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Tutorial Sheet

The document discusses the limitations of data rate in networks, highlighting factors such as bandwidth, noise, signal attenuation, and channel capacity defined by Shannon’s and Nyquist’s Theorems. It provides formulas for calculating maximum data rates based on these factors and includes example calculations for different scenarios. The document is associated with Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan in Jaipur, India.

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10 views2 pages

Tutorial Sheet

The document discusses the limitations of data rate in networks, highlighting factors such as bandwidth, noise, signal attenuation, and channel capacity defined by Shannon’s and Nyquist’s Theorems. It provides formulas for calculating maximum data rates based on these factors and includes example calculations for different scenarios. The document is associated with Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan in Jaipur, India.

Uploaded by

shivanklavania6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan,

Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017, INDIA


Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Government of India
Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act,
1956 Tel. : +91-0141- 5160400 Fax: +91-0141-2759555
E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.skit.ac.in

Tutorial Sheet with EMD Analysis


Limitations of Data Rate
The data rate in a network is limited by several factors:
Factors Affecting Data Rate:
1. Bandwidth: Higher bandwidth allows higher data transmission rates.
2. Noise: Interference reduces signal clarity and data accuracy.
3. Signal Attenuation: Loss of signal strength over long distances.
4. Channel Capacity: Defined by Shannon’s Theorem and Nyquist’s Theorem.
o Shannon Capacity: C=Blog⁡2(1+S/N)
o where:
 C = Channel capacity (bps)
 B = Bandwidth (Hz)
 S/N = Signal-to-noise ratio.
o Nyquist Theorem: C=2Blog⁡2LC = 2B \log_2 L where:
 L = Number of discrete signal levels.
1. Shannon Capacity (Shannon-Hartley Theorem)
Shannon’s Capacity formula defines the maximum theoretical data rate that can be transmitted over a
channel without errors, given a certain bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. It is given by:
C = Blog*⁡2*(1+SNR)
where:
 C = Maximum channel capacity (bps)
 B = Bandwidth of the channel (Hz)
 SNR = Signal-to-Noise Ratio (unitless)
2. Nyquist Theorem (Nyquist Rate)
Nyquist's theorem states the maximum data rate for a noiseless channel based on bandwidth and signal
levels. The formula is:
C=2*B*log⁡2L
where:
 C = Maximum data rate (bps)
 B = Bandwidth of the channel (Hz)
 M = Number of discrete signal levels

Input1: Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal with two signal
levels. What can be the maximum bit rate?
Output1 : BitRate = 2 * 3000 * log2(2) = 6000bps
Input1 : A telephone line normally has a bandwidth of 3000 Hz (300 to 3300 Hz) assigned for data
communication. The SNR is usually 3162. What will be the capacity for this channel?
Output1 : C = 3000 * log2(1 + SNR) = 3000 * 11.62 = 34860 bps

Input2 : The SNR is often given in decibels. Assume that SNR(dB) is 36 and the channel bandwidth is 2
MHz. Calculate the theoretical channel capacity.
Output2 : SNR(dB) = 10 * log10(SNR)
SNR = 10(SNR(dB)/10)
SNR = 103.6 = 3981
C = 2 * 106 * log2(3982) = 24 MHz
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan,
Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017, INDIA
Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Government of India
Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act,
1956 Tel. : +91-0141- 5160400 Fax: +91-0141-2759555
E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.skit.ac.in

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