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SQL_and_Relational_Databases

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL and relational databases, covering their history, core concepts, and various SQL commands. It discusses data integrity, normalization, database security, and the comparison between SQL and NoSQL databases. Additionally, it highlights the future of relational databases in the context of AI and cloud computing, along with practical use cases and tools for database management.

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ravi.saini2
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10 views

SQL_and_Relational_Databases

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL and relational databases, covering their history, core concepts, and various SQL commands. It discusses data integrity, normalization, database security, and the comparison between SQL and NoSQL databases. Additionally, it highlights the future of relational databases in the context of AI and cloud computing, along with practical use cases and tools for database management.

Uploaded by

ravi.saini2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL and Relational Databases

Table of Contents
1. Introduction

2. History of Relational Databases

3. Core Concepts of Relational Databases

4. Understanding SQL

5. Data Definition Language (DDL)

6. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

7. Data Control Language (DCL)

8. Constraints and Relationships in Databases

9. Indexes and Keys

10. Normalization and Denormalization

11. Database Security

12. SQL in Practice: Common Queries and Use Cases

13. Advanced SQL Techniques

14. Relational Databases in Big Data and Cloud Computing

15. Comparing SQL and NoSQL

16. Challenges in Relational Database Management

17. Future of Relational Databases

18. Case Studies

19. Tools for Relational Database Management

20. Conclusion

Introduction
Relational databases are the backbone of many software systems, providing structured and
efficient ways to store, manage, and retrieve data. SQL (Structured Query Language) serves
as the standard language for managing relational databases. Together, they play a pivotal
role in applications ranging from web development to data analytics.
History of Relational Databases
The relational model was first introduced by Edgar F. Codd in 1970. He proposed a
mathematical framework for organizing data into tables. Since then, relational databases
like Oracle, MySQL, and PostgreSQL have become fundamental in the field of computer
science.

Core Concepts of Relational Databases


Relational databases organize data into tables consisting of rows (records) and columns
(attributes). Relationships between tables can be defined using keys:
- Primary Key: Uniquely identifies a record.
- Foreign Key: Links tables together.

Understanding SQL
SQL is a programming language specifically designed for managing and querying relational
databases.
Key Features:
- High-level syntax for querying and updating data.
- Support for schema definition and database management.

Data Definition Language (DDL)


DDL commands define and modify database structures.
Key Commands:
- CREATE: To create tables or databases.
- ALTER: To modify existing structures.
- DROP: To delete structures.

Example:
CREATE TABLE Students (
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100),
Age INT
);

Data Manipulation Language (DML)


DML allows data manipulation within tables.
Key Commands:
- SELECT: Retrieve data.
- INSERT: Add new records.
- UPDATE: Modify records.
- DELETE: Remove records.

Example:
INSERT INTO Students (ID, Name, Age) VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 21);
Data Control Language (DCL)
DCL manages access control in the database.
Key Commands:
- GRANT: Assign permissions.
- REVOKE: Remove permissions.

Constraints and Relationships in Databases


Constraints ensure data integrity. Examples include:
- NOT NULL: Prevents null values.
- UNIQUE: Ensures unique values in a column.
- FOREIGN KEY: Maintains referential integrity.

Indexes and Keys


Indexes improve query performance by enabling faster data retrieval.
- Primary Key: Unique identifier for a table.
- Unique Key: Ensures unique values.
- Indexes: Speed up queries.

Normalization and Denormalization


Normalization: A process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity.
- 1NF: Eliminate duplicate columns.
- 2NF: Remove partial dependencies.
- 3NF: Remove transitive dependencies.

Denormalization: Combining tables to reduce query complexity, often used in performance-


critical applications.

Database Security
Database security involves protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access.
Common Techniques:
- Authentication: Verifying user identity.
- SQL Injection Prevention: Using parameterized queries.

SQL in Practice: Common Queries and Use Cases


Examples:
Retrieve data:
SELECT Name, Age FROM Students WHERE Age > 18;

Update data:
UPDATE Students SET Age = 22 WHERE ID = 1;

Advanced SQL Techniques


- Joins: Combine data from multiple tables.
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.Name
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

- Subqueries: Queries within queries.


- Window Functions: Perform calculations across rows.

Relational Databases in Big Data and Cloud Computing


Relational databases integrate with cloud platforms for scalability and accessibility.
Examples include AWS RDS, Google Cloud SQL, and Microsoft Azure SQL Database.

Comparing SQL and NoSQL


| Feature | SQL | NoSQL |
|----------------------|--------------------------|---------------------------|
| Structure | Fixed schema (tables) | Flexible schema |
| Scalability | Vertical | Horizontal |
| Use Case | Structured data | Unstructured data |

Challenges in Relational Database Management


- Scalability: Limited horizontal scaling.
- Complexity: Managing large schemas.

Future of Relational Databases


The future involves integration with AI, enhanced distributed systems, and hybrid models
combining relational and non-relational approaches.

Case Studies
- Banking Systems: Use relational databases for transaction integrity.
- E-commerce Platforms: Manage inventory and user data with SQL.

Tools for Relational Database Management


Popular Tools:
- MySQL
- PostgreSQL
- Microsoft SQL Server

Conclusion
SQL and relational databases are foundational technologies in data management. They
continue to evolve, addressing challenges in scalability, security, and integration with
modern systems.

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