Lab Manual

CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY

1) Write a C program that contains a string(char pointer) with a value\Hello

World’. The programs should XOR each character in this string with 0 and display
the result.

2) Write a C program that contains a string (char pointer) with a value \Hello World’.
The program should AND or and XOR each character in this string with 127 and
display the result.

3) Write a Java program to perform encryption and decryption using

the following algorithms:
i. Ceaser Cipher
ii. Substitution Cipher
iii. Hill Cipher

4) Write a Java program to implement the DES algorithm logic.

5) Write a C/JAVA program to implement the Blowfish algorithm logic.
6) Write a C/JAVA program to implement the Rijndael algorithm logic.
7) Write the RC4 logic in Java Using Java Cryptography, encrypt text “Hello world”
using Blowfish. Create your own key using Java key tool.
8) Write a Java program to implement RSA Algorithm.
9) Implement the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange mechanism using HTML and
JavaScript.
10) Calculate the message digest of a text using the SHA-1 algorithm in JAVA.
11) Calculate the message digest of a text using the MD5 algorithm in JAVA
 PROGRAMS

Week 1.

Write a C program that contains a string(charpointer) witha value\Hello World’.The program should XOR each
character in this string with 0 and display the result.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdlib.h>
main()
{
char str[]="Hello World";

char str1[11];
int i,len;
len=strlen(str);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
str1[i]=str[i]^0; printf("%c",str1[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}

Output: Hello World Hello

World
Week 2

Write a C program that contains a string (char pointer) with a value \Hello World’. The program
should AND or and XOR each character in this string with 127 and display the result.

PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
#incl ude<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
char str[]="Hello World"; char
str1[11];
char str2[11]=str[]; int i,len;
len = strlen(str);

for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
str1[i] = str[i]&127;
printf("%c",str1[i]);
}
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
str3[i]=str2[i]^127;
printf("%c",str3[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
Output:

OUTPUT :Hello
World
Hello World
Hello World
Week 3
Write a Javaprogramtoperformencryptionanddecryption usingthe following algorithms:
a) Ceaser Cipher
b) Substitution Cipher
c) Hill Cipher

PROGRAM:
a) Ceaser Cipher
import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import
java.util.Scanner;
public class CeaserCipher {

static Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

staticBufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in));public static void
main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// TODO code application logic here

System.out.print("Enter any String: "); String str = br.readLine();

System.out.print("\nEnter the Key: ");
int key = sc.nextInt();

String encrypted = encrypt(str, key);

System.out.println("\nEncrypted String is: " +encrypted);
Stringdecrypted=decrypt(encrypted, key); System.out.println("\nDecrypted String is: "+decrypted);
System.out.println("\n");
}

public static String encrypt(String str, int key)

{
String encrypted ="";
for(int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++)
{
int c= str.charAt(i);
if (Character.isUpperCase(c))
{
c = c + (key % 26);
if (c > 'Z')
c = c - 26;
}

else if (Character.isLowerCase(c)) {
c = c + (key % 26);
if (c > 'z')
c = c - 26;
}

encrypted += (char) c;
}
return encrypted;
}

public static String decrypt(String str, int key)

{
String decrypted = "";
for(int i= 0; i< str.length(); i++)
{
int c= str.charAt(i);
if(Character.isUpperCase(c))
{
c = c - (key % 26);
if (c < 'A')
c = c + 26;
}

else if (Character.isLowerCase(c))
{
c = c - (key % 26);
if (c < 'a')
}
c = c + 26;
}

Output:
Enterany String: HelloWorld Enter the Key: 5
Encrypted String is: MjqqtBtwqi Decrypted Stringis: HelloWor
b) Substitution Cipher
PROGRAM:
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class SubstitutionCipher
{
static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
staticBufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in))
;public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
// TODO code application logic here
String a
String a= "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
String b = "zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba";
System.out.print("Enter any string: ");
String str = br.readLine();
String decrypt = "";
char c;
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
c=str.charAt(i);
int j = a.indexOf(c);
decrypt = decrypt+b.charAt(j);
}
System.out.println("The encrypted data is: " +decrypt);
}
}

Output:
Enter any string: aceho
The encrypted data is: zxvsl
 c) Hill Cipher
PROGRAM:
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*; public class HillCipher {
staticfloat[][] decrypt= newfloat[3][1];
staticfloat[][] a= newfloat[3][3];
static float[][]b=newfloat[3][3];
staticfloat[][] mes=newfloat[3][1];
staticfloat[][]res= new float[3][1];
static BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
//TODOcode applicationlogic here getkeymes();
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
for(int j=0;j<1;j++)
(int k=0;k<3;k++) {
res[i][j]=res[i][j]+a[i][k]*mes[k][j];
}
System.out.print("\nEncrypted string is : ");
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{ System.out.print((char)(res[i][0]%26+97));
[i][0]=res[i][0];

}
inverse();
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
for(int j=0;j<1;j++)
for(int k=0;k<3;k++)
{
decrypt[i][j] = decrypt[i][j]+b[i][k]*res[k][j]; } System.out.print("\nDecrypted string is : ");
for(int i =0;i<3;i++)
{
System.out.print((char)(decrypt[i][0]% 26+97));
}
System.out.print("\n");
}
public static void getkeymes() throws IOException
{
System.out.println("Enter 3x3 matrix for key (It should be inversible): ");
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
a[i][j]= sc.nextFloat();
System.out.print("\nEnter a 3 letter string: ");
String msg = br.readLine();
for(int i=0;i<3;i++) mes[i][0]
= msg.charAt(i)-97;
}
public static void inverse()
{
floatp,q;
float[][] c= a;
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) {
//a[i][j]=sc.nextFl oat();
if(i==j)
b[i][j]=1;
else
b[i][j]=0;
}
for(int k=0;k<3;k++)
{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
p = c[i][k];
q = c[k][k];
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
if(i!=k)

c[i][j] = c[i][j]*q-p*c[k][j];
b[i][j] =b[i][j]*q-p*b[k][j];
}}}}
for(int i=0;i<3;i++) for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{ b[i][j] = b[i][j]/c[i][i]; }

System.out.println(""); System.out.println("\nInverse Matrix is : "); for(int i=0;i <3;i ++) {

for(int j=0;j<3;j++) System.out.print(b[i][j] + " ");
System.out.print("\n"); }
}}

Output:
Entera3letterstring:hai Encrypted string is :fdx Inverse Matrix is:
0.083333336 0.41666666 -0.33333334
-0.41666666 -0.083333336 0.6666667
0.5833333 -0.083333336 -0.33333334
Decrypted string is: hai
Week 4

Write a Java program to implement the DES algorithm logic.

PROGRAM:

import java.util.*;

import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.InputStreamReader;

import java.security.spec.KeySpec;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;

import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;

import javax.crypto.spec.DESedeKeySpec;

import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;
import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;
public class DES{
private static final String UNICODE_FORMAT = "UTF8";

public static final String DESEDE_ENCRYPTION_SCHEME = "DESede";

privateKeySpecmyKeySpec;

privateSecretKeyFactorymySecretKeyFactory;

private Cipher cipher;

byte[] keyAsBytes;

private String myEncryptionKey;

private String myEncryptionScheme;

key;
static BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
publicDES()throws Exception{
// TODO code application logic here my
myEncryptionKey= "ThisIsSecretEncryptionKey";

myEncryptionScheme = DESEDE_ENCRYPTION_SCHEME;
keyAsBytes=myEncryptionKey.getBytes(UNICODE_FORMAT);

myKeySpec== new DESedeKeySpec(keyAsBytes);

mySecretKeyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(myEncryptionScheme); cipher

= Cipher.getInstance(myEncryptionScheme);

key = mySecretKeyFactory.generateSecret(myKeySpec);

public String encrypt(String unencryptedString)

{ String encryptedString = null;

try {

cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);

byte[] plainText = unencryptedString.getBytes(UNICODE_FORMAT); byte[]

encryptedText = cipher.doFinal(plainText);
BASE64Encoder base64encoder = new BASE64Encoder(); encryptedString

= base64encoder.encode(encryptedText); } catch
(Exception e)
{ e.printStackTrace(); }
returnencryptedString; }
public String decrypt(String encryptedString)

{ String decryptedText=null;

try {

cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key);
BASE64Decoder base64decoder = new BASE64Decoder(); byte[]
encryptedText = base64decoder.decodeBuffer(encryptedString); byte[] plainText =
cipher.doFinal(encryptedText); decryptedText= bytes2String(plainText); }
catch (Exception e)
{ e.printStackTrace();}
returndecryptedText; }
private static String bytes2String(byte[] bytes)

{ StringBufferstringBuffer =new StringBuffer(); for (int i

= 0; i <bytes.length;
i++) { stringBuffer.append((char) bytes[i]); }
returnstringBuffer.toString(); }
public static void main(String args []) throws Exception

{ System.out.print("Enter the string: "); DES

myEncryptor= new DES();
String stringToEncrypt = br.readLine();

String encrypted = myEncryptor.encrypt(stringToEncrypt); String decrypted

= myEncryptor.decrypt(encrypted); System.out.println("\nString To
Encrypt: " +stringToEncrypt); System.out.println("\nEncrypted Value : "
+encrypted);
System.out.println("\nDecrypted Value : " +decrypted); System.out.println("");
}

OUTPUT:

Enterthestring:WelcomeString To
Encrypt: Welcome
Encrypted Value : BPQMwc0wKvg= Decrypted
Value: Welcome
Week 5
Write a C/JAVA program to implement the BlowFish algorithm logic.
PROGRAM:
import java.io.*;
import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.security.Key;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.CipherOutputStream; import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator; import
sun.misc.BASE64Encoder; public class BlowFish{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// TODO code application logic here KeyGeneratorkeyGenerator
=KeyGenerator.getInstance("Blowfish"); keyGenerator.init(128); KeysecretKey =
keyGenerator.generateKey();
Cipher cipherOut = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CFB/NoPadding");
cipherOut.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey); BASE64Encoder encoder = new
BASE64Encoder();
byte iv[] = cipherOut.getIV(); if (iv != null) {
System.out.println("Initialization Vectorofthe Cipher:" + encoder.encode(iv)); }
FileInputStream fin= new FileInputStream("inputFile.txt"); FileOutputStreamfout = new
FileOutputStream("outputFile.txt"); CipherOutputStreamcout = new CipherOutputStream(fout, cipherOut); intinput
= 0;
while ((input = fin.read()) != -1)
{ cout.write(input); }

fin.close(); cout.close(); } }

OUTPUT:
Initialization Vectorofthe Cipher: dI1MXzW97oQ= Contents of inputFile.txt: Hello World
Contents of outputFile.txt: ùJÖ˜ NåI“
Week 6
Write a C/JAVA program to implement the Rijndael algorithm logic.
PROGRAM:
import java.security.*; import javax.crypto.*; import javax.crypto.spec.*; import java.io.*;
public class AES {
public static String asHex (byte buf[]) { StringBuffer strbuf = new StringBuffer(buf.length * 2); int i;
for (i = 0; i < buf.length; i++) { if (((int) buf[i] & 0xff) < 0x10)
strbuf.append("0");
strbuf.append(Long.toString((int) buf[i] & 0xff, 16)); } return strbuf.toString(); }
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ String message="AES still rocks!!";
// Get the KeyGenerator
KeyGenerator kgen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("AES"); kgen.init(128); // 192 and 256 bits may not
be available
// Generate the secret key specs. SecretKey skey = kgen.generateKey(); byte[] raw=
skey.getEncoded();
SecretKeySpec skeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(raw, "AES");
// Instantiate the cipher
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES"); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, skeySpec);
byte[] encrypted = cipher.doFinal((args.length == 0 ? message :

args[0]).getBytes()); System.out.println("encrypted string: " + asHex(encrypted));

cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, skeySpec); byte[] original = cipher.doFinal(encrypted);
String originalString = new String(original);
System.out.println("Original string: " + originalString + " " + asHex(original));
}
}

OUTPUT:
Input your message: Hello KGRCET Encrypted text: 3ooo&&(*&*4r4 Decrypted text: Hello
KGRCET
Week 7
UsingJavaCryptography, encryptthetext“Hello world” using BlowFish. Createyour own key using Java
keytool.
PROGRAM:
import javax.crypto.Cipher; import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator; import javax.crypto.SecretKey; import
javax.swing.JOptionPane; public class BlowFishCipher {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// create a key generator based upon the Blowfish cipher KeyGeneratorkeygenerator =
KeyGenerator.getInstance("Blowfish");
// create a key
// create a cipher based upon Blowfish Cipher cipher
= Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish");
// initialise cipher to with secret key cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretkey);
// get the text to encrypt
String inputText = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Input your message: "); // encrypt message
byte[] encrypted = cipher.doFinal(inputText.getBytes());
//re-initialisetheciphertobeindecryptmode cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretkey);
// decrypt message
byte[] decrypted = cipher.doFinal(encrypted);
// and display the results

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(JOptionPane.getRootFrame(), "\nEncrypted text:"+ new

String(encrypted)+"\n"+"\nDecryptedtext:"+ new String(decrypted));
System.exit(0);
}}
OUTPUT:
Input your message: Helloworld Encrypted text: 3ooo&&(*&*4r4 Decrypted text: Hello world
Week 8
Write a Java program to implement RSA Algoithm.
PROGRAM:
importjava.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.math.*;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class RSA{
static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args){
// TODO code application logic here
System.out.print("Enter a Prime number: ");
BigIntegerp= sc.nextBigInteger();// Here'soneprimenumber..
System.out.print("Enter another prime number: ");
BigInteger q = sc.nextBigInteger(); // ..andanother.
BigInteger n = p.multiply(q);
BigInteger n2 = p.subtract(BigInteger.ONE).multiply(q.subtract(BigInteger.ONE));
BigInteger e
= generateE(n2);
BigInteger d = e.modInverse(n2); // Here's the multiplicative inverse

System.out.println("Encryptionkeysare:"+e+","+ n);
System.out.println("Decryption keys are: " + d + ", " + n);
}
public static BigIntegergenerateE(BigIntegerfiofn)
{
int y, intGCD;
BigInteger e; BigInteger gcd;
Random x = new Random();
do {
y = x.nextInt(fiofn.intValue()-1);
String z = Integer.toString(y);
e= new BigInteger(z);
gcd = fiofn.gcd(e);
intGCD = gcd.intValue();
}
while(y <= 2 ||intGCD != 1); return e;
}
}
OUTPUT:

Enter a Prime number: 5

Enteranotherprimenumber:11 Encryption keys are: 33, 55
Decryption keys are: 17, 55
Week 9
Implement the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange mechanism using HTML and JavaScript. Consider the
end user as one of the parties (Alice) and the JavaScript application as other party (bob).
PROGRAM:
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import javax.crypto.spec.DHParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.DHPublicKeySpec;
public class DiffeHellman{
public final static int pValue = 47;
public final static int gValue = 71; public final static int XaValue = 9;
publicfinalstaticint XbValue= 14;
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ // TODO code application logic here
BigInteger p = new BigInteger(Integer.toString(pValue));
BigInteger g = new BigInteger(Integer.toString(gValue));
BigIntegerXa = new BigInteger(Integer.toString(XaValue))
; BigIntegerXb = new BigInteger(Integer.toString(XbValue));
createKey(); intbitLength = 512; // 512 bits
SecureRandomrnd = new SecureRandom();
p = BigInteger.probablePrime(bitLength, rnd);
g = BigInteger.probablePrime(bitLength, rnd);

createSpecificKey(p, g);
}
public static void createKey() throws Exception {
KeyPairGeneratorkpg = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DiffieHellman");
kpg.initialize(512);
KeyPairkp = kpg.generateKeyPair();
KeyFactorykfactory = KeyFactory.getInstance("DiffieHellman");
DHPublicKeySpeckspec = (DHPublicKeySpec)
kfactory.getKeySpec(kp.getPublic().DHPublicKeySpec.class);
System.out.println("Public key is: " +kspec);
}
public static void createSpecificKey(BigInteger p, BigInteger g) throws Exception
{
KeyPairGeneratorkpg = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DiffieHellman");
DHParameterSpecparam = new DHParameterSpec(p, g);
kpg.initialize(param);
KeyPairkp = kpg.generateKeyPair();
KeyFactorykfactory = KeyFactory.getInstance("DiffieHellman");
DHPublicKeySpeckspec = (DHPublicKeySpec) kfactory.getKeySpec(kp.getPublic(),
DHPublicKeySpec.class);
System.out.println("\nPublic key is : " +kspec);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Public key is: javax.crypto.spec.DHP ublicKeySpec @5afd29 Public key is:
javax.crypto.spec. DHPublicKeyS pec @9971a
Week 10
Calculate the message digest of a text using the SHA-1 algorithm in JAVA.
PROGRAM:
import java.security.*;
public class SHA1 {
public static void main(String[] a) { try
{
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA1");
System.out.println("Message digest object info: "); System.out.println(" Algorithm = " +md.getAlgorithm());
System.out.println(" Provider = " +md.getProvider());
System.out.println(" ToString = " +md.toString());
String input = ""; md.update(input.getBytes());
byte[] output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\""+input+"\") = " +bytesToHex(output));

input = "abc"; md.update(input.getBytes());

output = md.digest(); System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\""+input+"\") = " +bytesToHex(output));

input = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; md.update(input.getBytes());

output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" +input+"\") = " +bytesToHex(output));
System.out.println
}
catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Exception: " +e);

}
}
public static String bytesToHex(byte[] b) {
char hexDigit[] = {'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'};
StringBufferbuf=new StringBuffer();
for (int j=0; j<b.length;j++)
{ buf.append(hexDigit[(b[j] >> 4) & 0x0f]);
buf.append(hexDigit[b[j] & 0x0f]);
}
returnbuf.toString(); }
}
OUTPUT:
Message digest object info: Algorithm = SHA1 Provider = SUN version 1.6
ToString = SHA1 Message Digest from SUN, <initialized> SHA1("") =
DA39A3EE5E6B4B0D3255BFEF95601890AFD80709 SHA1("abc") =
A9993E364706816ABA3E25717850C26C9CD0D89D
SHA1("abcdefghijklmnop qrstuvwxyz")=32D10 C7 B8 CF96570 CA0 4CE37F2A19 D8424 0D3 A89
Week 11
Calculate the message digest of a text using the SHA-1 algorithm in JAVA.
PROGRAM:
import java.security.*;
public class MD5 {
public static void main(String[] a) {
// TODO code application logic here
try {
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
System.out.println("Message digest object info: ");
System.out.println(" Algorithm = " +md.getAlgorithm());
System.out.println(" Provider = " +md.getProvider());
System.out.println(" ToString = " +md.toString());
String input = ""; md.update(input.getBytes());
byte[] output = md.digest(); System.out.println();
System.out.println("MD5(\""+input+"\") = " +bytesToHex(output));

input = "abc"; md.update(input.getBytes

output = md.digest(); System.out.println();
System.out.println("MD5(\""+input+"\") = " +bytesToHex(output));

input = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; md.update(input.getBytes());

output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("MD5(\"" +input+"\") = "
+bytesTo Hex(output));
System.out.println("");
}
catch (Exception e)
{ System.out.println("Exception: " +e); }
}
public static String bytesToHex(byte[] b) {
char hexDigit[] = {'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'};
StringBufferbuf =new StringBuffer(); for (int j=0; j<b.length;j++)
{ buf.append(hexDigit[(b[j] >> 4) & 0x0f]); buf.append(hexDigit[b[j] &
0x0f]); } return buf.toString(); } }

OUTPUT:
Message digest object info:
Algorithm = MD5 Provider = SUN
version 1.6
ToString=MD5MessageDigestfromSUN,<initialized>MD5("")=
D41D8CD98F00B204E9800998ECF8427E MD5("abc") =
900150983CD24FB0D6963F7D28E17F72 MD5("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")
= C3FCD3D76192E4007DFB496CCA67E13B
 2. Write a java program to implement Diffie Hellman Key Exchange

PROGRAM
class Diffie_Hellman
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter modulo(p)");
int p=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter primitive root of "+p);
int g=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Choose 1st secret no(Alice)");
int a=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Choose 2nd secret no(BOB)");
int b=sc.nextInt();

int A = (int)Math.pow(g,a)%p;
int B = (int)Math.pow(g,b)%p;

int S_A = (int)Math.pow(B,a)%p;

int S_B =(int)Math.pow(A,b)%p;

if(S_A==S_B)
{
System.out.println("ALice and Bob can communicate with each other!!!");
System.out.println("They share a secret no = "+S_A);
}

else
{
System.out.println("ALice and Bob cannot communicate with each other!!!");
}
}
}
3. Write a java program to implement AES ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.KeySpec;
import java.util.Base64;
import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException;
import javax.crypto.NoSuchPaddingException;
public class AESExample
{
/* Private variable declaration */
private static final String SECRET_KEY = "123456789";
private static final String SALTVALUE = "abcdefg";

/* Encryption Method */
public static String encrypt(String strToEncrypt)
{
try
{
/* Declare a byte array. */
byte[] iv = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
IvParameterSpec ivspec = new IvParameterSpec(iv);
/* Create factory for secret keys. */
SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256");
/* PBEKeySpec class implements KeySpec interface. */
KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(SECRET_KEY.toCharArray(), SALTVALUE.getBytes(), 65536, 256);
SecretKey tmp = factory.generateSecret(spec);
SecretKeySpec secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(tmp.getEncoded(), "AES");
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding");
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey, ivspec);
/* Retruns encrypted value. */
return Base64.getEncoder()
.encodeToString(cipher.doFinal(strToEncrypt.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
}
catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException | InvalidKeyException | NoSuchAlgorithmException | InvalidKeySpecExcepti
on | BadPaddingException | IllegalBlockSizeException | NoSuchPaddingException e)
{
System.out.println("Error occured during encryption: " + e.toString());
}
}
return null;

/* Decryption Method */
public static String decrypt(String strToDecrypt)
{
try
{
/* Declare a byte array. */
byte[] iv = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
IvParameterSpec ivspec = new IvParameterSpec(iv);
/* Create factory for secret keys. */
SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256");
/* PBEKeySpec class implements KeySpec interface. */
KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(SECRET_KEY.toCharArray(), SALTVALUE.getBytes(), 65536, 256);
SecretKey tmp = factory.generateSecret(spec);
SecretKeySpec secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(tmp.getEncoded(), "AES");
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5PADDING");
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey, ivspec);
/* Retruns decrypted value. */
return new String(cipher.doFinal(Base64.getDecoder().decode(strToDecrypt)));
}
catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException | InvalidKeyException | NoSuchAlgorithmException | InvalidKeySpecExcepti
on |
BadPaddingException | IllegalBlockSizeException | NoSuchPaddingException e)
{
System.out.println("Error occured during decryption: " + e.toString());
}
return null;
}
/* Driver Code */
public static void main(String[] args)
{
/* Message to be encrypted. */
String originalval = "AES Encryption";
/* Call the encrypt() method and store result of encryption. */
String encryptedval = encrypt(originalval);
/* Call the decrypt() method and store result of decryption. */
String decryptedval = decrypt(encryptedval);
/* Display the original message, encrypted message and decrypted message on the console. */
System.out.println("Original value: " + originalval);
System.out.println("Encrypted value: " + encryptedval);
System.out.println("Decrypted value: " + decryptedval);
}
}
14. Write a java program for Knapsack using Dynamic Programming based solution
PROGRAM:

// A Dynamic Programming based solution for 0-1 Knapsack problem

class Knapsack {

// A utility function that returns maximum of two integers

static int max(int a, int b)
{ return (a > b) ? a : b; }

// Returns the maximum value that can be put in a knapsack

// of capacity W
static int knapSack(int W, int wt[], int val[], int n)
{
int i, w;
int K[][] = new int[n + 1][W + 1];

// Build table K[][] in bottom up manner

for (i = 0; i<= n; i++) {
for (w = 0; w<= W; w++) {
if (i == 0 || w == 0)
K[i][w] = 0;
else if (wt[i - 1]<= w)
K[i][w] = max(val[i - 1] + K[i - 1][w - wt[i - 1]], K[i - 1][w]);
else
K[i][w] = K[i - 1][w];
}
}

return K[n][W];
}

// Driver program to test above function

public static void main(String args[])
{
int val[] = new int[] { 60, 100, 120 };
int wt[] = new int[] { 10, 20, 30 };
int W = 50;
int n = val.length;
System.out.println(knapSack(W, wt, val, n));
}
}

OUTPUT:
220