SQL_and_Relational_Databases
SQL_and_Relational_Databases
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
4. Understanding SQL
20. Conclusion
Introduction
Relational databases are the backbone of many software systems, providing structured and
efficient ways to store, manage, and retrieve data. SQL (Structured Query Language) serves
as the standard language for managing relational databases. Together, they play a pivotal
role in applications ranging from web development to data analytics.
History of Relational Databases
The relational model was first introduced by Edgar F. Codd in 1970. He proposed a
mathematical framework for organizing data into tables. Since then, relational databases
like Oracle, MySQL, and PostgreSQL have become fundamental in the field of computer
science.
Understanding SQL
SQL is a programming language specifically designed for managing and querying relational
databases.
Key Features:
- High-level syntax for querying and updating data.
- Support for schema definition and database management.
Example:
CREATE TABLE Students (
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100),
Age INT
);
Example:
INSERT INTO Students (ID, Name, Age) VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 21);
Data Control Language (DCL)
DCL manages access control in the database.
Key Commands:
- GRANT: Assign permissions.
- REVOKE: Remove permissions.
Database Security
Database security involves protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access.
Common Techniques:
- Authentication: Verifying user identity.
- SQL Injection Prevention: Using parameterized queries.
Update data:
UPDATE Students SET Age = 22 WHERE ID = 1;
Case Studies
- Banking Systems: Use relational databases for transaction integrity.
- E-commerce Platforms: Manage inventory and user data with SQL.
Conclusion
SQL and relational databases are foundational technologies in data management. They
continue to evolve, addressing challenges in scalability, security, and integration with
modern systems.