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Homework 4: MATH214 Linear Algebra

The document outlines homework assignments for a Linear Algebra course (MATH214) including various exercises on matrix operations, inner products, dual spaces, and orthonormal bases. It emphasizes the importance of clear explanations, neat handwriting or LATEX usage, and critical evaluation of results. Optional questions are included, which can be skipped without penalty but are recommended for understanding the material.

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houettesil69
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11 views3 pages

Homework 4: MATH214 Linear Algebra

The document outlines homework assignments for a Linear Algebra course (MATH214) including various exercises on matrix operations, inner products, dual spaces, and orthonormal bases. It emphasizes the importance of clear explanations, neat handwriting or LATEX usage, and critical evaluation of results. Optional questions are included, which can be skipped without penalty but are recommended for understanding the material.

Uploaded by

houettesil69
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reminders

MATH214
• Write in a neat and legible handwriting or use LATEX
Linear Algebra
• Clearly explain the reasoning process

• Write in a complete style (subject, verb, and object)


Homework 4
• Be critical on your results
Manuel — JI (Spring 2025)

Questions preceded by a * are optional. Although they can be skipped without any deduction, it is
important to know and understand the results they contain.

* Ex. 1 — Getting started


(1 2) ( )
1. Let A = 3 9 and B = 26 18 .
51
a) Compute AB.
b) Find A⊤ , and B ⊤ .
c) Is A⊤ B ⊤ defined? If so, compute A⊤ B ⊤ . Otherwise, explain why it is undefined in terms of
the meaning of transpose.

2. For two functions f and g defined from [−1, 1] into R, we define


∫ 1
⟨f , g ⟩ := f (x)g (x) dx.
−1

a) Prove that ⟨f , g ⟩ is an inner product.1


b) Let {f0 (X ) = 1, f1 (X ) = X , f2 (X ) = X 2 , f3 (X ) = X 3 } be a family of functions defined for
[−1, 1] into R. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to find an orthogonal basis of span {f0 , ... , f3 }.

Ex. 2 — Matrix calculations

1. Use block multiplication to determine the product of M1 and M2 , where


 
   4 3 2 1
 8 −3 −2 5
1 2 3 4 5 6  
4 10  
 1 2 −3 −1  7 8 1 0
M1 =   and M2 = 

.

1 8 −3 −4 −3 4  2 7 −2 9
   
6 −3 −9  
1 1 6 12 23 −2 −1
5 7 −9 5

2. If it exists, determine the inverse of the matrices over the reals


     
1 2 3 −1 2 3 −1 2 −3
     
6 5 4 ,  6 −5 4  6 −5 4
    , and  .
7 9 8 7 9 −8 −7 9 −8

1
Refer to ex. 5 for the definition of an inner product.
Ex. 3 — Dual space
Let V1 and V2 be two subspaces of a finite dimensional K-vector space V .

1. Show that (V1 + V2 )⊥ = V1⊥ ∩ V2⊥ and (V1 ∩ V2 )⊥ = V1⊥ + V2⊥ .


Hints.
• Use simple words to explain what (V1 + V2 )⊥ is.
• For a subspace V0 ⊂ V , what is (V0⊥ )⊥ ?

2. Conclude that if V = V1 ⊕ V2 , then V ∗ = V1⊥ ⊕ V2⊥ .

Ex. 4 — Symmetric matrices


Let M ∈ Mn,p (K). Show that MM ⊤ and M ⊤ M are both symmetric matrices.
Hint. Think in term of matrix elements.

Ex. 5 — Gram-Schmidt procedure


Let V be a finite n-dimensional R-vector space. A symmetric bilinear form on V is a bilinear form b
such that for any v1 , v2 ∈ V , b(v1 , v2 ) = b(v2 , v1 ). We say that b is positive definite if for any v ∈ V ,
b(v , v ) ≥ 0, with equality if and only if v = 0.

1. Bilinear forms.
a) Let v = (v1 , · · · , vn ) and w = (w1 , · · · , wn ) ∈ V be the representations of v and w on a
basis B = {e1 , · · · , en } of V . Show that if b is a bilinear form then b(v , w ) can be expressed
in terms of matrices as
  
b · · · b1,n w
( )  1,1   1
 .. . ..   ... 
.  
b(v , w ) = v1 · · · vn  . .. .
  
bn,1 · · · bn,n wn

b) Calling B the matrix of b in B, show that B is symmetric if and only if b is symmetric.

A bilinear form ⟨·, ·⟩ : V × V → R, which is symmetric and positive definite is called an inner product. A
vector space endowed with an inner product is called an inner product space. A finite dimensional real
inner product space is called a Euclidean space.2
A map ∥ · ∥ : V → R is called a norm if for any v , w ∈ V , (i) ∥v ∥ = 0 if and only if v = 0, (ii) for any
a ∈ R, ∥av ∥ = |a|∥v ∥, and (iii) ∥v + w ∥ ≤ ∥v ∥ + ∥w ∥.

2. Inner product and norm. Let v , w ∈ V .


∑n
a) Show that V endowed with ⟨v , w ⟩ = i=1 vi wi ,
is an n-dimensional Euclidean space.
√
b) Show that if V is an inner product space over R, then for any v ∈ V , ∥v ∥ = ⟨v , v ⟩ defines
a norm and V is a normed vector space.
c) Prove Cauchy-Swartz inequality, |⟨v , w ⟩| ≤ ∥v ∥∥w ∥.

A unit vector is a vector with norm 1. Two vectors w and v are said to orthogonal if ⟨v , w ⟩ = 0. As
set of vectors {u1 , · · · , un } is said to be orthonormal if they all have norm 1 and for any i, j ∈ J1, nK,
2
Those definitions are only valid over R. When working on C, the notion of sesquilinear form generalises the definition of a
bilinear form and allows the definition of the inner product over C.
⟨ui , uj ⟩ = δi,j .

3. Construction of an orthonormal basis.


a) Show that any set of non-zero orthogonal vectors is linearly independent.
b) Prove that for any basis B of V there exists an orthonormal basis B ′ with span B ′ = span B.
Hint. Proceed by induction on the dimension n of the space.

Gram-Schmidt procedure transforms any given basis into an orthonormal basis.

* Ex. 6 — Challenging problem


∩
p
Let V be a K-vector space, and f1 , · · · , fp and g be linear forms on V . Prove that if ker fi ⊂ ker g ,
i=1
then g ∈ span{f1 , · · · , fp }.
Hints.
• Do not forget the case g = 0.
• Independently consider the cases where V is a finite and an infinite dimensional vector space.
• Let L be a subspace of V ∗ . In infinite dimension do we have (◦ L)⊥ = L?
• For the infinite dimension case, reason by induction on p.

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