MADHAV ACADEMY

By:-LORD KRISHNA

CLASS-XI
SESSION-2024-25

STATISTICS
By-Anubhav Awasthi

TOPIC- 4
ORGANISATION
OF
DATA
_____________________________________
Student Name :-________________________
School:-______________________________
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Classification – It is the process of arranging data into different groups or classes on the
basis of some common characteristics . Classification of data converts raw data into pure
data.
Basis of classification –

1-Geographical /Spatial classification :- This classification of data is based on the

geographical or locational differences of the data.
Agricultural yield of different countries
Country Yield
China 269.2 kg/hectare
India 123.7 kg/hectare
Pakistan 257.5 kg/hectare

2- Chronological classification :- When data are classified on the basis of time, it is known
as chronological classification.
Population of India
Year Population
1971 54.8 cr.
1981 68.3 cr.
1991 84.4 cr.

3- Qualitative classification :- This classification is according to qualities or attributes of

the data.
This classification may be of two types

• Simple classification - When based on only one attribute, the given data is
classified into two classes, which is known as Simple Classification. For
example, when the population is divided into literate and illiterate, it is a
simple classification.

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 • Manifold classification- When based on more than one attribute, the given data
is classified into different classes, and then sub-divided into more sub-classes,
which is known as Manifold Classification. For example, when the
population is divided into literate and illiterate, then sub-divided into male and
female, and further sub-divided into married and unmarried, it is a manifold
classification.

4- Quantitative classification :- Data are classified in to classes or groups on the basis of

their numerical values. Quantitative classification is also called classification by variables.

Weight in Kg Number of student

20-25 5
25-30 18
30-35 6
35-40 10
40-45 9

#Objectives of Classification:
1-Brief and simple: Main objective of classification is to present data in a form that appears
to be brief and simple
2-Utility: Classification enhances utility of the data as it brings out similarity within the
diverse set of data.
3-Distinctiveness: Classification renders obvious differences among the data more distinctly.
4-Comparability: It makes data comparable and estimative.
5-Scientific Arrangement: Classification facilitates arrangement of data in a scientific
manner which increases their reliability.
6-Attractive and Effective: Classification makes data more attractive and effective.

#Characteristics of a Good Classification:

1-Comprehensive: Classification of the raw data should be sol comprehensive that each and
every item of the data gets into some group or class. No item should be left out.
2-Clarity: Classification of the raw data into classes should be absolutely clear and simple.
That is, there should be no confusion about the placement of any item in a group.
3-Homogeneity: All items in a group or class must be homogeneous or similar to each other.
4-Suitability: The composition of the classes must suit the objective of enquiry.

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5-Stability: A particular kind of investigation should be based on the same set of
classification. This base should not change with each investigation.
6-Elastic: Classification should be elastic. There should be a scope for change in the
classification, depending on the change in purpose or objective of the study.

#Variable :-A variable is a characteristic which is capable of being measured and capable of
change in its value from time to time. Example , price , age , weight etc.
the variable may be either discrete or continuous

• Discrete Variable - These are those variables that increase in jumps or in

compete numbers.
• Continuous Variable - Variable that assume a range of values or increase not in
jumps but continuously or in fractions are called continuous variables.

#Raw Data - A mass of data in its crude form is called raw data.

#Frequency :- It refers to number of times a given value appears in a distribution .

For ex:- Suppose there are 20 students in a class and out of them:
-9 students have got 70 marks.
-6students have got 85 marks.

#Type of statistical Series :-

1. Individual Series:
The series in which the items are listed singly is known as Individual Series. In simple
terms, a separate value of the measurement is given to each item. For example, if the
weight of 10 students of a class is given individually, then the resultant series will be an
individual series. The two types of individual series are Unorganised Individual
Series and Organised Individual Series.
i) Unorganised Individual Series: A series with raw data or an unarranged mass of data is
known as Unorganised Series. Raw Data is the data in its original form. Simply put, when
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the investigator collects the data and has not arranged it in a systematic manner, then the
collected data will be known as unorganised data. The data presented through unorganised
series does not provide the investigator with any useful information; instead, it confuses
them.
Example:
Marks obtained by 10 students in a class are given below:

The above table shows unorganised data as it is in its original or raw form.
ii) Organised Individual Series: A series with orderly arranged raw data is known as
Organised Individual Series. There are two ways to present organised individual series;
viz., According to Serial Number and According to Order of Magnitude (Ascending or
Descending Order).
• According to Serial Number: An individual series can be arranged according to
the serial number. For example, Marks obtained by 10 students arranged in the
serial number is shown in the table below:

• According to Order of Magnitude (Ascending or Descending Order): An

individual series can be arranged in ascending or descending order. Arranging
raw data in ascending or descending order of magnitude is known as Array,
Arrays, Arraying of the data, or Arraying of the figures. For example, Marks
obtained by 10 students arranged in ascending and descending order is shown in
the table below:

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2. Discrete Series:
If the number of observations of a study is large, arranging data in individual series is not a
solution. In that case, discrete series is a much better way to present the data. It is a series
in which the individual values differ from each other by a definite amount. In this
frequency distribution series, different values of the variables are shown with their
respective frequencies. The classification of data for a discrete variable is known
as Frequency Array. A discrete variable does not take a fractional value but takes just
definite integral values.
How to Construct Discrete Frequency Distribution using Tally Marks
The method of Tally Bars or Tally Marks is used by the investigator to count the number of
observations or the frequency of each value of the variable. The steps involved in the
construction of discrete frequency distribution using tally marks are as follows:
1. Prepare a table with three columns with headings as Variable, Tally Marks, and
Frequency.
2. The first column consists of each possible value of the variable.
3. The second column includes a tally mark denoted by | for every observation
against its corresponding value. If a specific value has occurred for the fifth time,
we put a cross on the tally mark (||||), by cutting the four tally bars and count the
line cutting as the fifth number. For the sixth item, we will put another tally bar
after leaving some space.
4. The third column includes the total of tally marks corresponding to each value of
the variable.
Example:
Represent the marks of 22 students of a class in the form of discrete frequency
distribution.
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3. Continuous Series:
A discrete series cannot take any value in an interval; therefore, in cases where it is
essential to represent continuous variables with a range of values of different items of a
given data, Continuous Series is used. In this series, the measurements are only
approximations and these approximations are expressed in the form of class intervals. The
classes are formed from beginning to end, without any breaks.
Other names of Continuous Series are Frequency Distribution, Grouped Frequency
Distribution, Series with Class Intervals, and Series of Grouped Data.
There are different types of continuous series; viz., Exclusive Series, Inclusive Series,
Open-end Distribution, Cumulative Frequency Series, Equal and Unequal Class Interval
Series, and Mid-value Series.

Example:
From the marks given below of 30 students, prepare a frequency distribution table with
classes 0-10, 10-20, and so on.

Solution:
The steps to construct the frequency distribution table are as follows:

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 1. The first column of the table will include the class intervals starting from 0-10 till
60-70 as the value of the highest observation is 69.
2. The second column of the table will include the tally marks.
3. The third column of the table will include the frequency of the by counting the
tally marks corresponding to the different values.

Types of Frequency Distribution

The six different types of the frequency distribution are as follows:
1. Exclusive Series
2. Inclusive Series
3. Open End Series
4. Cumulative Frequency Series
5. Mid-Value Frequency Series

1. Exclusive Series

The series with class intervals, in which all the items having the range from the lower limit
to the value just below its upper limit are included, is known as the Exclusive Series.
This kind of frequency distribution is known as exclusive series because the frequencies
corresponding to the specific class interval do not include the value of its upper limit.
For example, if a class interval is 0-10, and the values of the given series are 4, 10, 2, 15,
8, and 9, then only 4, 2, 8, and 9 will be included in the 0-10 class interval. 10 and 15 will
be included in the next class interval, i.e., 10-20. Also, the upper limit of a class interval is
the lower limit of the next class interval.

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2. Inclusive Series

The series with class intervals, in which all the items having the range from the lower limit
up to upper limit are included, is known as Inclusive Series. Like exclusive series, the
upper limit of one class interval does not repeat itself as the lower limit of the next class
interval. Therefore, there is gap (between 0.1 to 1) between the upper class limit of one
class interval and the lower limit of the next class interval.
For example, class intervals of an inclusive series can be, 0-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, and so
on. In this case, the gap between the upper limit of one class interval and the lower limit of
the next class interval is 1, and the class intervals do not overlap with each other like in
exclusive series.

Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series

For statistical calculation, sometimes it becomes necessary to convert the inclusive series
into exclusive series. Suppose, in the above example some students have obtained marks
such as 10.5, 40,5, etc. In this case, this series will be converted into exclusive series,
The steps for converting an inclusive series into exclusive series are:
• In this first step, calculate the difference between the upper class limit of one
class interval and the lower limit of the next class interval.
• The next step is to divide the difference by two and then add the resulting value to
the upper limit of every class interval and subtract it from the lower limit of every
class interval.
Example,
The inclusive series of the above example is converted into exclusive series as under.
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3. Open End Series

Sometimes the lower limit of the first class interval and the upper class limit of a series is
not available; instead, Less than or Below is mentioned in the former case (in place of the
lower limit of the first class interval), and More than or Above is mentioned in the latter
case (in place of the upper limit of the last class interval). These types of series are known
as Open End Series.

4. Cumulative Frequency Series

A series whose frequencies are continuously added corresponding to the class intervals, is
known as Cumulative Frequency Series.
Conversion of a Simple Frequency Series into Cumulative Frequency Series
A simple frequency series can be converted into a cumulative frequency series. There are
two ways through which it can be done. These are as follows:
• Expressing the cumulative frequencies on the basis of upper limits of the
class intervals. For example, expressing 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 as Less than 20,
Less than 30, and Less than 40.
• Expressing the cumulative frequencies on the basis of lower limits of the class
intervals. For example, expressing 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 as More than 20,
More than 30, and More than 40.
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 • Example,
• Convert the following simple frequency series into a cumulative frequency series
using both ways.

• Solution:
• Method-I (On the Basis of Upper Limits)

• Method – II (On the Basis of Lower Limits)

5. Mid-Value Frequency Series

The series in which, instead of class intervals, their mid-values are given with the
corresponding frequencies, is known as Mid-Value Frequency Series.
Conversion of Mid-Value Frequency Series into Simple Frequency Series
The steps to convert a mid-value frequency series into a simple frequency series are as
follows:
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 • The first step is to determine the mutual difference between the mid-values.
• The next step is to obtain half of the resulting difference.
• The last step of conversion is to subtract the resulting figure from the second step
from the mid-value to get the lower limit of the class interval, and add the
resulting figure from the second step to the mid-value to get the upper limit.
Example,
Convert the following Mid-Value Frequency Series into Simple Frequency Series.

Solution:

Calculation:
Difference between mid-values (i) = 10

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