CHAPTER – 6

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Real numbers can be represented geometrically on a
horizontal line. We begin by selecting an arbitrary point O, y
called the origin and associate it with real number 0.
By convention, we take all positive real numbers to the
right of 0 and negative real numbers to the left of 0. B (–3, 4) 5 –
4 –
3 –
2 – A (1, 2)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
1 –
Integer line | | | | | | | | | | x
0
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
Primarily, we plot the integers. On subdivision of these –1 –
segments, it is possible to locate rational and irrational –2 –
numbers. –3 –
C (–5, –3) –4 –
–π –e e π –5 –
D (3, –5)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
–3 –2 –1 0 1/2 1 27 3

Rectangular coordinates:
x-coordinate and y-coordinate:
Consider two lines, one vertical and the other horizontal.
Let the horizontal line be named as “x-axis” and the If (x, y) are the coordinates of a point P, then x is called the
vertical line the “y-axis”. x-coordinate of P and y is called the y-coordinate of P.
For instance, the coordinates of origin are (0, 0). The x-
y coordinate of any point on the y-axis is 0, the y-coordinate
of any point on the x-axis is 0. The coordinate system
– 4 described here is also termed as cartesian coordinate
– 3 system. The plane is divided into 4 sections termed as
– 2 quadrants.
– 1 y
| | | | | | | | x
0
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
– −1 Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1
x < 0, y > 0 x > 0, y > 0
– −2
x
– −3
0
– −4
Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
x < 0, y < 0 x > 0, y < 0
This time, we take the point of intersection of the axes as
origin (O). Once again on x-axis we follow the convention
of associating positive real numbers to the right of O Examples:
and negative real numbers to the left of O. On the
y-axis, positive real numbers are associated above O The point (7, −2) lies in 4th quadrant.
and negative real numbers below O. The point (−3, −4) lies in 3rd quadrant.
The point (−8, 10) lies in 2nd quadrant.
Ordered Pair: The point (7, 7) lies in 1st quadrant.

Some basic rules and formulae are given below, which

Any point P in the plane formed by the x-axis and y-axis have to be remembered. Each formula is followed by one
can be located by using an ordered pair of real numbers. or more examples, which clearly explain its application.

Let x denote the signed distance of P from the y-axis 1. Distance formula:
(by signed distance we mean if P is to the right of y-axis,
then x > 0 and if P is to the left of y-axis, then x < 0); and (i) The distance between the two points (x1, y1) and
let y denote the signed distance of P from the x-axis.
The ordered pair (x, y) is now the coordinates of P. This (x2, y2) is ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2
gives us the information to locate the point P. The points (ii) The distance between the origin (0, 0) and the
A, B, C, D located on the figure can be appreciated by the
reader. point (x, y) is x2 + y2

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Examples: 1 1 − ( −2 ) 4−5
Area =
2 − 2 − 4 5 − ( −3 )
6.01. Find the distance between the points (3, 4) and
(−2, 3). 1 3 −1 1
= = [3 × 8 − (−1) × (−6)]
2 −6 8 2
Sol: Distance = (−2 − 3)2 + (3 − 4)2 1 1
= [24 − 6] = × (18) = 9 sq. units.
= 25 + 1 = 26 units.
2 2

6.05. Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the

6.02. What is the distance between the points (0, 0)
points (0, 0), (3, 0) and (3, 5).
and (24, 7)?
Sol: Given (x1, y1) = (3, 0) and (x2, y2) = (3, 5)
Sol: Distance = 242 + 72 = 576 + 49 1
Area = |x1y2 − x2y1|
= 625 = 25 units.
2
1 1
= 3 × 5 − 3 × 0 = |15| = 7⋅5 sq. units.
6.03. Prove that the points (1, −1), (−1, 4), (4, 6) are the 2 2
vertices of an isosceles right-angled triangle.
6.06. Find the area of the triangle formed by joining
Sol: Let A = (1, −1), B (−1, 4) and C = (4, 6). the points (−3, −4), (−2, 5) and (−1, 14).
Using the distance formula we find AB, BC and
CA. 1 −3 − ( −2) ( −4) − 5
Sol: Area =
AB = (−1 − 1) + ( 4 + 1)
2 2 2 − 2 − ( −1) 5 − 14
1 −1 −9 1
= 4 + 25 = 29 units = = [(−1) (−9) − (−1) (−9)]
2 −1 − 9 2
⇒ AB2 = 29.
1
= [9 − 9] = 0.
BC = (4 + 1) + (6 − 4)
2 2
2
Since the area = 0, the points do not form a
= 25 + 4 = 29 units
triangle but form a straight line.
⇒ BC2 = 29.
(4 − 1)2 + (6 + 1)2 Note:
CA =
The area of a quadrilateral formed by the points (x1, y1),
= 9 + 49 = 58 units (x2, y2), (x3, y3) and (x4, y4) describing the consecutive
⇒ CA2 = 58 1 x1 − x3 y1 − y3
AB2 + BC2 = 29 + 29= 58 vertices is given by .
2 x2 − x 4 y2 − y 4
Hence, AB2 + BC2 = CA2 and AB = BC
∴The given points form an isosceles Alternately, the area can be found using
right-angled triangle.
1 x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x1
i.e.,
2. Area of triangle: 2 y1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y1

(i) The area of the triangle formed by the vertices

1
(x1y 2 − x 2y1) + (x 2y 3 − x3 y 2 ) + (x3 y 4 − x 4 y3 ) + (x 4 y1 − x1y 4 )
2
A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) is equal to the value
of the determinant
1 x1 − x 2 y1 − y 2 3. Section formulae:
; i.e.
2 x 2 − x3 y 2 − y3
(i) Internal Division:
1/2|(x1 – x2) (y2 – y3) – (y1 – y2) (x2 – x3)|.
Alternately, the area can be found using If A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) are two points given, then
1 x1 x 2 x 3 x1 the coordinates of a point P, which divides the line
joining AB internally in the ratio m : n is given by
2 y1 y 2 y 3 y1
 mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 
 
=
1
(x1y 2 − x 2 y 1 ) + (x 2 y 3 − x 3 y 2 ) + (x 3 y 1 − x 1y 3 )  m+n
,
m + n 
2
m n
• • •
(ii) The area of the triangle formed by the vertices (0, 0) A P B
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is 1/2 |x1 y2 − x2 y1|.
Note: The point P is between A and B for internal
6.04. Find the area of the triangle formed by joining division.
the points (1, 4), (−2, 5) and (4, −3).
6.07. Find the co-ordinates of the point P which divides
Sol: Given (x1, y1) = (1, 4); the line joining the points A (2, 4) and B (3, −3) in
(x2, y2) = (−2, 5) and (x3, y3) = (4, −3) the ratio 3 : 4 internally.
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Sol: From the section formula, Sol: G = Centroid of the triangle
 mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1   x + x 2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 
P =  ,  =  1 , 
 m+n m + n   3 3 
Here m = 3, n = 4; (x1, y1) = (2, 4) and Here A (−1, 3) = (x1, y1), B (5, −2) = (x2, y2),
(x2, y2) = (3, −3) C (5, −4) = (x3, y3).
The co-ordinates of P  −1 + 5 + 5 3 − 2 − 4 
 3×3 + 4× 2 3× − 3 + 4× 4  G =  ,  = (3,−1)
=  ,   3 3 
 3+4 3+4 
 17 7   17  Collinearity: Given three distinct points in a plane
=  ,  =  ,1
 7 7  7  A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3), there are two possibilities.
They may form a triangle or a straight line.
(ii) External Division:
A
If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are two points then the
coordinates of a point P, which divides the line joining
AB in the ratio m : n externally are given by • • •
 mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny1  A B C
 , 
 m−n m − n 
Fig 1. • • • (if m < n)
P A B B C
OR In case the three points A, B and C form a straight line,
Fig 2. • • • (if m > n) we say that they are "collinear".
A B P
Any of the following conditions are enough to show
Note: The point P is beyond A and B for external collinearity of the given three points.
division. It can be either beyond A (Fig 1) or beyond
B (fig 2). 1. AB + BC = CA or AC + CB = AB or AB + AC = BC.
2. The area of the triangle formed by A, B and C equals
6.08. Find the co-ordinates of the point P which divides zero.
the line joining the points (3, −5) and (4, 6) in the
ratio 2 : 1 externally. 6.11. Show that the points A(3, −4), B(7, −10),
C(5, −7) are collinear.
 mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny1 
Sol: P =  , 
 m−n m − n 
Sol: AC = (5 − 3)2 + ( −7 + 4)2 = 4 + 9 = 13
Here (x1, y1) = (3, −5); (x2, y2) = (4, 6), m = 2 and
n = 1. BC = (5 − 7)2 + (−7 + 10)2 = 4 + 9 = 13
 2( 4) − 1(3 ) 2(6 ) − 1( −5 ) 
P =  ,  = (5, 17) AB = (7 − 3)2 + ( −10 + 4)2
 2 −1 2 −1 
Note: The midpoint of the line segment joining = 16 + 36 = 52 = 2 13
two points is a special case of section formula, ⇒ AC + BC = AB
when the ratio is 1 : 1. ∴A, B, C are collinear (OR)
Applying the area of a triangle formula,
6.09. Find the centre of the circle which has (5, 12) and
1 3 − 7 −4 + 10 1 −4 6
(3, −8) as the extremities of its diameter. =
2 7 − 5 − 10 + 7 2 2 −3
Sol: The centre of any circle C is the midpoint of its 1
diameter. = [(−4) (−3) − (B) (6)] = 0
2
 5 + 3 12 − 8 
∴C =  ,  = (4, 2). ∴ A, B and C are collinear.
 2 2 
The Straight Line:
Centroid: If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are the
vertices of a triangle, then the centroid of the triangle ABC We now deal with a case when a specified relationship
 x + x + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3  (equation) between x and y is given for various points
is given by G  1 2 ,  P(x, y). One such relationship is the linear equation.
 3 3  The graph of it is called a straight line. We know that there
is one and only one line containing two distinct points P
Note: The centroid of a triangle is the point of concurrence and Q from plane geometry.
of the medians of a triangle.
• L
6.10. Find the centroid of the triangle formed by the Q
•
vertices A(−1, 3), B(5, −2) and C(5, −4). P

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If P, Q are each represented by ordered pairs of real y L2 L4
numbers, the following definition can be given: L1

Slope of a line: The slope of a line is a number that 4

describes both the direction and steepness of a line.
Let P and Q be two distinct points with coordinates 3 • (3, 3)
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) respectively. The slope m of the line L (−1, 2) • 2 • (5, 2)
containing P and Q is given by the formula 1
x
y 2 − y1 −4 −3 −2 −1 3 4 5
m= , if x1 ≠ x 2 . 1 2
x 2 − x1 −1
−2
If x1 = x2, the slope m of line L is undefined (since this −3
results in division by 0) and L is a vertical line. −4 • • L3
Change in y (1, − 4) (3, − 4)
For a non vertical line, slope = or “rise over
Change in x
run”

y m1 is negative, the line L1 “slants downwards” or

Q (x2, y2) decreasing trend; m2 is not defined, the line L2 is
vertical; m3 is 0, the line L3 is horizontal; m4 is positive,
Rise = y2 – y1 the line L4 “slants upward” or increasing trend.
P (x1, y1)
Equations of lines
Run = x2 – x1
Vertical lines:
x
O The equation of a vertical line passing through a
point (a, 0) is given by the equation x = a where a is
a given real number.
y 2 − y1 y − y2
Note: = 1
x 2 − x1 x1 − x 2
Example:
So the slope is same whether changes are
computed from P to Q or Q to P. y

x=2
Alternately, the slope of a line is the tangent 2
value of the angle (θ) made by the line with the (2, 1)
1
positive direction of the x-axis in the x
(2, 0)
anticlockwise direction.
0 1
m = tanθ.
−1
6.12. Compute the slope of the line passing through −2
the points (−1, 4) and (3, −1).

y 2 − y1 −1 − 4 −5 Non-vertical lines: Let L be a non-vertical line with

Sol: m= = = . slope m containing (x1, y1). For any other point (x, y) on L,
x 2 − x1 3 +1 4
we have
y − y1
6.13. The lines L1, L2, L3 and L4 contain the following m = or y – y1 = m (x – x1)
pairs of points. Find their slopes and graph them. x − x1
L1 : (3, −4); (−1, 2) L2 : (3, −4); (3, 3)
L3 : (3, −4); (1, − 4) L4 : (3, −4); (5, 2) Point-Slope Form: The equation of a non-vertical
line of slope m and passing through the point
Sol: Let m1, m2, m3, m4 denote the slopes of the lines (x1, y1) is y – y1 = m (x – x1)
L1, L2, L3 and L4 respectively. Then
2 − ( −4) 6 −3
m1 = = = 6.14. Find the equation of the line which passes
− 1− 3 −4 2 through (1, −1) and has slope of 2.
3 − (−4) 7
m2 = =
3−3 0 Sol: y − y1 = m(x − x1)
−4 + 4 Here m = 2, (x1, y1) = (1, −1)
m3 = =0
1− 3 y + 1 = 2 (x − 1)
2+4 y + 1 = 2x − 2
m4 = =3 ⇒ y = 2x − 3.
5−3

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 ∴y-intercept = 14.
Two-point Form: The equation of a non-
vertical line passing through P(x1, y1) and
y − y1
Q(x2, y2) is y − y1 = 2 ( x − x1) (0, 14)
x 2 − x1
7x + 4y = 56

6.15. Find the equation of the line passing through the

points (2, 1) and (4, 5).

Sol: Here (x1, y1) = (2, 1) and (x2, y2) = (4, 5).
5 −1 O (8, 0)
y−1= (x −2)
4−2
⇒ y − 1 = 2 (x − 2) ⇒ y =2x − 3.
x y
Intercept Form: + = 1, where
General Form: The equation of a line L is a b
in the general form when it is written as x-intercept is ‘a’ and y-intercept is ‘b’.
ax + by + c = 0 where a, b and c are real
numbers with either a ≠ 0 or b ≠ 0.
6.18. Write the intercept form of the line whose general
form is 3x + 4y − 12 = 0.
6.16. Find the equation of the line joining the points (5,
3) and (2, 1) in the general form.
Sol: Putting x = 0 in the equation, we get y = 3 and y
Sol: Using the two-point form, we get = 0 in the equation, we get x = 4
1− 3 x y
y−3 = ( x − 5) ∴The intercept form of the line is + = 1.
2−5 4 3
⇒ y − 3 = 2/3 (x − 5) Slope Intercept Form: The equation of a
⇒ 3y − 9 = 2x − 10 line with slope m and y-intercept b is
⇒ 2x − 3y − 1 = 0 (ax + by + c = 0) y = mx + b
Here a = 2, b = −3 and c = –1.
Note: Note:
(A) In algebra ax + by + c = 0 is termed as a (A) When the equation is written in this form, the
first-degree equation in x and y. coefficient of x is the slope and the constant
(B) If a = 0 and b ≠ 0, then L will be a horizontal term gives the y-intercept of the line.
line. (B) y is explicitly written in terms of x. So this
(C) If b = 0 and a ≠ 0, then L will be a vertical form is also termed as the explicit form of the
line. line.
(D) If c = 0, then L passes through the origin.
6.19. Find the slope and the y-intercept of the line
Intercepts: The portions cut off by a line on the y = 2x − 5.
coordinate axes are called intercepts.
The x-intercept is the portion on the x-axis and the y- Sol: The given line is of the form y = mx + b where
intercept is the portion on the y-axis.
m = 2, b = −5.
∴slope (m) = 2
y-intercept (b) = −5
The following table summarises the various
y-intercept

L forms of equations of straight lines.

You are Given You Use Equation

Point (x1, y1) Point - slope y − y1
x 1.
and slope m form = m(x − x1)
O x-intercept Two points If x1 = x2, use
2. (x1, y1), vertical line x = x1
(x2, y2) equation
6.17. Find the x and y intercepts of the line y − y1 =
7x + 4y − 56 = 0. If x1 ≠ x2, Two y − y
2 1
Point Form (x−x1)
Sol: The given line cuts the x -axis when y = 0 x 2 − x1
⇒ 7x = 56 x and y
Intercept-
⇒x=8 3. intercepts
Form
x/a + y/b = 1
∴ x-intercept = 8 a and b
The given line cuts the y-axis when x = 0 Slope m, Slope -
⇒ 4y = 56 4. y = mx + b
y-intercept b Intercept Form
⇒ y = 14
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Parallel and intersecting lines: Note:
(1) Condition for parallel lines:
Let L and M be two lines. Exactly one of the following three
a1 b1
relationships must hold for two lines L and M. = or m1= m2
a2 b2
1. All the points on L are the same as the points on M. (2) Condition for perpendicular lines:
(Identical lines) a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0 or m1 m2 = −1.
2. L and M have no points in common. (Parallel lines)
3. L and M have exactly one point in common. 6.21. Show that the lines 2x − 3y − 4 = 0 and
(intersecting lines) −8x + 12y − 6 = 0 are parallel.
y
Sol: a1 = 2, a2 = −8, b1 = −3, b2 = 12
L a1 2 −1 b1 −3 −1
M = = ; = =
a2 − 8 4 b2 12 4
a1 b1
⇒ =
x a2 b2
O ∴The given lines are parallel.
Note: It can be concluded that the lines are
Parallel lines parallel, by observing m1 = m2 = 2/3.

y 6.22. Show that the lines 3x + 5y − 9 = 0 and

L 10x − 6y + 7 = 0 are perpendicular.
Sol: a1 = 3, b1 = 5, a2 = 10, b2 = −6
a1a2 + b1b2 = (3) (10) + (5) (−6) = 30 − 30 = 0
∴The given lines are perpendicular.
P Note: The equation of a line through a point
P(x1, y1) and
x (i) parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is given by
O
a(x − x1) + b (y − y1) = 0.
M (ii) perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is given by
b(x − x1) − a(y − y1) = 0.

6.23. Find the equation of the line through (3, −3) and
Intersecting lines (i) parallel to 3x + y + 1 = 0
(ii) perpendicular to 2x + 5y − 2 = 0
Note: To find the coordinates of the point of intersection
of the lines Sol: (i) 3 (x − 3) + 1 (y + 3) = 0
L : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ⇒ 3x − 9 + y + 3 = 0
M : a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ⇒ 3x + y − 6 = 0
We solve the two equations to get the point of intersection (ii) 5 (x − 3) − 2 (y + 3) = 0
as ⇒ 5x − 15 − 2y − 6 = 0
 b1c 2 − b2c1 c1a 2 − c 2a1  ⇒ 5x − 2y − 21 = 0.
 
 a b −a b , a b −a b 
 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
Some formulae to remember:
6.20. Find the point of intersection of the lines (1) The general form of the equation of a straight line is
3x − 2y − 12= 0 and 4x + y − 5 = 0 and also find ax + by + c = 0. Here, the y-intercept is −c/b, the
the number of regions into which the xy plane is x-intercept is −c/a and the slope is −a/b.
divided by these lines. (2) If ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of a line, the
perpendicular distance from a point (x1, y1) to this line
Sol: L1 = 3x − 2y − 12 = 0 and L2 = 4x + y − 5 = 0
On solving we get x = 2 and y = −3. ax 1 + by 1 + c
is given by:
So (2, −3) is the point of intersection. a2 + b 2
As the lines intersect, the plane gets divided into
(3) The distance between two parallel straight lines
4 infinite regions.
ax + by +c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is given by
c1 − c 2
Angle between two lines:
a2 + b2
If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two lines, the angle ‘θ’
between them is given by (4) The equation of a circle centred at (h, k) with radius
‘r’ units is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.
m1 − m 2
tanθ = (5) The equation of a circle centred at the origin with
1 + m1m 2
radius ‘r’ units is x2 + y2 = r2.

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Some more worked examples: 6.29. Find the value of k, if
(x + y − 1) − k (3x − 7y + 12) = 0 is parallel to the
6.24. Find the equation of the line whose x and y y-axis.
1
intercepts are 2 and −3 respectively. Sol: x (1 − 3k) + y (1 + 7k) − (1 + 12k) = 0. − (A)
3
−(1 − 3k ) 3k − 1
Slope = =
Sol:
x y
+ =1 1 + 7k 1 + 7k
a b Since (A) is parallel to the y-axis, slope = ∞
x y ⇒ 1 + 7k = 0
⇒ + =1 −1
7 / 3 −3 ⇒k= .
⇒ 9x − 7y = 21 7
⇒ 9x − 7y − 21 = 0.
6.30. The lines x + y − 2 = 0, x + y + 6 = 0 and
6.25. Find the equation of the line passing through −x + y + 4 = 0 form three sides of a square. Find
(2, −3) and parallel to the x-axis. the equation of the fourth side.

Sol: Equation of a line parallel to the x-axis is of the Sol: D x+y+6=0 C

form y = k.
Substituting (2, −3) we get −3 = k 90°
∴Equation of the required line is y = −3.
−x+y+4=0
6.26. Find the perpendicular distance of the point
(2, 2) from the line 4x + 3y − 4 = 0.

Sol: The length of the perpendicular from the point 90°

P(x1, y1) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by
ax1 + by1 + c
A x+y−2=0 B
d=
a2 + b2 Let the fourth line by −x + y + k = 0
Since ABCD is a square, the distance between
4(2) + 3( 2) − 4 8+6−4 the lines AB and CD = the distance between the
So d = =
5 lines AD and BC.
4 +3
2 2
6+2 4−k
10 =
= = 2 units. 1 +1
2 2
( −1)2 + 12
5
8 4−k
6.27. Find the equation of the circle with centre as ⇒ =
2 2
(3, 2) and radius 4 units.
⇒ 4 − k = ± 8.
Sol: Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the circle. ⇒ k = −4 or k = 12
The distance between P and the center of the ∴ Equation of the fourth side is −x + y − 4 = 0 or
circle equals the radius. −x + y + 12 = 0.
Accordingly, ( x1 − 3)2 + ( y1 − 2)2 = 4
Change of Axes:
On squaring, we get (x1 − 3)2 + (y1 − 2)2 = 16
x12 + y12 − 6x1 − 4y1 − 3 = 0 Sometimes, to be able to express an equation in a simpler
As (x1, y1) was arbitrarily chosen, the equation of form, it may be required to change the original co-ordinate
the circle is axes, either by way of shifting the origin or by changing
x2 + y2 − 6x − 4y − 3 = 0 the direction of the axes.
Note: The general form of the circle is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 with g2 + f2 − c ≥ 0.
Translation of Axes:

In this case, the origin is shifted to a new point, keeping

6.28. A line drawn through P (2, −3) making an angle
the direction of the axes intact. The new axes are parallel
of 45° with the x-axis cuts the x-axis at Q.
to the original axes.
Find PQ.
Suppose the origin is shifted to (h, k). If the original
coordinates of a point P are (x, y) and (X, Y) denote the
Sol: Equation of the line is y + 3 = 1 (x − 2) coordinates of P with reference to the new axes, then we
⇒ x − y − 5 = 0. have x = X + h and y = Y + k.
This line cuts the x-axis, for y = 0
⇒x=5
∴ Q (5, 0)
Rotation of Axes:
PQ = (5 − 2)2 + (0 + 3)2 In this process, the origin is kept intact and the axes are
rotated about the origin, through a required angle.
= 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2 units.

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If θ is the angle of rotation and (x, y) are the coordinates 6.32. (a) If the axes are rotated through an angle
of a point P with reference to the original axes and (X, Y) 30°, then find the coordinates of the point
with reference to the new axes, then the relation between (3, 5) in the new system.
them is given below: (b) When the axes are rotated through an
angle of 45o, the coordinates of a point P in
x = Xcosθ − Ysinθ y = Xsinθ + Ycosθ the new system are (5 3 , 6 3 ). Find the
X = xcosθ + ysinθ Y = – xsinθ + ycosθ coordinates of P in the original system.

Sol: (a) Here X = x cosθ + ysinθ, Y = –x sinθ + y cosθ

These equations are called transformation equations. Where θ = 30o and (x, y) = (3, 5)
Note: 3 1 5+3 3
X = 3. + 5. =
2 2 2
(1) If the axes are rotated at an angle θ in the 1 3 −3+5 3
anticlockwise direction, θ is considered positive. Y = –3. +5. =
2 2 2
(2) Sometimes, we may have to translate and rotate or The point in the new system is
rotate and translate. The order is unimportant.
5+3 3 5 3 −3
 , 
6.31. (a) Find the coordinates of the point (3, 5)  2 2 
 
when the origin is translated to (1, 3).
(b) The origin is translated to (5, −6) and the (b) Here x = X cosθ − Y sinθ, y = X sinθ + Y cosθ
point P is transformed to (1, 3). Find the
original coordinates of P. Where θ = 45o and (X, Y) = 5 3 , 6 3( )
1 1
Sol: (a) Here x = X + h, y = Y + k x = 5 3. − 6 3.
Given (h, k) = (1, 3) and (x, y) = (3, 5) 2 2
X=x−h=3−1=2 5 3 −6 3 3
Y=y−k=5−3=2 = =−
2 2
∴ (X, Y) = (2, 2)
1 1 11 3 3
(b) Here (h, k) = (5, −6) and (X, Y) = (1, 3) y = 5 3. + 6 3. = = 11
2 2 2 2
x=X+h=1+5=6
y = Y + k = 3 − 6 = −3  3 3 
(x, y) = (6, −3) Coordinates of P are  − , 11
 2 2 


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 Concept Review Questions
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices.
For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. A straight line with a slope of –1 passes through the 12. What is the area of the circle whose largest chord is
Ιst quadrant. The quadrant through which it can’t pass 2 units? (in sq units)
through is _____. (A) π (B) 4π
(A) ΙΙnd (B) ΙΙΙrd (C) 2π (D) None of these
(C) ΙV th
(D) None of these
13. If (x1, y1) and (–x1, y1) are two opposite vertices of a
2. What is the least distance (in units) between two non- square, the other two vertices are _____.
parallel lines lying in the same plane, if the distance (A) (y1 + x1, 0) (y1 – x1, 0)
is measured along a direction which is perpendicular (B) (0, y1 + x1) (0, y1 – x1)
to one of the lines? (C) (–x1, – y1), (x1, – y1)
(D) None of these

14. If the equation of the line joining A and B is y = mx + c,

3. What is the maximum number of quadrants that a what is the equation of the line joining B and C,
straight line can pass through? if AB + BC = AC?
(A) y = mx – c (B) y = –mx + c
(C) y = –mx – c (D) y = mx + c
4. The point (–4, 3) lies in _______ quadrant
(A) Ιst (B) ΙΙnd (C) ΙΙΙrd (D) ΙVth 15. ABCD is a parallelogram If A = (x1, y1), B = (x2, y2)
and C = (x3, y3), how many possible positions of D
exist?
5. What are the intercepts of a line passing through the
origin?
(A) one unit each (B) two units each
(C) each zero (D) none of these
16. The area of the triangle formed by the points (x1, y1),
(x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is zero. What can we say about
6. What is the distance of the straight line y = mx + c the three points?
from the origin? (A) They are collinear
c c (B) One of the point divides the join of the other two
(A) (B) in some ratio
1+ m 2 m
(C) Both (A) and (B)
c c (D) Neither (A) nor (B)
(C) (D)
1+ m 1 + m2
17. If two parallel lines are 1 unit apart and one of the
lines is y = mx + c, what is the equation of the other
7. Find the distance from the origin to (3, 4). line?
(A) y = mx – c + 1+ m2
(B) y = mx + c + 1+ m2
8. Distance from origin to the line ax + by + c = 0 is
(C) y = mx + c – 1+ m2
c c2 (D) Either (B) or (C)
(A) (B)
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
18. Which is the point that divides the line segment
c2 c
(C) (D) joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio of
a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2 m : n internally?
 mx 1 + nx 2 my 1 + ny 2 
(A)  , 
9. What is the ratio in which the origin divides the line  m+n m + n 
segment joining the points (x1, y1) and (–3x1, –3y1)?
 mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 
(A) 1 : 3 externally (B) 1 : 3 internally (B)  , 
(C) 1 : 2 internally (D) 2 : 1 internally  m+n m + n 
 mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny1 
(C)  , 
m − n 
10. How many points are there which are at unit distance
from the origin?  m−n
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) infinite (D) None of these

11. In a square, two adjacent vertices are (0, 0) and 19. The slope of the line whose inclination is 135° is m.
(0, α) What is the length of the diagonal of the
square? m+1= .
(A) α (B) 2 α (C) 2α (D) α2

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20. (0, y1) and (0, –y1) are the end points of a diagonal of 26. The equation of a line parallel to y = 2x and passing
a rhombus. The other diagonal is half the first through (3, 4) is ______.
diagonal. Which of the following is/are vertices of the 1 5
rhombus? (A) y = 2x +2 (B) y = x+
2 2
y −y
(A) ( 1 , 0) (B) ( 1 , 0) −1 11
2 2 (C) y = x+ (D) y = 2x – 2
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B) 2 2

21. In a rhombus ABCD, the diagonals intersect at the 27. The equation of a line perpendicular to y = 3x + 1 and
origin. If the equation of AB is y = mx + c, what is the passing through (1, 1) is _____.
equation of CD? (A) 3y = –x + 12 (B) y = –3x + 4
(A) y = mx – c (B) y = –mx + c (C) 3y = -x + 4 (D) 3y = x + 2
(C) y = mx + c (D) y = –mx – c
28. A circle is centered at the origin and passes through
22. Which of the following points lie on the line 2x – y + 7=0? (3, 4). Find the circumference of the circle.
(A) (–2, 3) (B) (0, 7) (A) 5 π (B) 10 π (C) 2.5 π (D) 20 π
(C) (1, 9) (D) All the above
29. The centroid of the triangle whose vertices are
23. The angle made (in degrees) by the line x − y = 0 (0, 0), (5, 0) and (0, 12) is _____.
with the positive direction of x − axis is . 5  5 
(A)  ,6  (B)  ,3 
2  4 
24. If (1.8, 2.4) (5, 0) and (0, 0) are the vertices of a triangle, 5  5 
what are the coordinates of its orthocenter? (C)  ,4  (D)  ,2 
(A) (0, 0) (B) (5, 0) 3  6 
(C) (1.8, 2.4) (D) None of these
30. The midpoint of the line segment whose ends are
25. What is the product of the slopes of the diagonals of (1, 6) and (9, 12) is _____.
a rhombus? (A) (5, 9) (B) (7, 9)
(A) –1 (C) (5, 8) (D) (6, 8)
(B) zero
(C) indeterminate
(D) Either (A) or (C)

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 Exercise – 6(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 35: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices.
For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. The distance between (3, 7) and the centre of the 12. A line passes through the point (4, −5). The sum of
circle (x − 6)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25 (in units) is . the intercepts is 7. Its equation can be _____.
(A) x − 2y + 14 = 0 (B) 2x − y − 14 = 0
(C) 2x + 5y − 10 = 0 (D) 5x + 2y − 10 = 0
2. The ratio in which y-axis divides the line joining the
points (4, 3) and (−6, 2) is ______. 13. If A(4, 5), B(3, 6), C(2, 1) are the vertices of a triangle,
(A) 2 : 3 externally (B) 3 : 2 internally then the equation of the altitude through A is _____.
(C) 2 : 3 internally (D) 3 : 2 externally (A) 3x − 7y + 23 = 0 (B) 5x − y − 15 = 0
(C) x − 5y + 4 = 0 (D) x + 5y – 29 = 0
3. If the points (3, 5), (5, 9) and (10, k) are collinear, then
k = _____. 14. If the lines ax + 3y + 7 = 0 and 4x + 9y + 15 = 0 are
1 perpendicular to each other, then the value of a is
(A) (B) 1 (C) 19 (D) −1 _____.
19
27 3 4 2
(A) − (B) − (C) (D)
4. If the orthocenter and the centroid of a triangle are 4 2 27 3
(4, 5) and (3, 3) respectively, then the circumcentre of
the triangle is _____. 15. If the line x + ky + 3k + 2 = 0 passes through the point
5  of intersection of the lines 4x + 5y − 23 = 0 and x + 3y
(A)  , 2  (B) (5, 4) (C) (1, 6) (D) (6, 1)
2  − 11 = 0, then k = _____.
2 3 3 2
(A) (B) − (C) (D) −
5. If (2, 6), (−4, 2) and (8, −4) are three consecutive 3 2 2 3
vertices of a parallelogram, then the fourth vertex is
(A) (14, 0) (B) (0, −4) 16. If the line 3x + 4y + 5 + k(x − 3y + 2) = 0 is parallel to
(C) (−14, 0) (D) (−10, 12)
the x-axis, then the value of k2 is .
2
6. The slope of the line joining the points (at1 , 2at1) and
(at22, 2at2) is _____.
1 1 17. The point of intersection of 8x + 5y = 48 and
(A) (B) y = kx + 6 has integral coordinates. The
2(t1 + t 2 ) t 2 + t1
number of integral values of k is .
2 1
(C) (D)
t 2 + t1 2a(t1 + t 2 )
18. If the roots of the equation x2 − 5x − 6 = 0 represents
7. The equation of the line passing through the points the slope and y-intercept of a line, then the equation
(5, 6) and (4, 3) is _____. of the line can be _____.
(A) 3x − y + 9 = 0 (B) 2x + 3y – 17 = 0 (A) x + y + 6 = 0 (B) 6x − y – 1 = 0
(C) x + 3y – 24 = 0 (D) 3x − y − 9 = 0 (C) 6x + y + 1 = 0 (D) x + y + 1 = 0

8. The acute angle made (in degrees) by the line 19. Two of the tangents to a circle are x + y – 7 = 0 and
2x + 2y + 13 = 0. Find the circumference of
3 x − y + 9 = 0 with y−axis is . the circle.
27 27
(A) π (B) π
9. The acute angle (in degrees) between the lines 2 2 2
2x + 3y + 7 = 0 and x − 5y + 3 = 0 is . 27
(C) 27 2 π (D) π
4 2
10. If 3x + 4y + 7 = 0 and 12x − 9y + 10 = 0 are two
adjacent sides of a rectangle and one of its vertices
20. The distance between the parallel lines
is (2, 3), then the area of the rectangle in sq. units is
5x + 12y + 24 = 0 and 10x + 24y + 49 = 0 is _____.
7 7
(A) 5 (B) 2 (C) (D) 1 25
3 5 (A) (B)
26 13
11. If the lines 2x + 3y + 7 = 0, 4x + 9y + 12 = 0 and 1 2
(C) (D)
3x − 2y + 9 = 0 form a right angled triangle, then one 13 13
end of the hypotenuse is _____.
 13 3 9 2 21. The area of the triangle (in sq.units) formed by the
(A)  − , −  (B)  , −  line 4x − 5y + 20 = 0 with the coordinate axes is
 5 5 2 3
 9 2 .
(C)  − ,  (D) (0, –3)
 2 3
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22. The vertices of a triangle are (–4, 0), (7, 0) and 30. The equation of the line ℓ is _____.
8 5 (A) 3 x – y – 1 = 0 y
(5, a). If the centroid of the triangle is  ,  , the
3 3 (B) 3y – x – 1 = 0 60°
area of the triangle is ______. x
(C) 3x + y + 1 = 0 0
65 75 55 45 (0, –1)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (D) 3y + x + 1 = 0
2 2 2 2
ℓ
23. Two identical circles intersect at (0, 5) and (0, –5).
Each circle passes through the centre of the other 31. In the xy-plane, the vertices of a triangle are (0, 20),
circle. Find the area of either circle. (20, 0), (0, 0). The number of points with integer
50π 200π 100 π 400π coordinates inside the triangle (excluding all the
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3 points on the boundary) is .
2 2
24. If 81y – x + 14x = c represents a pair of straight
lines, the value of c is ______.
32. If a line passing through P(5, 3) makes an angle of
(A) 64 (B) 49 (C) 81 (D) 36
60º with the x-axis and cuts the y-axis at Q, then the
25. The points (0, 6) and (0, 17) are the ends of a length of PQ (in units) is .
diagonal of a square. One of the ends of the other
diagonal of the square is ______.
(A) (4.5, 11.5) (B) (–7.5, 11.5) 33. (– 1, 3) (1, 8) (6, 6) and (4, 1) are the consecutive
(C) (–6.5, 11.5) (D) (–5.5, 11.5) vertices of a quadrilateral. Find the equation of a line
passing through (6, 6) which divides the quadrilateral
26. If three of the vertices of a parallelogram are into two equal areas.
(p – q, p + q), (p + q, p – q), and (6p – q, 6p + q), the (A) 7x – 5y + 12 = 0
fourth vertex of the parallelogram can be ______. (B) 5x – 7y + 12 = 0
(A) (6p – 3q, 6p + 3q) (C) 3x – 7y – 24 = 0
(B) (6p + q, 6p – q) (D) 3x – 7y + 24 = 0
(C) (q – 4p, –4p –q)
(D) Any of the previous choices 34. The co-ordinates of the point (2, 3) in the new system
when the origin is translated to the point (– 4, 5) are
27. The area of the triangle formed by joining the _____.
midpoints of the sides of the triangle whose vertices (A) (6, 2) (B) (6, – 2)
(C) (2, 6) (D) (– 2, 6)
are (3, 5), (5, 8) and (7, 5) is .
35. The transformed equation of a curve when the origin
28. The point through which the line x (p + 5q) + 4y (p + q) = is translated to (1, 1) is 2x2 – 3xy – y2 = 5. Its equation
5p + q passes for all real values of p and q is a with respect to the original axes is
_______. (A) 2x2 – 3xy – y2 + x + 5y + 7 = 0
(A) (–1, 1.5) (B) (–1, 0.5) (B) 2x2 – 3xy + y2 – x – 5y + 7 = 0
(C) (–2, 1.5) (D) (–2, 2.5) (C) 2x2 – 3xy – y2 – x – 5y – 7 = 0
(D) 2x2 – 3xy – y2 – x + 5y – 7 = 0
29. The equation of the line ℓ is _____.?
(A) 2x + 3y – 6 = 0 y
ℓ
(B) 2x + 3y + 6 = 0 (–2, 0)
0
x •
(C) 3x + 2y + 6 = 0
• (0, –3)
(D) 3x – 2y – 6 = 0

Exercise – 6(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 35: For the Multiple Choice 2. The equation of a line passing through the points
Questions, select the correct alternative from the given (1, p) and (p, 1), where p ≠ 1, is _____.
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write (A) 2x + y − p − 2 = 0 (B) x + y − p – 1 = 0
your answer in the box provided. (C) x + y + p = 0 (D) x + y = p

Very Easy / Easy… … ……… … 3. Which of the following lines passes through the origin
and has a slope of 3?
1. If the slope of the line joining the points (4, p) and (A) x − 3y = 0 (B) 3x − y = 0
(C) x − y = 0 (D) x − 3y + 5 = 0
(p, 5) is −2, then the value of p is .

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4. Among the following, the line that makes equal 15. The points (2, −3), (0, 0) and (3, 2) form a / an _____.
intercepts on the coordinate axis is (A) scalene triangle.
(A) x – y + 7 = 0 (B) 2x + 3y = 6 (B) right angled isosceles triangle.
(C) x + y − 10 = 0 (D) 2x – 3y = 6 (C) equilateral triangle.
(D) straight line.
Moderate… … … …… ..
16. The orthocenter of a triangle is (x1, y1) and the
5. If the sides of a right-angled triangle lie on the lines centroid is origin. The circumcentre is ______.
x + y − 8 = 0, 3x − 2y + 1 = 0 and x − y = 0, then the
vertex opposite to the hypotenuse is _____. x y   −x y 
(A)  1 , 1  (B)  1 , 1 
(A) (3, 5) (B) (0, 0)  2 2  2 2
(C) (4, 4) (D) (−1, −1)
 x −y   −x −y 
(C)  1 , 1  (D)  1 , 1 
6. Let the values of x that satisfy the quadratic equation  2 2   2 2 
x2 + 7x + 12 = 0 form an ordered pair (a, b) such that
a > b. Which of the following relations does the point 17. The join of (−3, 2) and (4, 6) is cut by x − axis in the
(a, b) satisfy? ratio _____.
(A) a − 3b = −6 (B) 2a − 3b = 10 (A) 1 : 3 externally (B) 1 : 2 externally
(C) 2a − 5b = 14 (D) a − b = 8 (C) 2 : 3 internally (D) 3 : 2 internally

7. The shortest distance (in units) between the lines 18. The points (p + 1, 1), (2p + 1, 3) and (2p + 2, 2p) lie
on the same straight line only if _____.
5x + 3y = 2 and x − 2y = 3 is . (A) p = −1 or 2 (B) p = 2 or 1
−1 1
8. The area of the triangle formed by the line 5x + 6y = 30 (C) p = 2 or (D) p = or 2
2 2
with the coordinate axes is _____.
(A) 15 sq.units (B) 30 sq.units 19. Two points (1, 3) and (5, −5) are joined by a straight
(C) 25 sq.units (D) 27.5 sq.units line. Which of the following points lies on this line?
(A) (1, −3) (B) (1, 2)
9. If the lines 3x − ky + 6 = 0 and 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 are (C) (4, −3) (D) (5, 2)
parallel, then k =
−9 −7 5 9 20. The fourth vertex of the rectangle whose other
(A) (B) (C) (D) vertices are (4, 1), (7, 4) and (13, −2) taken in that
2 2 2 2
order, is _____.
(A) (10, –5) (B) (8, 3)
10. If the angle between the lines k x − 3 y + 10 = 0 and (C) (8, −3) (D) (–10, −5)
6x + ky + 25 = 0 is 90°, then k = _____.
(A) 0 (B) 4 21. The equation of a line passing through the point
(C) 2 (D) Either (A) or (B) (1, −6) and product of whose intercepts on the axes
is 1, is _____.
11. The perpendicular distance (in units) of the origin (A) 3x + y = −3 (B) 9x + y = 3
from the line 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 is . (C) 4x + y + 2 = 0 (D) Either (B) or (C)

12. The points (0, 0), (p, q), (–p, –q) and (pq, q2) are 22. A line makes an angle of 60° with the positive
______. direction of the x-axis. If its x-intercept is 3, its
(A) vertices of a rectangle equation is _____.
(B) vertices of a rhombus (A) x + 3y + 3 = 0 (B) x − y + 3 =0
(C) Both A and B
(C) 3x + y + 3 3 = 0 (D) 3x − y − 3 3 = 0
(D) Neither A nor B

13. Which of the equations represent the following 23. Three lines 3x − y = 2, 5x – ay = 3 and 2x + y = 3 are
graph? concurrent. a = .
Y l1
(A) 2x – 3y – 6 = 0
24. If the two opposite sides of a square are represented
(B) 3x – 2y – 6 = 0 (0, 0) 45° by the lines 3x − y + 6 = 0 and 9x −3y + 30 = 0, then its
X
perimeter in units is _____.
(C) x – y = 0 8 4 8 8 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 10 10 5
(D) 2x + y = 0
25. If (3,10) is a vertex and 5x –y +12 = 0 is the equation
14. The distance (in units) between the point (−3, −4) and
of a diagonal of a square, then find the equation of
the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are
the other diagonal of the square.
(7, 0), (5, 1) and (3, 5) is . (A) x + 5y – 53 = 0 (B) x + 5y – 17 = 0
(C) x + 5y – 18 = 0 (D) x +5y + 53 = 0

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26. Find the area bounded by the lines 5x + 12y = 13, 34. The axes in the coordinate system R are rotated
5x + 4y = 3 and coordinate axes. through 45° in the clockwise direction to obtain th e
(A) 71 (C) 71 (D) 63 coordinate system R′. If the coordinates of a point P
( )
(B) 71
60 40 40 in R are − 2 2 , 5 2 , what are its coordinates in R′?
(A) (– 7, 3) (B) (7, 3)
1 −1 (C) (7, – 3) (D) (– 7, – 3)
27. If and are the slopes of two lines, then the
5 7
acute angle between the lines is _____. 35. The transformed equation of 2x2 – xy + y2 – 4x + 7y –
 7  6 5 = 0 when the origin is translated to (–1, 1) is _____.
(A) tan−1  13  (B) tan−1  11  (A) 2X2 – XY + Y2 – 9X + 10Y + 10 = 0
   
(B) X2 – XY + Y2 – 9X + 10Y + 10 = 0
 6   8  (C) 2X2 + XY + Y2 + 9X + 10Y + 10 = 0
(C) tan−1  17  (D) tan−1  13 
    (D) 2X2 – XY – Y2 – 9X – 10Y + 10 = 0

28. If A (4, 9), B (6, 5) and C(7, 8) are the vertices of the Data Sufficiency … … …… ..
triangle ABC, the slope of the line which bisects
∠ACB is _________.
Directions for questions 36 to 40: Each question is
−1 1 followed by two statements, Ι and ΙΙ. Answer each
(A) (B) 2 (C) –2 (D)
2 2 question using the following instructions:
29. The length of the intercept made by the line which Choice (A) if the question can be answered by using
passes through the points (3, 6) and (–3, 9) between one of the statements alone, but cannot be
the coordinate axes is _____ answered by using the other statement
7 5 alone.
(A) 8 5 (B) (C) 15 5 (D) 15 5 Choice (B) if the question can be answered by using
2 2
either statement alone.
30. How many integral values of k are possible, if the Choice (C) if the question can be answered by using
lines 3x + 4ky + 6 = 0, and kx − 3y + 9 = 0 intersect in both statements together, but cannot be
the 2nd quadrant? answered by using either statement alone.
Choice (D) if the question cannot be answered even by
using both the statements together.”

3 36. In the figure given below, what is the area of triangle

31. The distance between two parallel lines is units.
10 AOB?
y
If one of the parallel lines is 3x + 4y = 9, then the other
line could be _____.
(A) 6x + 8y = 21
(B) 9x + 12y = 15 B•
(C) 6x + 8y = 15
(D) Either (A) or (C)
32. Which of the equations represent the following graph?
• •
Y O A x
l2

(3, 0) Ι. The equation of the line AB is 4x + 3y = 12.

X
3 
(0, 0) ΙΙ. The midpoint of the line segment AB is  , 2 
2 
(0, –2)
37. In the figure given below OA = OB = OC. What is the
area of the shaded region?
y
(A) 2x – 3y – 6 = 0
(B) 3x – 2y – 6 = 0 C
•
(C) x–y=0
(D) None of these

Difficult / Very Difficult … …… . . • • x

A O B
33. The coordinates of the point A when the origin is
translated to (–3, 1) are (–2, –1). The original
coordinates of the point A are _____. Ι. The length of the line segment AB is 10 units.
(A) (1, 0) (B) (– 5, 0)
(C) (5, 0) (D) (0, 5) ΙΙ. The area of ΔABC is 25 sq. units.

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38. y What is the equation of the circle?
Ι. The coordinates of the point A are (4, 0)
ΙΙ. The coordinates of the point B are (0, 4)

39. What is the area of triangle ABC?

B• Ι. ABC is an equilateral triangle.
ΙΙ. The coordinates of the vertex A and the midpoint
• • x of the side BC are respectively (−3, 5) and (5, 2).
A
40. At which point does the line ‘ l ’ intersect the x-axis?
Ι. The line l is parallel to y-axis.
ΙΙ. The line l passes through the point (3, −4).

The circle given in the above figure touches the

coordinate axes at the points A and B respectively.

Key

Concept Review Questions

1. B 9. B 17. D 25. D
2. 0 10. D 18. B 26. D
3. 3 11. C 19. 0 27. C
4. B 12. A 20. C 28. B
5. C 13. B 21. A 29. C
6. A 14. D 22. D 30 A
7. 5 15. 3 23. 45
8. D 16. C 24. C
.

Exercise – 6(a)

1. 5 8. 30 15. D 22. C 29. C

2. C 9. 45 16. 9 23. C 30. A
3. C 10. C 17. 3 24. B 31. 171
4. A 11. C 18. B 25. D 32. 10
5. A 12. D 19. B 26. D 33. D
6. C 13. D 20. A 27. 1.5 34. B
7. D 14. A 21. 10 28. A 35. D

Exercise – 6(b)

1. 3 9. A 17. A 25. A 33. B

2. B 10. D 18. C 26. A 34. A
3. B 11. 0.2 19. C 27. C 35. A
4. C 12. D 20. A 28. D 36. B
5. C 13. C 21. D 29. D 37. B
6. C 14. 10 22. D 30. 5 38. B
7. 0 15. B 23. 2 31. D 39. C
8. A 16. D 24. D 32. A 40. C

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