Module 1(Nature of mathematics) Pure Mathematics

- It‟s all about itself

Mathematics - Number system, natural number,
- Diverse discipline integers, real numbers, rational
- Science of patter and order (data‟s) number, complex number
- Science of abstract object (logic)
- Experiencing/ experience with Applied Mathematics
mathematical modes of thoughts build - Combination of pure mathematics
mathematical power (capacity of - Aims to solve problem
mind)
Module 2 (Mathematics in Our World)
John William Navin Sullivan Symmetry
- Famous science writer - Comes from a Greek word which
- Mathematics is at the center of history means “to measure together“
and development of culture - One shape becomes exactly like
- Mathematics is evident in ancient arts, another shape when you move it in
Egyptian architecture, and music some way.
- Must be of the same size and shape,
Mathematics with one object having a different
Is very beneficial to every human orientation from the first.
being in his or her day to day live. It helps
individual to develop: Symmetry
- Reasoning - Not all objects have symmetry.
- Analytical thinking - If an object is not symmetrical, it is
- Critical thinking called asymmetric.
Mathematics played a central role in - Symmetry indicates that you can draw
the physical sciences for centuries, and an imaginary line across an object and
currently it is being used by life scientists in the resulting parts are mirror images
analyzing patterns present in animals, plants, of each other.
and humans.
Type of Symmetry
Mathema - learnt (ancient greek language) - Line or Bilateral Symmetry
lesson (modern greek) - The left and right portions are exactly
Mathema - Manthano (derived) - Mathaino the same.
(Modern Greek) (to learn) - It is evident in most animals, including
The definition of mathematics does not humans.
seem as readily available as other fields, like - The fruit fly has only one possible line
science of symmetry.

Math Dilemma Radial or Rotational Symmetry

- Discovered - Realism - If you rotate the lily flower above by
- Invented - Anti-Realism several degrees you can still achieve
the same appearance as the original.
- The smallest angle that a figure can be
rotated while still preserving the
 original formation is called the angle commonly used patterns today, the logic
of rotation. patterns, symbol patterns, number patterns,
and word patterns.
Spherical Geometry Number Patterns Mathematics is very
- The Streptococcus bacteria as anyway useful in making predictions. Working with
you cut it along its center, it will number patterns leads directly to the concept
generate two identical halves. of functions in mathematics. It is important
that students are able to recognize number
Order of Rotation patterns to help them develop their
problem-solving skill.

Arithmetic Sequence
It is a sequence of numbers such that
the difference between the consecutive terms
is constant. The constant is called a common
difference.
Example: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, …
FORMULA:
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑

Angle of Rotation. Sum of arithmetic sequence

𝑛
- It can be observed that the patterns on 𝑠𝑛 = 2
( 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
a snowflake repeat six times,
indicating that there is a six-fold
𝑠𝑛 =
𝑛
2 [ 2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ]
symmetry.
360° Arithmetic mean
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛 The average between two numbers. It
may also be called as the middle number.
Theory by Alan Turing FORMULA:
- A new model by Harvard University 𝑎+𝑏
𝑚 =
researchers predicts that there are 2

three variables that could affect the Example: Insert the arithmetic mean
orientation of these stripes. between 10 and 14
10 + 14 24
- The substance that amplifies the 𝑚 = 2
= 2
= 12
density of stripe patterns
- The substance that changes one of the Geometric Sequence
parameters involved in stripe It is a sequence of numbers where each
formation; and term after the first is found by multiplying
- The physical change in the direction of the previous one by a fixed, non - zero
the origin of the stripe. number called the common ratio.
Example: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, …
Mathematics as a Science of Patterns FORMULA:
Pattern recognition is a key 𝑛−1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1𝑟
determinant of logical, verbal, numerical and
spatial abilities Look at some of the most

1
Sum of geometric sequence The golden ratio can also be expressed
𝑛
𝑎1 ( 1 − 𝑟 ) as the ratio between two numbers, if the latter
𝑠𝑛 = 1−𝑟 is also the ratio between the sum and the
larger of the two numbers.
Harmonic Sequence
It is a sequence formed by taking th
reciprocals of an arithmetic sequence.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Example: 4 , 9
, 14
, 19
, 24
, 29
, 34
, ...
FORMULA:
1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑

Fibonacci Sequence
It is a sequence such that eack number
is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting
from 0 and 1.
Example: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …
FORMULA: Pascal’s triangle
𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛 − 1 + 𝐹𝑛 − 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 3 a triangular arrangement of numbers
that gives the coefficients in the expansion of
any binomial expression, such as (x + y)n.
Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci
- also known as Fibonacci (c.1170-1250)
is one of the best-known
mathematicians of medieval Europe.
In 1202, after a trip that took him to
several Arab and Eastern countries,
Fibonacci wrote the book Liber Abaci.
- In this book Fibonacci explained why
the Hindu-Arabic numeration system
that he had learned about during his
travels was a more sophisticated and
efficient system than the Roman
numeration system. Symmetry
- It also contains a problem created by
Fibonacci that concerns the birth rate
of rabbits.
A recursive definition for a sequence
is one in which each successive term of the
sequence is defined by using some of the
preceding terms.
The ratios of successive Fibonacci
numbers approach the number φ (Phi), also
known as the golden ratio. This is
approximately equal to 1.618.

2
Type of Symmetry
Module 3 (The language of Mathematics
and Its Symbols)

Definition of Language:
- A language may be a system of words
or codes used within a discipline.
- Language may refer to a system of
communication using symbols or
Tiling sounds.
- Linguist Noam Chomsky defined
language as a set of sentences
constructed using a finite set of
elements.
- Linguists believe language should be
able to represent events and abstract
Packing Problem concepts.

Characteristics of Language
- There must be a vocabulary of words
or symbols.
- Meaning must be attached to the
words or symbols.
- A language employs grammar, which
- Square packing has 12 full circles. is a set of rules that outline how
- Hexagonal packing has 11 full circles, 5 vocabulary is used.
half circles and 2 quarter circles. In - A syntax organizes symbols into linear
total this is equal to 14 circles. structures or propositions.
- Hexagonal packing has 2 more circles - A narrative or discourse consists of
compared to square packing. strings of syntactic propositions.
- This shows that hexagonal packing is - There must be (or have been) a group
more efficient in using the space of people who use and understand the
provided to contain the circles. symbols.

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

Precise - able to make very fine
distinctions
Concise - able to say things briefly
Powerful - able to express complex
thoughts with relative ease

3
Language of Mathematics Variables
Mathematical Expressions - are symbols or letters that may have
- the "noun" of mathematics one or more possible value.
- a name given to some mathematical - This is usually represented by English
object of interest or Greek letters.
- numbers, set or functions
Examples: (Synonyms) Constants
2 + 3; 10 ÷ 2; ( 6 - 2 ) + 1; 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 - are numbers with fixed value.
- They are usually based on
Mathematical Sentence Hindu-Arabic numerals but there are
- a correct arrangement of mathematical special symbols that have exact
symbols that states a complete thought numerical value which are called
- Should show relationship between mathematical constants.
mathematical expressions - An example of this is φ which was
mentioned in the previous lesson
Definitions
- By defining words and phrases, it is Mathematical 'Verbs'
assured that everyone agrees on their - are symbols that show the relationship
meaning. of at least two expressions.
- It avoids ambiguity and confusion. - Two expressions are either equal or
unequal.
Mathematical Symbols - If they are unequal, one expression is
Mathematical 'Nouns' either greater than or lesser than the
- refer to numbers or values that are other value.
manipulated in a mathematical Symbol Symbol name definition
sentence.
= Equal sign equality
- can refer to either variables or
constants. ≠ Not equal sign inequality

≈ Approximately approximation
Symbol Symbol name definition equal

Hindu - Arabic Constant Digits to > Strict inequality Greater than

Numerals form
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, numbers < Strict inequality Less than
8, 9
≥ inequality Greater than or
English Alphabet variable Unknown equal to
Letters value to
A, B, C, D,.., X, Y, find ≤ inequality Less than or equal
Z to
a, b, c, d,.., x, y, z

Greek Alphabet Variable Unknown Basic Mathematical Operations

Letters value to - Addition, subtraction, multiplication
α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, λ, … find
and division are the basic
Some Greek & Mathematical Number mathematical operations.
English Letters constant with fixed
- The following symbols are different
i, e, π, φ, … value
variations of the four operations

4
 Symbol Symbol name definition - Less
- less than
+ Plus sign addition - decreased by
- the difference of
- Minus sign subtraction
- subtracted from
土 Plus - minus Both plus and
minus operations Multiplication
- Times
土 Minus - plus Both minus and
plus operations
- multiplied by
- the product of
x Times sign multiplication - twice (2x)
- thrice (3x)
· Multiplication multiplication
dot
Division
÷ Division sign / division - divided by
obelus - the ratio of
- the quotient of
/ Division slash division

_ Horizontal line Division / fraction Equality

- Is
- Equals
Other Mathematical Symbols - is equal to
Symbol Symbol name definition - gives

() parentheses Calculate Inequality

expression inside
first
- is greater than
- is less than
[] brackets Calculate - is at least
expression inside - is at most
first
- is above
. period Decimal point, - is below
decimal separator
Other phrases to watch out for are ‘the
𝑎
𝑏 power exponent quantity’ which indicates a grouping symbol,
‘square’, ‘cube’ and ‘raised to the nth power’
𝑛
N-th root (radical) Indicate that a root
𝑎
is being taken
which indicate exponents and ‘square root,
‘cube root’ and ‘nth root’ that signifies
% percent 1% = 1/100 radicals.

Translating English Sentences to

Mathematical Sentences and Vice-Versa
EXAMPLES:
Addition
- Plus 𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑥
2 The difference of x and
three is equal to the
- more than product of two and the
- the sum of square of x.
- the total of
6𝑦 The ratio of six times y and
- added to 3𝑧
> 3𝑦𝑧
three times z is greater than
- increased by the product of three, y and
z.
Subtraction 2 2
The product of the sum and
- Minus (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏

5
 difference of a and b is the of certain algebraic expressions called
square of a minus the “terms." Each term is a product of a real
square of b.
number and a variable (or variables) raised to
3
18𝑥
5
≤
𝑦 The cube root of the whole number exponents.
2 product of eighteen and x
raised to the fifth power is
less than or equal to the Addition of Polynomials
quotient of y and two. 3 2 3 2
(
(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 7) + 9𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 8 )
3𝑥
3
− 2𝑥
2
− 4 > −2 Three times the cube of x
minus 2 times the square of
x minus 4 is greater than Solution:
negative two. Combining similar
3𝑏
≈ 𝑏
𝑎 The square root of three = (3𝑥3 + 9𝑥3) + (2𝑥2 − 7𝑥2) + (− 5𝑥 − 5𝑥) + (− 7 + 8)
4𝑎
times b over 4 times a is 3 2
approximately equal to b = 12𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 1
raised to a.

[3 ( 𝑥 − 𝑌 ) + 4] ≠ 𝑥 ± 2 The difference of x and y Subtraction of Polynomials

multiplied to 3 plus 4 is not 2 2 2 2
(5𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 ) − (− 5𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 )
equal to x plus or minus
two.
Solution:
2 The area is equal to the
𝐴 = π𝑟 product of pi and the Distribute the negative sign over the terms of the
square of the radius. second polynomial
2 2 2 2
= 5𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦
Algebraic Expression Then combine like terms and compute
- When we apply one or more 2 2 2 2
= (5𝑥 + 5𝑥 ) + (− 2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑦) + (3𝑦 − 6𝑦 )
fundamental operations of addition,
2 2
subtraction, multiplication and/or = 10𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦
division to these constants and
variables. Multiplication of Polynomials
2
- In expressions that involve addition (5𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥)
and subtraction, constants and
variables between "+" and "" signs are Solution:
called TERMS Multiply each term by 3x
3 2 2
9𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 1 = (5𝑥 )(3𝑥) − (2𝑥)(3𝑥) + (1)(3𝑥)
3 2
= 15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥
Types of Algebraic Expression
An algebraic expression consisting of
one term is called a MONOMIAL
An algebraic expression consisting of
two terms is called a BINOMIAL,
An algebraic expression consisting of
three terms is called a TRINOMIAL
An algebraic expression that consists
of more than three terms is called a
MULTINOMIAL
A POLYNOMIAL is an algebraic
expression that consists of a sum or difference
6