132/33 KV GSS, SONE NAGAR (OLD)

AT

BIHAR STATE POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY LIMITED

SUBMITTED

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINNERING

SERSHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SASARAM

SUBMITTED BY:-

NAME – SAURABH KUMAR REG NO- 20110124019

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

BIPIN KUMAR POONAM GOSWAMI

(ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE ENGINEER) (JUNIOR ENGINEER)

 ELECTIRCAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SERSHAH ENGINEERIN COLLEGE, SASARAM

SUBMITTED BY:-

NAME – SAURABH KUMAR

REG NO.- 20110124019

IN PLANT TRAINING REPORT

132/33 KV GSS,SONE NAGAR

AT

BIHAR STATE POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY LIMITED

 SUBMITTED

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

BACELOR OF TECHONOLOGY DEPARTMENT

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and thanks to my
parents for their sincere support they have given me. I would like to also thanks to Mr.
Bipin Kumar sir AEE & JEE Poonam Goswami mam GSS, Sonenagar, Aurangabad for the
care and they give me all though during internship.

I express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Manish Kumar sir principal of S.E.C Sasaram, Vikash
Kumar Singh HOD of S.E.C, for giving permission to do internship & Training at BSPTCL.

I am sincerely grateful to Er. Mrityunjay Kumar Ajit, Electrical Executive Engineer (EEE)
who gave me inspiration and self-confident to overcome on hesitation and blushing
anywhere and my time.

And the last but not the least I extend special thanks to all BSPTCL staffs at GSS
Sonenagar, Aurangabad who have spared their valuable time and share their knowledge
on Substation operation protection and maintenance.
 DESCRIPTION OF 132/33KV TRANSFORMER
There are tow 132/33KV transforms present in GSS SONENAGAR (OLD) each having an
rating of 50 MVA.

 GSS SONENAGAR (OLD) has 8 bays of 33 KV.

 GSS SONENAGAR (OLD) avails 33 KV supply through 2 bays from its 2
transformers that step down 132KV to 33KV connected to its Low Voltage (LV)
side.
 GSS SONENAGAR (OLD) feeds/extends 33KV to five places through 5 bays.

TO
S.NO.
KV FEEDER NAME PLACE

1 33 BARUN BARUN

2 33 BAREM 1ST BAREM

3 33 BAREM 2ND NTPC NABINAGAR

4 33 HYDEL INDRAPURI

5 33 DIHARA DIHRA

 The last bay of 33KV is a spare bay.

DESCRIPTION OF 132/25KV RAILWAY TRANSFORMER

There are two 132/25 KV transformers present in GSS SONENAGAR (OLD) having a rating
of 20 MVA and 21.6 MVA.

 GSS SONENAGAR (OLD) has 2 feeders of 25KV which feeds/extends to the

Railway Traction Sub-Station (TSS)

TO
S.NO.
KV FEEDER NAME
1 25 CB-11 RAILWAY FEEDER

2 25 CB-12 RAILWAY FEEDER

 TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at

same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage
& high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static
induction principle.

When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

TYPES OF TRANFORMERS

o Power transformer
o Instrument transformer

POWER TRANSFORMER:

Types of power transformer:

 Single phase transformer

 Three phase transformers
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

The current transformer and potential transformer (also called voltage transformer) are
both measuring devices. A current transformer lowers the current signals for
measurement purpose, while a potential transformer lowers high voltage values into
lower ones. The transformers are designed to measure whether power systems are obth
accurate and safe.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer essentially lowers (step down) a high current to a lower, safer
level that you can manage properly. It steps down the current to be measured so that
you can measure it with an average range ammeter.

Functions of a current transformer include:

 Converting large primary currents into small 1A/5A current.

 Providing the current for the coil of measuring device and protective relaying
 It separates primary voltage from secondary voltage.

Characteristics of a current transformer include:

 The resistance of the instruments' current coil with which the CT'S secondary
winding is connected is small. The CT transformer operates under a state close to
the short circuit under normal condition.
 The primary winding is installed in series in the current.
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

Potential transformers, also known as voltage transformers, measure an aspect o the

power supply. While a current transformer measures current, the potential transformer
measures voltage.

Functions of the potential (voltage) transformers include:

 It measures and reduces high voltage values into lesser values.

 Voltage transformers proportionally converts the high voltage into a standard
secondary voltage of 100V or lower for easier utilization of protective and
measuring instruments/devices.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

The capacitive voltage transformer step-down the high voltage input signals and provide
the low voltage signals which can easily measure through the measuring instrument.
The Capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) is also called capacitive potential transformer.
The capacitive potential divider, inductive element and the auxiliary transformer are the
three main parts of the capacitive potential transformer.

Need of CVT:

CVT is cheap as compared to highly insulated transformers.

Performance of CVT is not much inferior to the highly insulated transformer.

 SUBSTATIONS

The present-day electrical power system is A.C i.e electrical power is generated,
transmitted & distributed in the form of the alternating current. The assembly of
apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is called substation.

The types of substations are:-

STEP UP SUBSTATION

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in

transmission of electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are
of outdoor type.

PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage
level to 66KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of
outdoor type.

SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS

At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The

11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also
of outdoor type.

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

These substation re located near the consumer's localities and step down to
400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two
phases is 400V & between any phase and neutral it is 230V.
OVER HEAD LINE TERMINATIONS
VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIUM GROUND CLEARANCE
Less than 66KV 6.1m
66KV- 110KV 6.4m
110KV-165KV 6.7m
Greater than 165KV 7.0m

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe, efficient & economic power supply.
To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system
in optimum working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit
communication network is indispensable for electricity board.

APPLICATION:-

The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:

 Telephony
 Teleportation
 Remote control or indication
 Telemetry
 Teleprinting

PRINCIPLE OF PLCC:

All Type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500KHz. The
modulated HF carrier is fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and
filtered out again at the respective stations.

Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the
high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly
connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipment have therefore to
be employed which will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without
undue loss and with absolute protection of communication equipment or operating
personal from high voltage hazard.
WAVE TRAP OR LINE TRAP

Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of
coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers ne negligible impedance to HF carrier. Wave
trap stands electromechanically and thermally for short circuit current in the event of
fault on the line. On the basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be
following type:

 ALL WAVE
 SINGLE FREQUENCE
 DOUBLE FREQUENCY
 BROAD BAND

COUPLING CAPACITOR:

The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor specially
designed to withstand line voltage. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is
connected directly to the line and the lower end is connected to the ground through a
carrier frequency chock coil or drain coil.

The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand
normal atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow,
anticipated wind load, nominal wire tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case
capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) are used as a source of line voltage for metering
and protection as also used coupling capacitor for PLCC.

TYPES OF COUPLING:

The following three types of coupling are being depending on the requirement:

 Phase to ground coupling

 Phase to phase coupling
 Internal coupling
COUPLING LOSSES

 Composite loss
 Tapping loss
 11.F. cable loss
 Additional loss

BUSBARS

TYPICAL REPRESENTATION FO BUSBARS

When numbers of generators of feeders operation at the same voltage have to be

directly connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus
bars are made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the
important bus bars arrangements use at substations:

 Single bus bar system

 Single bus bar system with section isolation
 Duplicate bus bar system

In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should

interfere as little as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar
system is used. Such a system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus
bar with the help of bus coupler, which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general
maintenance and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator
operates under no load condition. It does not have any specified current breaking
capacity of current making capacity. In some cases, Isolators are used to breaking
charging currents or transmission lines.

While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a
circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers, Isolators are necessary on supply
side of circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts
for the purpose of maintenance.

ISULATORS
The isolator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine
the current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of
insulator is porcelain. Their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement.
For example, post insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain
body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base.

ISOLATORS
An electrical isolator which is also known as an isolator or disconnector is a piece of
equipment, use in electric devices and power systems with the main function of
effectively isolating two different parts of an instrument. By definition, isolation is the
process of complete separation of various parts of an apparatus.

Main purpose of an isolator is safety because if a fault occurs in one section of a circuit
or power supply then an electrical isolator is used as a switch to keep apart that section
from other section of the system to perform repair work. They are also used to ensure
the safety of workers in regular maintenance and service of the power system. Isolators
separate a certain circuit from the electricity mains and discharge any residual current,
left in the circuit, to the ground.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can be
opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any
part of the system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are
pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the cirucuit.

They can be classified into:

1. Oil circuit breaker

2. Air-last circuit breaker
3. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker
4. Vacuum circuit breakers

1. OIL CIRUCIT BREAKER

A high- voltage circuit breaker in which the are is drawn in oil to dissipate the head
and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the are decomposes the oil, generating a gas
whose high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the are that furnishes the
necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc.

The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of
contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapour.

2. AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30kg/cm2 stored in the air reservoir.
Air is taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are
mounted on the reservoir with valves at their basis. The double are extinguished
chambers are mounted on the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current
carrying parts connect the three are extinction chambers to each other in series and the
pole to the neighbouring equipment. Since there exists a very high voltage between the
conductor and the air reservoi8r, the entire are extinction chambers assembly is
mounted on insulators.
 3. SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER
In such circuit breaker, Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the are quenching
medium. The SF6 is and electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free
electrons.
The SF6 circuit breaker have been found to a very effective for high power and
high voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230
KV, power rating 10 MVA. It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber,
contains SF6 gas. When the contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure
SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the are interruption chamber. The moving
contact permits the SF6 gas to jet through these holes.

RATING OF 132 KV SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

o Breaking current:50A
o Making capacity: 80KA
o Total break time <60mscc
o Asymmertrical: 31.5 KA
o Rated duration of short circuit current: 3sec
o Rated nominal current:1250 A
o Rated voltage: 145 KV

4. VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers,
vacuum circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing
through it, thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may
emerge. These devices have been utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have
introduced refinements to make them even safer and more effective.
 LIGHENING ARRESTERS

A lightning arrester (alternative spelling lighting arrestor) (also called lightning Isolator)
is a device use on electric power transmission and telecommunication systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of
lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground
terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along
the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the
arrester, in most cases to earth.
 SURGE COUNTER
Simple operation of the Surge Counter means a dependable performance and long life.
Arrester discharge current passes through a shunt arrangement to charge a capacitor
discharge of this capacitor through a solenoid operates the cyclometer count.

METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT

RELAY:

When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and
disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the
amount of damage to it. For high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the
desired function of automatic protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the
information.

Under fault condition are voltage, frequency, current, phase angle may change.
When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current flowing in
the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow through the
relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This closes the trip circuit
of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from rest
of the system. Thus, relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the damage.

RELAYS USED IN CONTROL PANEL OF THE SUBSTATION

AUXILILARY RELAY:

An auxiliary relay is a relay that assists another relay or device in performing an action. It
does this when its operating circuit is opened or closed. These relays are used in nearly
all electronic devices to assist them in functioning correctly. Essentially, it is as simple as
an action done to the relay causing a circuit to be opened, completed or closed and not
allow power to travel through it.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY:

A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on oil-filled power transformers and

reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a "conservator"
Buchholz relays are use as a protective device, as they are sensitive to the effects of
dielectric failure that can occur inside the equipment they protect. Buchholz relays are a
type of agas detection relay.

Buchholz relays have two main elements. The upper element consists of a float. The
float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon
the oil level in the Buchholz relay container.

OTI/WTI RELAY:

Oil Temperature Indicator Relay and Winding Temperature Indicator Relay are
used as a safety device for Oil Temperature Indicator and Winding Temperature
Indicator.
PRV RELAY:
Pressure Relief Value is a device which is used for nvolding high oil pressure build
up inside the transformer during fault conditions. It is filled on the top of the main tank.
The PRV allows rapid release of excessive pressure that may be generated in the event
of a serious fault. This device is filled with an alarm/trip switch known as PRV Relay.

MASTER TRIP RELAY:

Another important auxiliary relay in power system protection is Mater trip relay.
Matter trip relays are the final command of the breaker tripping circuits. Mater trip
relays is nothing but a collection of all tripping circuits. If the fault detected by any of the
protection relay means at the same time the protection relay trips the associated circuit
breaker through the mater tripping relay circuits. The master trip relay's output is wired
to the circuit breaker trip coil.

TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION RELAY:

This relay is designed for the supervision of trip circuits and other important
control and monitoring circuits. In normal condition, the indicator LED glows green and
output relays are in picked-up condition. In case of fault, if measuring current drops
below the relay operating value or completely stops flowing, this relay operates after a
delay of 0.6 sec and the indicator LED turns red. For its functioning, it requires an
auxiliary voltage of rated value to be connected to the terminals. This voltage can be the
same as that of the supervised circuit or it could be a separate source with the same
magnitude. Should a fault occur in the auxiliary voltage supply, the LED does not glow
and the output relay drops off. Relays with differing rated voltage for supervision circuit
and auxiliary supply can be supplied as a special execution.
INSTANTANEOUS EARTH FAULT RELAY:

This relay employs the well-known high impedance principle and is used for restricted
earth fault protection of machines.

Transformers and renctors. It can also be used for capacitor bank unbalance protection
when the bank is connected with a CT in the neutral link.

High impedance protection is basically a circulating current scheme in which the

sudden and often asymmetrical growth of the system current during external fault
conditions can cause the protective current transformers to go into saturation. To ensure
stability under high level of unbalanced current, the present-day practice is to use a
voltage operated high impedance relay, set to operate at a voltage slightly higher than
that developed by the current transformers under maximum external fault conditions.

DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY:

A distance relay is a type of protection relay most often used for transmission
line protection. Distance relay measure the impedance from the installation side to the
fault location and operates in response to changes in the ration of measured current and
voltage. These relays are known as distance relay or impedance relay.

In normal operating condition, restoring torque is more than deflecting torque.

Hence re will not operate. But in faulty condition, the current becomes quite large
whereas voltage becon less. Consequently, deflecting torque becomes more than
restoring torque and dynamic parts of relay starts moving which ultimately close the No
contact of relay.
BACKUP PROTECTION RELAY:
Backup protection relays are extra relaying schemes attached to the equipment or part
of the network with their own relaying system. The main function of backup relay is to
operate in any failure of tripping of circuit breaker due to main relays. The relay attached
to the system may fail due to the following:

 Mechanical defect of moving parts of the main relay.

 Failure of DC power supply to the relay,
 Failure of tripping pulse to the breaker from relay,
 Failure of current or voltage to the relay from CT or PT circuits etc.

HIGH VOLTAGE OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY:

This relay is used to protect the transformer/generator/alternator from over current
fault. The relay senses the fault current in only one direction, the relay does not operate
when the current in opposite direction. Due to high cost, they are used only of highly
sensitive electrical machine such as alternator & High voltage transmission lines.

TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY:

The differential relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current
of power transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary
currents the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit
breaker of the transformer.
DC SUPERVISION RELAX:
DC Supervision Relay monitor trip coil circuit in open/close states and during circuit
breaker operation. These relays are used for DC supervision via LOR trip coil, generating
an alarm and avoiding open/close commands under faulty conditions or when breaker
tripping mechanism is not ready to perate.

MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT
CAPACITOR BANK:

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low
power factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and
therefore take lagging currents. So, in order to ensure most favourable conditions for a
supply system from engineering and economic stand point it is important to have power
factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor, come device
taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of the such
device can be capacitor bank. The capacitor bank. The capacitor draws a lending current
and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of load current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:

o Supply reactive power

o Increases terminal voltage
o Improve power factor

CONSERVATOR:

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes
either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to
predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the
top of the tank.

BREATHER:

Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture

as it spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of
oil air is drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt
chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.
OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR:

It has meters which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If
temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an
alarm. If there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to
open the circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.

TRANSFORMER COOLING:

When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the
removal of heat is called cooling.

There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

Air natural cooling:

In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding

air is used for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small
transformers.

Air blast cooling:

It is similar to that of dry type self- cooled transformers with two addition that
continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better
cooling. A fan produces the blast.

Oil natural cooling:

Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act
Both as a colling medium and an insulating medium. Heat produce in the cores and
winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by
cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank.

Oil blast cooling:

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of

transformers immersed in oil.

Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a
colling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

BATTERY BANK

BATTERY CHARGER

o It has four battery charger and four battery banks.

 Two charger of 250V and another two for 48V battery bank.
o In power grid to operate Relay we required 220V DC and 48V for PLCC. It is
controlled by DCDB.
o A power substation can have one or several DC systems. Factors affecting the
number of systems is the need for more than one voltage level and the need for
duplicating systems. Today, normal DC auxiliary supply systems in power
substations are operating either on the 110 V or 220 V level, though lower levels
exist.
 o Substation DC Auxiliary Supply- Battery and Charger
o Some systems at the substation may require lower voltages as their
auxiliary supply source.
o A typical example of these systems would be the optical
telecommunication devices or the power line carrier (PLC) equipment,
which normally requires 48V. If the power consumption of these devices
is low enough, their supply can be arranged with DC/DC converters,
supplied by the higher voltage level DC system.

DISTRIBUTION BOARD:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
supply system which divides and electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while
providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit.

ALTERNATING CURRENT DISTRIBUTION BOARD (ACDB):

The ACDB receives the AC power from the solar inverter and directs it to AC loads
through the distribution board. ACDB is an important part as it provides extra protection
to the system in case of failures on load side. A provision can also be made in ACDB to
monitor the consumption of power from Solar Power Plant. ACDBs are designed to
deliver high performance and added protection by isolating inverter from mains as and
when required. Inclusion of ACDB significantly reduces overall system installation time.
ACDB enables installer to isolate different loads from each other at same location thus
making repair and maintenance much safer and faster.
DIRECT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION BOARD (DCDB):

The DC Distribution Box is used to provide flexibility for the operator of the solar power
plant to disconnect and connect both the inward solar supply and battery terminals.
Here an MCCB and a fuse of proper rating depending upon the capacity of the power
plant and the battery bank are used. It is manufactured by keeping view of the
protection of pricy inverters from the direct and indirect lightning surges traveling form
solar panels through its connected cables.

CONTROL PANELS
Control panels contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control
building, also called a doghouse. These are use to control the substation equipment, to
send power form on circuit to another or to open of shut down circuits when needed.

Control panels include the virtual control panel, the remote-control panel, and the
physical control panel. You can use these control panels to perform almost all of the
same functions. The remote-control panel and virtual control panel provide a way to
perform control panel functions from a PC.
  Physical control panel

The physical control panel is your initial interface with the system. You can use the
physical control panel to perform functions, such as performing an initial program load
(IPL) and turning on and turning off the system. Control panel function range in
complexity from functions that display status (such as IPL speed) to low-level service
functions that only service representatives can access.

 Remote Control panel

The remote-control panel provides a way to use control panel functions through a PC.
The graphical use interface of the remote- control panel looks similar to the physical
control panel.

 Virtual Control panel

With the virtual control panel, you can use control panel functions through a PC.

Few of the panels are:

DEHRI AND AURANGABAD CKT (132KV FEEDER)

25KV FEEDER CONTROL AND 132/25KV TRANSFORMER

RELAY PANEL CONTROL PANEL

132/33KV TRANSFORMER 132KV RAILWAY FEEDERS

CONTROL PANEL CONTROL PANEL

 CONCLUSION
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity play an important role in
our life. We are made are of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to
know about the various parts of the Substation system as well as the grid and its
interconnections. We also got aware with the different types of protection systems as
well as many measuring and controlling devices.

Time to time checking of parts, cleaning and replacement of damaged parts is

also very necessary as it is very important for the good functioning of the whole grid
substation.