designs, only a true experimental design can establish a
cause-effect relationship within a group.
 Pre - Test Post - Test
Post - Test Only Design Solomon Four Group
Control Design -

it is an experimental
this is similar to the pretest- it combines pretest-
approach where
posttest design but omits posttest and posttest-only
measurements are taken on
the pretest. Randomization design to control pretest
individuals both before and
ensures group equivalence effects.
after they undergo some
before treatment.
treatment. This design can
be used in both
experimental and quasi-
experimental research and
may or may not include
control groups.
The word “Quasi” means similarity. A quasi-experimental
design is similar to a true experimental design. It is a
research method that examines cause-and-effect
relationships but lacks random assignment of
participants to experimental and control groups. It is used
when randomization is impractical or unethical, making it
more feasible for real-world setting than true
experimental designs.
 Non - Equivalent Time Series

which participants are this involves

assigned to an
repeatedly
experimental and a
control group without measuring the
randomization. It is outcome variable
commonly used when before and after the
random assignment is
intervention to
impractical or unethical
but still allows for a
observe trends over
comparison between time.
groups.
 A Pre-experimental design is a type of a research
design that lacks the rigor of true experiments and
quasi-experiments because it does not use
randomization or a control group. These designs are
typically used in preliminary research to observe
effects of an intervention, but they have low internal
validity due to lack of control over external factors.
 One Group Pre Test Static-Group
One Shot Case Study
Posttest-Only Design

which a single group is which a single group is that compares the effects
exposed to a treatment or measured before and of a treatment on two non-
intervention, and then the after receiving a randomized groups one that
outcome is measured after receives the treatment
treatment or
the treatment. This design (experimental group) and
lacks a pretest, control
intervention. This design
one that does not (control
group, or randomization, helps observe changes group). The outcome is
making it difficult to over time but lacks a measured only after the
determine whether the control group making it treatment, without a
treatment caused the difficult to establish pretest.
observed effect. causation.
 It is a systematic methodology used to describe
the characteristics of a population, event, or
phenomenon. Unlike experimental research, which
tests hypothesis, descriptive research answers “what,”
“where,” “when,” and “how” questions. It does not
examine causation but rather provides detailed
information about existing conditions.
 Why

What is the level of satisfaction

of customers?

How do people engage in How When Where

physical exercise per week?

What is the perception of the Descriptive Research can either

buyers on a certain brand?
be Quantitative or Qualitative
 Cross - Sectional Longitudinal Research Comparative Research Case Study Research
Research

Longitudinal This design

This type involves research collects Case studies
compares two or
collecting data data from the same provide an in-
more groups
from a population subjects over an depth
or phenomena to
or sample at a extended period, examination of a
highlight
single point in allowing researchers single subject,
to observe changes differences and
time. similarities. group, or event.
and trends.
Surveys & Questionnaires - Surveys are the most common method in descriptive research, using
structured or semi-structured questions to gather data.
Observations - This method involves observing and recording behaviors, events, or conditions without
interference.
Types of Observation
- Participant Observation - The researcher actively participates in the setting being studied
- Non- Participant Observation - The researcher observes without direct involvement.

Secondary Data Analysis - Analyzing pre-existing data, such as government reports, academic -
articles, or historical records.
Interviews - Interviews involve asking open-ended or structured questions to gather in-depth
information.
Case Studies - Involves a deep dive into a specific instance to understand complex phenomena.
Study Title: Pattern of Internet Usage in Cyber Cafés in Manila: An Exploratory Study
Source: arXiv
Overview: This exploratory-descriptive study aimed to determine the profile and pattern of internet usage among cyber
café users in Manila.
Methodology:
Participants: 545 respondents from 47 randomly selected cyber cafés across 14 districts in Manila.
Data Collection: A validated descriptive-survey form was used to gather information on users' demographics and
internet usage patterns.

Findings:
Demographics:
Internet Usage Patterns:
70% were Manila residents.
50.3% used the internet in the afternoon.
73% were students.
36.9% visited cyber cafés once to twice a week.
72% had attained or were pursuing a college degree.
The frequency of visits was not equally distributed
68% were male.
throughout the week.
60% were aged 19 and below.
Users tended to visit cyber cafés at specific times
81% were Roman Catholic.
of the day based on their profiles.
90% were single.
51% owned a personal computer at home.
64% belonged to the middle-income class.

Implications: The study provides insights into the demographics and internet usage patterns of cyber café users in Manila,
highlighting the need for targeted interventions and services that cater to the specific needs of this user group.
Key characteristics of research
of descriptive research in this
study

No manipulation of variables
Cross-sectional approach
Quantitative analysis
HealthCare Research
- Study: Assessing patient satisfaction in a hospital.
Marketing Research
- Study: Exploring customer preferences for eco-friendly packaging.
Education Research
- Study: Analyzing attendance patterns among college students.
Social Research
- Study: Examining the impact of social media usage on youth
communication skills.
Easy No Causal Relationship
implementation Bias Potential
Broad application Limited Scope
Non - Intrusive
Rich Data