SCI 2

Zeta M. Cabili
Faculty, College of Education

3
Physics: Force, Motion and Energy
Introduction
Motion makes movement possible. When we think of motion, we often think of
cars and bicycles moving, children running, basketball bouncing, and airplanes
flying. Motion is important in our lives, and it affects many things that we do. But
things move only when force is applied. Force makes things move and causes
moving things to change their motion.
Force is related to energy. The fact is, force is energy at work. You must have
seen force at work. You might have even used force many times.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this Module, you should be able to:
 identify things that can make objects move
 describe the effects of force on the motion, size or shape of an object
 measure accurately the amount of change in the movement of an object
 identify other factors such as gravity and friction that affect the movement of an
object
 discuss about energy, energy forms, its uses and how it can be transformed
from one form to another

Forces that Make Objects Move (Grade 3)

Force is simply a push or a pull. You can see
objects being pushed or pulled. What do you think happens
when a boy kicks a ball or when two teams play tug-of-war?
The force that the boy exerts in kicking the ball is a push.
The ball moves as it is pushed.

The teams in the tug-of-war pull each other. The force exerted by each team
is a pull. The team which pulls harder moves the other team to its side.

21
 Force is needed to make things move. There are different forces which make
things move.

There are different forces that make objects move:

Wind
When the wind blows hard, the high kite moves fast and flies high. When the
wind blows harder, the kite moves faster and flies higher.

Water
The leaves and small branches that float on water are moved by the water.
The running water exerts a force that can move things.

Gravity
Throw a ball as high as you can up in the air. The ball falls back to the ground.
What force makes the ball fall back to the ground? This force is gravity. Gravity is the
force that pulls objects toward the center of the earth.

22
 You live on the surface of the earth. Although the earth spins very fast, you do
not fall off or fly away. You do not fall to the ground. The earth’s gravity keeps on the
ground.
Gravity is strongest near the earth’s center. The farther away from the center;
the weaker the pull of gravity. A spaceship is out of the reach of the earth’s gravity,
thus, it floats in space.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

To observe how forces work, do the following activity.
Get a partner and ask him/her to stay at one side of a table. You stay on the
opposite side. At a signal, both of you will push the table toward each other at the
same time. Push it hard. What happened?
If you pushed as hard as your partner, did the forces acting on the table will
be balanced. The table will not move. When the forces acting on an object are
balanced, there is no motion.
Now, look at the picture of the two boys playing the game bunong-braso, or
arm wrestling. Boy A’s arm moves toward his direction. Boy B is defeated. Motion
moves toward the direction of the greater force, in this case toward boy A.

When the force acting on an object is

not balanced, motion takes place toward
A
the direction of the B
greater force.
Unbalanced forces cause objects
to move.

Inertia

23
 Look at the box in the table. There are two forces acting on the box. The first
force is the downward force due to gravity. The second force is the upward force
exerted by the table on the box. These two forces are balanced.
A body at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by an external force. In the
same way, a body in motion continues to be in motion unless acted upon by an
external force. The tendency of an object to remain at rest or resist a change in
motion is called inertia.
In this picture, the box will remain in that
resting position unless you push it. The push is
an external force that causes the box to move.

Action and Reaction

Action is another word for force. Reaction is
the other force which acts in an opposite
direction. The strength to the reaction is always
equal to the strength of the action.
Blow air into a balloon. Hold the mouth of the balloon so the air inside it
cannot escape. Then release your hold on the balloon. What happens? The balloon
moves around. Watch it move. The air escapes from the balloon with a certain force.
This is the action. The movement of the balloon around the room is the reaction. The
reaction is equal to the force of the escaping air.
Another example of action and reaction is when you walk,
you move forward. You push against the ground as the ground
pushes back with equal and opposite force.
Whenever a body exerts a force on another body, the
second body exerts a force equal in strength but in opposite
direction. In short, for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.

Activity 1
Part A. Write True if statement is correct and write False if not.
__________ 1. Force is needed to make things move.
__________ 2. Running water has force that can move things.
__________ 3. The farther away from the center of the earth, the stronger the pull of
gravity.

24
Part B. Fill in the blanks.
1. __________ is the force that pulls objects toward the center of the earth.
2. __________ is the force that pulls objects made of iron and steel towards a
magnet.
3. A body at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by an external force. This is
called ________.
4. When the forces acting on an object are not _________, motion takes place in
the direction of the greater force.
5. For every action, there is an equal and opposite __________.

Part C. Answer briefly.

1. Why should you hold on tightly when riding a bus?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________

2. You need the wind to blow to fly your kite up the sky. When the wind stops
blowing, what happens to the kite? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________

Effects of Force on the Motion, Size and Shape of an Object

(Grade 4)
A force is a push or pull, which occurs when two or more objects interact with
each other.
Effects of Force on the Movement of an Object
The force applied on an object affect the movement of an object. Example:
1. Push and Go – The toy car travelled farther when the force applied was
stronger. It travelled nearer when lesser force was applied to it.

25
 2. Hang and Pull – The spring was pulled down when a padlock was hung to it.
The spring is pulled as more padlocks are hanged into it.
Effects of Force on the Size of an Object
When force is applied to an object, the
size of an object may change. Some situations
where force is applied and changed the size
are the following:
 Dropping a flower vase
 Pounding Styrofoam cup
 Cutting a piece of cardboard
 Sharpening a pencil
 Grinding rice grains
Effects of Force on the Shape of an Object
The shape of an object may change when force is applied on it. Pushing,
pounding, compressing, bending, twisting, stretching or squeezing are some ways of
changing the shape of an object.

Magnetism
Have you seen a magnet? Have you ever played with magnets?
A magnet is anything that pulls or attracts iron and steel. Magnetism is the
force that pulls objects made of iron and steel towards a magnet.
A magnet has two poles: north pole and south pole
N S

Get a bar magnet and pick some iron filings with it. Where do more iron filings
stick to the bar magnet’s end or in its middle part?

The bar magnet picks up more iron filings where magnetism is strongest. The places
in a magnet where magnetism is the strongest are at the magnet’s poles.

26
What happens if you place the north pole of one
magnet near the north pole of another magnet?
The two poles repel each other. However, the
north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of
another magnet.
Look at the illustration below.

In box A, the pattern shows that unlike poles attract each other.

In box B, what does the illustration show?

Magnets come in different shapes, like a

bar, horseshoe, U-shaped, round or cylindrical. All
of these magnets have the power to pull materials
made of iron and steel.

The size of the magnet and its distance from an object affect its ability to
attract. A big magnet can attract more objects from a distance than a small magnet.

Magnets cannot move or attract all kinds of materials. They can only pick up
materials made of iron, steel, and nickel. These materials are called magnetic
materials. Tin cans, iron nails, needles and safety pins are also magnetic materials.

27
 Materials that cannot be attracted by a magnet are called non-magnetic
materials. Examples of non-magnetic materials are paper, wood, glass, rubber,
cloth and plastic.

Activity 2
Part A. How does force affect the size of an object?
Describe the effects of force on the size of an object.

28
What you need:
Plastic bottle Eggshell Hammer
Rubber ball Sponge Rolling pin
Copper wire Bar soap Winnowing basket
(bilao)
Cardboard Cracker biscuit
Pair of scissors
Bottle Cap Styrofoam
Popsicle stick

What to do:
1. Put out the assigned materials on the table.
2. Get the winnowing basket (bilao) and place it at the middle of the table.
3. Put each of the materials in the winnowing basket one at a time except for the pair of
scissors, hammer, rolling pin and popsicle stick.
4. Think of what you can do to change the size of each of the materials.
5. Perform the action that you have thought for each of the material.
6. Be careful in performing the action.
7. Be sure that you will not harm/hurt others in doing so
8. Record the actions you have done and their effects on the materials in the data table.
9. Return all the materials inside the basket and clean the working area after finishing
the activity.

Data Table
(A) (B) (C)
Objects What I did to change the shape What changes took place after
of the materials I have applied force on the
material?
Material Action Done Effect of Force Applied
Plastic bottle
Rubber ball
Copper wire
Cardboard
Bottle cap
Eggshell
Sponge
Bar Soap

29
 Cracker biscuit
Styrofoam

Guided Questions:
1. How would you describe the size of the materials before force was applied on them?
2. How would you describe the size of the materials after force was applied on them?
3. Which of the materials became bigger? Smaller? Longer?
4. What is the effect of force on the size of the materials?

30
Part B. What are the effects of force on the shape of an object?
Objective: Explain the effects of force on the shape of an object.

What you need:

Sponge Chocolate bar Foil paper
Rubber ball Plastic drinking glass Bottle cap
Modelling clay Rolling pin Cup cake
Styrofoam Fork and spoon Eggshell
Bar soap Hammer

What to do:
1. Observe each of the solid materials given in column A.
2. Change the shape of the materials found in Column A by applying force on it.
3. Fill out Column B with what you did to change the shape of the materials.
4. Fill out Column C with changes that took place after you have applied force on the
materials.
(A) (B) (C)
Object What I did to change the What changes took place after I
shape of the materials have applied force on the
material?
Sponge
Rubber ball
Modelling clay
Styrofoam
Bar soap
Chocolate bar
Plastic drinking
Foil paper
Bottle cap
Cup cake
Eggshell

31
Guided Questions:
1. Look at your answers in column B. What are the common ways you did to change the
shape of the objects? For each way, what did you use?
2. Listed below are also other ways to change the shape of objects. What do you think
will happen to an object if you will (a) pound (b) bent (c) stretch (d) crumpled or (e)
press it?
3. From your answers in the questions above, what do you think can force do to
objects?

Part C. How does force affect the size of an object?

Describe the effects of the amount of force on the movement of an object.
What you need:
 Small plastic toy car
 Meter stick
 Spring balance
 3 identical padlocks

What to do:
Push and Go
1. Select a flat surface on the floor.
2. Mark a starting point on the floor. Gently push the toy car with your hand.
Observe how far it moved. Measure the distance that it travelled using a meter
stick. Make a similar distance that it travelled using a meter stick. Make a similar
table below on your notebook and record your observation.
3. Bring the toy car back to the starting point and repeat step 2, but this time, push
the toy car with a stronger force. Observe how far it travelled. Measure the
distance it covered. Record your observations on your data table.
4. Repeat step 3 for three more times with varying forces applied on the toy car.
You can vary the force with the help of different objects. Record your
observations in your data table.

Trial # Type of Force Applied Distance Covered

1
2
3
4
5

32
Hang and Pull
1. Hang a padlock on a spring balance. Measure the force exerted by the padlock
on the spring. Record your observation in your notebook in a table similar to the
one below.
2. Add another padlock to the spring balance and take note of the force exerted by
the two padlocks. Record your observation in your data table.
3. Add a third padlock to the spring balance. Measure the force exerted by the
padlocks on the spring balance. Record your observations in your data table.

Number of Padlock Force Exerted by the Padlocks

1
2
3

Guided Questions:
Push and Go
1. How do you compare the distance travelled by the toy cars when pushed by the
weakest force and when pushed by the strongest force?
2. Which degree of force applied made the toy car travelled the farthest? Nearest?
3. What affected the distance travelled by the toy car?

Hang and Pull

4. What did you observe with the spring balance when you hanged a padlock on it?
5. What was the effect on the spring balance as you add more padlocks?
6. Predict what will happen if you keep on adding more padlocks to the spring
balance?

33
Measuring Motion in Terms of Distance and Time (Grade 5)
Measuring Motion
Have you heard that the cheetah runs the fastest among land animals? How fast
does it move? It is amazing to know that a cheetah runs at a speed of 27 m/s (meter per
second). The speed of any object in motion is the rate at which the object moves. In
order to find the speed, you have to answer these two basic questions: “How far does
the object move?” and “How long does the object move?”
Speed depends on the distance travelled and the length of time traveled. A
meter of a kilometer is used to measure the distance. More often, the meter is used for
measuring short distances while a kilometer is used for measuring long distances like
those on the roads. Do you know that 1,000 meters is equal to 1 kilometer?
You cannot determine speed without the time at which the object moves. Time
measured in seconds or hours. You use seconds for short length of time in short
distances. You sue hours for long length of time in long distances.
To find the speed, you will divide the distance travelled by the length of time.
Speed is expressed in meter per second (m/s) or kilometers per hour (k/h). You can
simply compute for the speed if you know the distance and the time traveled. You can
sue the formula.
Distance
Speed=
Time
Look at this example:
What is the speed of the delivery man who travels on his bicycle on a straight flat
road in a subdivision for 100 meters in 20 seconds?
Identify the given data:
Distance = 100 meters Time = 20 seconds
Use the formula above for finding speed.
100 meters
Speed=
20 seconds
Speed=5 m/s (meters per second)
An object in motion does not always travel at constant speed. Sometimes, the
object may move slower or faster from the usual speed. When there is a change in time
or distance, the average speed is calculated by using the formula below.
Ave . Distance
Average Speed=
Ave . Time

34
 Look at the example of the speed of the delivery man on his bicycle.
On the first 100 meter-block, the delivery man moved his bicycle in 20 seconds.
On the next 100 meter-block, he moved in 15 seconds. On the next 100 meter-block, he
moved in 10 seconds. What is the average speed of the delivery man on his bicycle?
 Get the average of the distances traveled: 100 + 100 + 100 = 300 meters ÷ 3 =
100m
 Get the average of the time traveled: 20 + 15 + 10 = 45 seconds ÷ 3 = 15 seconds
 Use the formula to find the average speed.
100 meters
Average Speed=
15 seconds
Average Speed=6.67 m/ s(meters per second )
You should always remember that speed depends on the distance and the length
of time traveled by an object in motion. You observe the units used for distance as
meters or kilometers, and time as seconds or hours.
In what direction is the bicycle going? Can you identify the four main directions?
You can observe that the delivery man is going toward the east. In the above example,
the delivery man travels at a velocity of 6.67 m/s east. How does velocity differ from
speed? Velocity is the speed of the object in a particular direction. You can
calculate the velocity if you know the speed and the direction to which the object is
moving. Travelers usually use the compass to identify North, South, East and West. In
between the directions are the secondary directions. If you do not have a compass, you
use the rising sun as your guide. Stand straight and stretch your right hand sideward
towards the rising sun to find east and your left hand is automatically pointing west. In
this position with stretched arms, you are facing north and your back is south. Observe
the direction where the moving object is going.
Pretend that you are driving a car at the average speed of 20 k/h (kilometers per
hour) on straight road traveling north. Can you determine your velocity? Your velocity is
20 k/h north. If your friend travels at the same average speed as yours going to the
south, what would be his velocity? It is easy to say that your friend travels at a velocity
of 20 k/h south. You and your friend travel at the same velocity but arrived at different
directions.
Distance is the measure of how far or near two points are from one another. It
can be measured using different ways such as time, landmark or body parts. But it is
inaccurate because there are factors that may affect the movement in between. For
example, you cannot tell that the school is two kilometers away is nearer just because
you spent less time in going there while you spend two hour and a half in going to
church. Some factors like traffic or a winding road may affect the travel time, thus,
making you think that the school is nearer than the church. There are appropriate tools
and ways to measure distance so that you can tell whether an object is far or near.

35
Appropriate Tools for Measuring Distance
In Science, distance should always be exact, measured accurately, and based
on a standard unit of measurement.
Scientifically, distance should be measured by using measuring tools such as the
ruler, meter stick, tape measure, measuring wheel, and ultrasonic distance measurer.

The Metric System of Measurement

The metric system is the world standard for measurement. It is used by scientists
throughout the world.
Having a standard unit of measure makes it easier for scientists and other people
to understand each other’s data. Using different units of measurement may lead to
misunderstanding and confusion among people.
In the metric system, the standard unit of measurement used for distance or
length is meter. You just add the prefix kilo when you are referring to distance is quite
far. Prefixes like deci, centi, and milli are used if the length is quite short.
To convert a larger metric unit to a smaller metric unit, follow these steps.
1. Put 1 on the given unit. (Example: covert 1 kilometer to meter.)

36
 Kilometer Hectomete Decameter Unit Decimeter Centimeter Millimeter
r (meter)
1

2. Add 0s on the boxes on the right until your goal is reached.

Kilometer Hectomete Decameter Unit Decimeter Centimeter Millimeter
r (meter)
1 0 0 0

3. Therefore, 1 kilometer is equal to 1000 meters.

To convert a smaller unit to a larger unit, follow these steps.

1. Put 1 on the given unit. (Example: convert 1 decimeter to kilometer)
Kilometer Hectomete Decameter Unit Decimeter Centimeter Millimeter
r (meter)
1

2. Then, add 0s on the boxes on the left and when your goal is reached, put a decimal
point.
Kilometer Hectomete Decameter Unit Decimeter Centimeter Millimeter
r (meter)
. 0 0 0 1

3. Therefore, 1 decimeter is equal to 0.0001 kilometer.

By conversion, we can get the following values used in the metric system of
measurement:

METRIC SYSTEM CONVERSION

1 km = 1000 meters
1 meter = 100 cm
1 meter = 1000 mm
Example:
A man is travelling from town A that is 5 kilometers away from town B.
How many meters was he able to travel?

37
Effect of Speed and Time on Distance
The distance covered by a moving object is affected by its speed, or the measure
of how fast it moves. The faster it moves, the shorter time it takes for it cover a certain
distance. Inversely, the slower it moves, the longer it takes for it to cover the same
distance. Thus, in a given time, the faster an object moves, the greater the distance that
it covers; and the slower it moves, the less the distance that it covers.
Speed can be calculated by dividing the distance covered by an object in motion
by the time spent to cover the distance.
This can be expressed as:
Speed = distance covered/time
Speed is measured in meters per second (m/s) or kilometers per hour (km/h or kph).
For instance: A tricycle drove to a passenger’s house that is 20 meters away
from the station in 10 minutes. What is the speed of the tricycle?
20 m 1 min 20 m
x = =3.33 m/s
10 min 60 s 60 s

Activity 3
Write T if the statement is True. If it is False, change the underlined word to make the
statement correct.
1. The standard unit of measurement of distance or length in metric system is miles.
2. Meter stick, tape measure, and sturdy rope are some of the standard tools in
measuring distance.
3. Yard, foot, and inch are units of measure used in the metric system of measurement.
4. The measure of how far or near two points are from one another is called distance.
5. The metric system of measurement of distance is used only in the Philippines.
6. In science, distance should always be exact, measured accurately, and based on any
unit of measurement.
7. The English system of measurement is used by scientists throughout the world.
8. Using different units of measurement may lead to misunderstanding and confusion
among people.
9. Ten kilometers is equal to 1000 meters.

38
10. Speed can be calculated by multiplying the distance covered by an object in motion
by the amount of time it used to cover the distance.

Gravity and Friction: Keeping Things in Order (Grade 6)

There is order in our universe. The moon and other planets stay in their orbit and
do not bump onto each other. The things placed on surfaces do not just float away.
Cars parked on an inclined road do not slide down.
How do gravity and friction work, separately or together, in keeping things in
order?
Gravity and Mass
Anything that goes up ultimately goes down. Things do not fly of the earth’s
surface. This is because Earth is exerting a strong attractive force on you and the things
around you. This is force is called gravity.
Sir Isaac Newton was the scientist who discovered the principle of gravity.
According to this principle, everything in the universe, whether big or small, exerts
gravity on other things. Since Earth is massive, it strongly attracts anything on its
surface. The same concept keeps the planets and other heavenly bodies in place. Since
the Sun is more massive than all the planets, its gravity pulls them into around its orbit.
Gravity and Weight
The gravitational force exerted by the earth on an object is equivalent to the
object’s weight. The greater mass an object has, the greater its weight. Heavier objects
like the blackboards in your classroom and the appliances in your house weigh more
than lighter objects such as books and pens. If the earth’s mass is increased, the weight
of objects in it will also increased.
On the other hand, if you go to the Moon your weight becomes much less
because the Moon is smaller, has less mass, and has a weaker gravitational pull than
Earth.
Gravity and Distance
Gravity is a noncontact force. It acts between objects even if they are separated
and far from each other. The farther two objects are from each other, the smaller the
gravitational pull will be between them. Astronauts in space stations and spacecrafts
can float around and do the space walk. They are not weightless. They still have weight,
but since they are far from Earth, it is less than they are on the ground.
Friction
Friction, unlike gravity, is a force between two bodies which are in contact with
each other. It stops an object from sliding against a surface or another object by acting
39
in the opposite direction of the sliding movement. Take for example, a moving car.
When the driver wants to stop the car, he or she steps on the brakes. The brakes apply
force on tires, causing friction to slow down and stop the tires.
Look at a stack of coins. Each coin “sticks’ to the one beneath and the one above
it because of friction. This is why the stack stays upright. When you try to slowly push a
coin out of the stack, the coin will slightly pull the stack along, too. The ridges on each
coin also “interlock” with each other, helping to prevent the coins from easily sliding off
the stack.
You and Friction vs. Gravity
Get a glass of water. When you hold a glass, you keep it from falling using the
friction between your hand and the glass. The force of gravity pulls the glass downward.
However, friction acts in the opposite direction (upward) to keep the glass from falling as
you hold onto it. As long as you press your finger around the glass tightly in grip, the
friction will keep it in your hand. But if you loosen your grip, friction will lessen and
gravity might cause the glass to fall.
What kind of glass do you think will be the easiest to hold and keep from sliding?
Friction slows down the movement of objects.
The rough surface possesses great frictional force. The rough surface has
irregularities that produce friction when in contact with the wood that causes difficulty in
moving. There must be a greater force applied to move the object.
Observed how friction affects the movement of a moving object.
The rolling ball eventually slowed down and stopped. Why? What is present
between the ball and the floor or ground?
The ball is in contact with the floor so there is friction. Friction is the force that
causes the slowing down of the ball’s movement. It is also the force that stops the
ball after some time.
You also observed in the activity that friction affects the distance travelled by the
rolling ball. The ball travelled farther on the smooth surface than on the rough ground.
Friction is greater on the rough surface so it prevents the ball to roll farther.
What is the implication of the concepts you learned in the activities you
performed?
Why do drivers usually prefer a cemented road than a rough road? What are the
advantages and disadvantages of friction?

Overcoming Friction

40
 Is friction useful? You learned that if there is less friction, objects move faster and
if there is more friction, objects move slower. If there is no friction between two surfaces
that are touching each other, objects will smoothly move and will only stop when an
outside force is applied on it. Reducing or increasing friction will help people and objects
move. In some instances, too much friction prevents movement and so there is a need
to reduce friction. In other instances, too little friction also prevents movement and so
there is a need to increase friction.
Friction is useful in our daily activities. |Without friction, you cannot walk or run
without sliding or slipping. Footwear helps you overcome the effect of smooth surface.
Athletes in the running event or ball games like basketball, for example, wear rubber
shoes rather than leather shoes because besides having lighter weight, the sole of
rubbe shoes have jagged edges that produce more friction that keeps them from
slipping down and dancers need less friction to be able to glide and dance smoothly.
They wear ballet shoes rather than rubber shoes because the sole of the ballet shoes
have less irregularity that produces less friction when in contact with the smooth floor
that keeps the ballet dancer glide, slide and dance smoothly.
Concrete sidewalks, roads, and driveways have rough rather than smooth
surfaces to prevent people and motor vehicles from skidding and meeting accidents.
Stairs, too, must be rough to prevent sliding when going up and down.
When cleaning the stairways, should you apply wax on them? Why?
What do you do when the floor is wet?
Why should machines be oiled or lubricated? Oils and lubricants reduce friction
between the moving parts of machines so that they move faster and smoothly. When
applied on the machine parts, they form protective layers between the moving parts.
This prevents the machine parts from rubbing directly against one another and prevents
wearing down?
Placing wheels, rollers, or ball bearings on heavy things reduces friction.
Reducing friction between heavy objects and the surface of the floor or ground helps
you move the objects without exerting too much force. For example, some appliances
and furniture are with small rollers to make them easier to move.
These signs require a certain speed in certain places. These are speed limits.
Speed limits require vehicles to travel at a certain speed. School zones, church areas,
market places require lower speed limits. Why is this so? What may happen if vehicles
move fast in places where there are many people?
Vehicles have rolling friction and tend to move fast if not controlled. That is why
every vehicle has brakes, a device that slows down a rotating wheel. Brakes used in
bicycles, automobiles, trucks and buses use friction between the wheels and another
object to slow the motion of the vehicle.

41
 ENERGY
It is the ability to do work. There are 2 kinds of energy: potential and kinetic.
Potential energy is energy that is stored. Kinetic energy is energy that is in motion.
Energy comes in different forms. The forms of energy are produced differently. The
different forms of energy are mechanical, chemical, electrical, sound, heat, radiant, and
nuclear energy.
Mechanical Energy is inherent in moving bodies. It is the energy that enables a body to
do work. You can move your muscles and do a lot of activities such as dancing, playing,
or doing a simple exercise. You can do all these because your muscles have
mechanical energy.
Machines help you do work. They make work easier and faster. Simple machines or
compound machines possess mechanical energy.

Wind also possesses mechanical energy. It makes things like leaves, ships, and
windmills move.

42
Chemical Energy is stored in the molecules of matter. A change is
necessary to transform chemical energy into usable form. Chemical
energy is released when chemical change occurs.
Fuels such as gasoline, firewood, coal, and petroleum contain
chemical change. When burned, the chemical energy is released in
the form of heat and light energy. In machines with engines using fuels like gasoline, the
chemical energy is changed into another form to make the engine move.

Food, likewise, contains plenty of chemical

energy. Food comes from plants and animals.
Plants and animals possess chemical energy.
Can you recall the food making process of
plants? During photosynthesis, plants use water
and carbon dioxide with the aid of light energy
from the sun. Reactions take place inside the
plant cells during the process until glucose and
oxygen are produced. Glucose is stored as
chemical energy in the plants’ leaves, stems,
and roots. When people eat plants, the chemical
energy is turned into energy of the body.

How about a dry cell? Does it also contain chemical

energy? Dry cell contains chemical energy. The chemical
energy of a dry cell energy of a dry cell is turned into a
usable form when put in a device such as a flashlight. What
form of energy is produced when you switch on the
flashlight?

Electrical Energy is energy produced by moving electrons. It may be static or

current.
Static electricity is electricity at rest. It is brought about by friction. As a result,
electrons are transferred from one object to the other. One object gains electrons and
becomes negatively charged while the other object loses electrons and becomes
positively charged. When these two objects come together, attraction occurs. The
negatively charged object possesses static electricity and it can attract small and light
objects.

43
 When you rub briskly a plastic comb in your hair, the comb becomes negatively
charged. If you put it near small pieces of paper, what do you think will happen? The
small pieces of paper will be attracted to the comb because it possesses static
electricity.
Can you give other examples of the presence of static electricity?

Sometimes, spark occurs during attraction

between two objects. A spark shows that charges move.
Lightning is a large spark that travels through the
air from one charged region of a cloud to another
charged region. Lightning is an example of current
electricity.
Current electricity is produced when the free electrons flow. This kind of
electricity is what you use at home and in school.

A simple circuit is an example of current electricity.

The electric current passes through copper wire.
When you turn on the switch, the electrons in the
space between the atoms move in one main direction.
The movements of electrons happen very quickly.
This motion of electrons is electric current that makes
the
bulb
light.

44
Electric energy is available almost anywhere. It comes from electric power generated I
power plants such as hydroelectric power plant and
geothermal power plant. How is electricity brought to your
school and homes?
From the power plant, electricity must be
transformed to higher voltages for long distance
transmission. The transmission lines distribute the current
to buildings and residents with lower voltage from 220-240
volts. The power brought to the homes can be used as
needed by turning on a switch.

Sound Energy is produced by the vibration of matter. Any material that vibrates
produces sound. Sound energy makes the world beautiful and interesting. People
communicate with each other through sound energy. Animals, too, have sound energy.
Radio, televisions and cellphones are appliances that make use of sound energy.
Musical instruments like guitar, piano, and harp
vibrate and produce sound.
Radiant Energy is a form of energy that can
travel through an empty space called a vacuum. It is
caused by accelerated electric charges or by electric
or magnetic fields that increase or decrease with
time.
The sun and the stars are the sources of
radiant energy or electromagnetic waves. The sun,
which is the nearest star on earth, is the main source of energy on earth. Radiant
energy is also called solar energy. Radiant energy maybe in the form of light, radio
waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays.
Heat Energy is a very common energy present in every body due to the motion
of its molecules. It is also called thermal energy. When a substance is heated, its
molecules move rapidly and bump one another. The hotter the body becomes, the more
rapid is the movement of molecules. As the object cools, the collision of molecules is
reduced. Their movement slows down a lot at extremely low temperatures. But even
very cold objects possess some heat, since molecular movement still exists. Heat
energy is the energy that flows from a hotter to a colder body due to a temperature
difference between them.

45
 Nuclear Energy or atomic energy is a form of energy produced by nuclear
fission and fusion. A tremendous amount of energy is
released when nuclear fission and nuclear fusion occur.
Nuclear fission is the process of splitting the
nucleus of elements with heavy atoms releasing a large
amount of energy. The element Uranium, for example,
has very heavy atoms which can be broken to produce
energy. This element is the main fuel in nuclear reactors.
Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce
energy.
Nuclear fusion is the opposite of fission. It is the
process of combining two or more nuclei to form one
heavier nucleus to produce energy. This reaction is happening in the sun and stars. In a
complicated series of reactions, four small hydrogen nuclei are put together to form a
new helium nucleus releasing a great amount of energy in the process. Nuclear fusion
is also called thermonuclear fusion. “Thermonuclear” means high temperature is
required for the nuclei to react. Very high temperature (millions of degrees) is required
before the nuclei have energy to collide with the force needed for them to combine.
When a hydrogen bomb explodes, thermonuclear fusion occurs.

How Do the Forms of Energy Differ?

In the previous grade, you learned that energy is the ability to do work. You also
learned that there are two kinds of energy: potential and kinetic. Potential energy is
energy that is stored.

Uses of Energy
Uses of Mechanical Energy
In any activity you do, you use your muscles. When your muscles. When your
muscles move, mechanical energy makes you work. To make your work easier and

46
faster, you use simple machines and high-tech machines. Machine possess mechanical
energy, too. Without mechanical energy, you cannot accomplish your work.

Observe the following pictures and describe the uses of mechanical energy.

Just like any other machine, the hammer has mechanical energy as it drives the
nail into a piece of wood. The hammer works because of the muscles of the carpenter
who possesses mechanical energy. The tractor, an example of a compound machine,
has mechanical energy to plow the field as the driver drives it. The mechanical energy
kinetic makes the windmill move to generate electricity. The painter and his/her brush
possess mechanical energy to paint the steel. Therefore, mechanical energy of your
muscles and machines make work easier and faster.

47
Uses of Chemical Energy
One of the most important processes taking place on Earth is photosynthesis,
which creates energy-rich chemicals such as glucose. Chemical energy of food from
plants sustains life.

The chemical energy of food is turned into body energy,

which makes living things grow. The body energy of
people and animals keep them moving.
Gasoline and other fuels are used to run engines of
vehicles and other machines. Without the chemical
energy of gasoline, a car will not start and run. Without
the chemical energy of diesel, a tractor will not start
and will not be able to plow the field.

Chemical reactions take place anywhere. It may happen very slowly or very rapidly. A
rapid chemical reaction produces light or sound or both. An example of rapid chemical
reaction is the explosion of firecrackers. The chemical energy of the firecrackers is
released when burned producing light and sound. Have you seen a fireworks display.
Chemists make use of the chemical energy of substances to make new products.
They use molecule combination or association to form another substance. The new
substances may be used in homes and industries.

Uses of Electrical Energy

48
 One of the most important forms of energy in today’s highly technological world is
electrical energy. Have you experienced a day or two of blackout? What activities can
you do without electrical current? What happens to industries when electrical current is
not available?

Electric current provides the energy of labor-saving appliances such as electric

iron, washing machine, electric mixers and vacuum cleaners. Electric current provides

49
light to our streets, homes, schools, and offices. People can work more hours beyond
daytime because of adequate light at night. Electrical energy turns motors and drives
machinery. The Light Rail Transit (LRT) and the Metro Rail Transit (MRT) are operating
because of electricity. These types of transportation help reduce the traffic problem in
Metro Manila.
Electrical energy helps you cook your food, cool your rooms through electric fans
and air conditioners, encode and print written works through computer sets, which latest
newscast through your television sets, and enables you to use many appliances to
make life convenient and comfortable.
Can you imagine a life without electric current? Can you live conveniently and
comfortably without electricity?

Uses of Sound Energy

Just like electrical energy, sound energy is also
important. Imagine a world without sound. Life can be very
dull and uninteresting without sound. WE communicate and
understand each other through our voices. The sounds from
musical instruments and singers’ voices inspire us.
We learn things and events around the world and the outer space through sound.
Sound energy can serve as warning signs. Signals help us avoid accidents in the
streets and save us from danger even at home.

Have you ever heard of the word “sonar”? Sonar uses sound waves to detect
and determine the location, size and relative motion of underwater objects. Since
communication is difficult underwater, scientist developed sonar systems which are
used in many ways. One use of the sonar systems is detecting iceberg at sea. Sonar
today has many commercial and military applications. The military uses a large number
of sonar systems to detect, identify and locate submarines.
In medicine, sound energy has been useful, too. The stethoscope, and
ultrasound machines make use of sound to detect abnormalities of organs and fetus
inside the body

50
Uses of Radiant Energy
The sun is the major source of energy on Earth.
Without the sun’s energy, there would be no life on Earth.
We cannot see without the light energy of the sun.
Radiant energy is captured by plants through their
leaves to make food. Other processes such as water
cycle would not be possible without the radiant energy.

Special instruments like radio telescopes are used to detect radio frequency
radiant. The radiant energy detected is eventually changed to energy of moving electric
currents, as in a radio receiver. Radiation energy, therefore, makes communication
possible even in outer space.
Radiant energy has an important role in medical science. X-rays, lasers and
scanning machines make use of radiant energy. X-rays and scanning machine take
pictures of the organs inside the body so that causes of ailments are determined.
Lasers are used for surgery.
Home appliances such as a microwave oven make use of microwave radiation
that can cook food fast.

Uses of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy was discovered during World War II and it was inevitably used
first for destructive purposes. The first bomb test was done on July 16, 1945 by the
United States and shortly after that, atomic bombs were dropped in Hiroshima, Japan
on August 6, 1945 and in Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945.
A team of U.S scientists including Edward Teller developed the first hydrogen
bomb and tested on November 1, 1952. This followed the developments of several
nuclear weapons by powerful nations like the former USSR and United Kingdom.
Aside from developments of nuclear weapons, nuclear energy has paved its way
to useful applications in the generation of electrical power, in the treatment of cancer

51
and other diseases, in agricultural and botanical research, and even in industrial
operations.

A nuclear power plant using nuclear reactors generates electricity. The first
commercial nuclear power plant that generated electricity in the U.S made use of a
reactor in which heat is produced by nuclear fission and is absorbed and transferred by
a water coolant. In France, more than 70% of their electricity comes from nuclear plants.
Nuclear energy in the form of radioisotopes has been widely use in the field of
medicine. Doctors are radioisotopes to diagnose and treat patients suffering from
tumors, thyroid, irregularities and cancers. The
element cobalt is commonly used to treat cancer
patients. Under controlled conditions, cancer
patients can be exposed to the healing effects of
the element’s radiation after it has undergone
nuclear treatment. This is less costly than radium.

How is Energy Transformed from One Form to Another?

Energy is life. Without it, we cannot do anything. We use different forms of
energy in everything we do.
All mater possesses energy but this energy but this energy is useless if unused.
It has to be changes into usable form. Energy must be transformed from one form to
another before they can be beneficial. The change from one form of energy to another
is called energy transformation.
The chemical energy of the battery is changed to electrical energy when you
switch on the flashlight. The electrical energy is turned into light and heat energy, which
is used to see when in dark places or at night during brown-outs. Electrical energy from
power plants is changed to light and heat energy when you switch on the electric bulb.
When you plug the electric fan and switch it on, the electrical energy is changed to
mechanical and heat energy. The toy car uses the chemical energy of the battery.
When you switch it on, the chemical energy is changed to electrical energy. The
electrical energy is transformed to mechanical energy, which makes the toy car move.
Sound energy and heat energy are also produced during the transformation.

Heat Energy during Energy Transformation

52
 The chemical energy in the food you eat is used up by your body. Inside your
body, the food combines with oxygen to produce energy for you to work. This energy is
in the form of mechanical energy. How do you feel after eating and after doing work? Do
you feel warm? This shows that heat energy is also produced in the body.
Whenever energy is transformed, heat is always produced. Some of the heat
energy produced goes to the environment.
Recall all the examples of energy transformation discussed in this lesson. Do you
observe that heat energy is always produced?

Some of the heat energy produced during energy transformation goes to the
environment.
Study the illustration below and describe how energy is transformed.

53
 During the process of photosynthesis, the radiant energy of the sun, which trees
and other plants absorb, is transformed to chemical energy. The chemical energy in the
trees is transformed to heat and light energy when firewood from the trees is used as
fuel to cook food. The energy of the sun makes wind and water move to operate the
windmill and to operate hydroelectric power plants, which generate electrical energy.
The electrical energy is transformed to light and heat energy in streets, homes, and
offices. This electrical energy is also transformed to mechanical energy, sound energy,
and heat energy in the appliances used at homes and offices.
The chemical energy of fossil fuels comes from dead plants and animals.
Through drilling, the fossil fuels are mined and manufactured for use in transportations
and other machines. The chemical energy of fossil fuels is transformed to mechanical
energy and heat energy.

54
Activity 4
Part A. Complete the concept map below. Write examples of effects of friction.

1. Makes me walk without slipping down

More Friction 2.
3.

1. Makes a ballet dancer glide, slide and dance

smoothly
Less Friction 2.
3.

Part B. Describe how you can overcome the effects of friction in the following:
1. You are a scientist and you are inventing a robot garbage collector, which can move
from one house to another using a remote control. What will you put to ease the
movement of your robot?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. While playing tennis, the racket seems to fly off your hand. What can you do to have
a better hold of the racket?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. You find the difficulty in removing a screw because of rusty surface. What should you
do and why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

55
4. The court where you are about to play volleyball is wet. What should you do and
why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

5. The tires of your bicycle had worn down. What should you do and why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Part C. A. Write the form of energy present or produced in the following.

__________________________ 1. Food
__________________________ 2. Lightning
__________________________ 3. A running car
__________________________ 4. Burning firewood
__________________________ 5. Sun
__________________________ 6. Nuclear power plant
__________________________ 7. Gasoline
__________________________ 8. Switching on the bulb
__________________________ 9. Playing guitar
__________________________ 10. Switching on the computer
Part C. B. Make a research about the different nuclear power plants and their safety
standards. Present a debate on the issue about having the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
being opened for operation or not.
Part C. C Complete the concept map below.

Radiant Energy of the Sun

is changed to

____________ of the wind

which gives

___________ of the water

56
which operates the

Hydroelectric Power Plant