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Chapter 6 Solutions
6.1.

Excitation / next-state equations: Next State

Current State Output
Q1next = D1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 Q1next Q0next
Q 1Q 0
Q0next = D0 = Q1'Q0' + CQ0' C=0 C=1 a b
00 01 11 0 0
Output equations: 01 10 00 1 0
a = Q1'Q0 10 00 01 0 0
b = Q 1Q 0 11 00 00 0 1

00
ab=00 C=0
C=1
C=1
C=×
11 C=0 01
ab=01 ab=10
C=1
C=0
10
ab=00

(a)

Excitation / next-state equations:

Q1next = D1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 Next State / Output
Current State
Q0next = D0 = Q1'Q0' + CQ0' Q1next Q0next / ab
Q 1Q 0
C=0 C=1
Output equations: 00 01 / 00 11 / 00
a = CQ1'Q0 01 10 / 00 00 / 11
b = CQ0 10 00 / 00 01 / 00
11 00 / 00 00 / 01

ab=00 00
C=1 C=0
ab=00 ab=00
C=0 C=1
ab=01 ab=11
11 C=1 01
C=0
ab=00
C=1
ab=00 C=0
ab=00
10

(b)

75
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Next State
Output
Current State Q1next Q0next
Excitation / next-state equations: Q1 Q0 AB =
X Y
Q1next = D1 = AQ1 + BQ1'Q0 00 01 10 11
Q0next = D0 = A'
Q0' = A'Q0' + AQ0 00 01 01 00 00 1 1
Output equations: 01 00 10 01 11 0 0
X = Q 1 + Q 0' 10 01 01 10 10 1 1
Y = (Q1' Q0)' = Q1 + Q0' 11 00 00 11 11 1 1

AB = 1x AB = 10
AB = 0x
00 01
X=Y=1 X=Y=0
AB = 00

AB = 0x AB = 11 AB = 01

AB = 0x

11 10
X=Y=1 X=Y=1
AB = 1x
AB = 1x
(c)

76
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Excitation / next-state equations:
D1 = Q1next = Q0 + (Z≠0)'
D0 = Q0next = Q1 + Q0'

Output equations:
ClrX = LoadY = inZ = Q1'Q0'
LoadX = stat1 = Q1'Q0
LoadZ = Q0'
subtract = Q1Q0'

Next State
Current Outputs
Q1next Q0next
State (Z≠0) = 0 (Z≠0) = 1 LoadX LoadY LoadZ inZ stat1 subtract
Q 1Q 0
ClrX
00 11 01 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
01 10 10 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
10 11 01 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
11 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ClrX=1
LoadX=0
LoadY=1
LoadZ=1
inZ=1
stat1=0
0 subtract=0
(Z≠0) (Z≠0)'
ClrX=0
LoadX=1
LoadY=0
LoadZ=0 1 3 ClrX=0
inZ=0 LoadX=0
stat1=1 LoadY=0
subtract=0 (Z≠0) LoadZ=0
inZ=0
(Z≠0)'
stat1=0
2 subtract=0
ClrX=0
LoadX=0
LoadY=0
LoadZ=1
inZ=0
stat1=0
subtract=1

(d)

77
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 Next State
Current State Q2nextQ1nextQ0next
Q 2Q 1Q 0 Start =
Excitation / next-state equations:
Q2next = D2 = Q2'Q0 + Q1' 0 1
Q1next = D1 = Q2'Q0' + Q2'Q1'Q0 + 000 111 110
Start'Q2Q1'Q0' 001 110 110
Q0next = D0 = Q1Q0' + Start'Q1'Q0' + 010 011 011
StartQ2Q0 011 100 100
100 111 100
Output equations: 101 100 101
LoadN = Q2Q1Q0 110 001 001
LoadM = Q2'Q1Q0' 111 000 001

LoadN=0 LoadN=0
LoadM=0 LoadM=0
000 001
Start'
Start
Start'
Start
111 010
LoadN=1 LoadN=0
LoadM=0 LoadM=1

110 011
LoadN=0 LoadN=0
LoadM=0 LoadM=0
Start'
LoadN=0
LoadM=0
101 Start' 100
LoadN=0
LoadM=0 Start
Start
(e)

Next-state equations:
Q2next = D2 = Yes'Q2Q1 + Q1'

Q1next = D2 = NoQ0' + YesQ1 + (Q2' + No' )' Next State

= NoQ0' + YesQ1 + Q2No Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next
Q 2Q 1Q 0 YesNo =
Q0next = D2 = (Q1Q0' • Q2 Q0'No' )' 00 01 10 11
= (Q1Q0' )' + (Q2Q0'No' )' 000 101 111 101 111
= Q1' + Q0 + Q2' + Q0 + No 001 101 101 101 101
= Q1' + Q0 + Q2' + No 010 001 011 011 011
011 001 001 011 011
Output equations: 100 101 111 101 111
a = Q 2Q 1Q 0 101 101 111 101 111
b = (Q2'Q1'Q0' )' = Q2 + Q1 + Q0 110 100 111 010 011
c = Q 1 ⊕ Q 0' = Q 1
Q 0 111 101 111 011 011

78
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 b=1 c=1
010 YesNo = x0 000
YesNo = 1x + 01 YesNo = x1
YesNo = 00 YesNo = 01
b=1 YesNo = x1
YesNo = 1x YesNo = 0x
011 001 101 111
b=1
c=1 b=1 YesNo = 00 a=1
b=1 YesNo = 1x
YesNo = x0 c=1
YesNo = x1
YesNo = x0

100 YesNo = 01
b=1
c = 1 YesNo = 00
YesNo = 11 110

b=1
YesNo = 10

(f)

79
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6.2.
Excitation equations:
T1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
T0 = Q1'Q0' + CQ0'

Characteristic equation for the T flip-flop:

Qnext = T ⊕ Q

Next-state equations:
Q1next = T1 ⊕ Q1
= (CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0) ⊕ Q1
= (CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0)'Q1 + (CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0)Q1'
= (CQ1'Q0' )' (C'Q1'Q0)' Q1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
= (C'+Q1+Q0) (C+Q1+Q0' ) Q1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
= C'Q1 + C'Q1Q0' + CQ1 + Q1 + Q1Q0' + CQ1Q0 + Q1Q0 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
= Q1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0

Q0next = T0 ⊕ Q0
= (Q1'Q0' + CQ0' ) ⊕ Q0
= (Q1'Q0' + CQ0' )' Q0 + (Q1'Q0' + CQ0' )Q0'
= (Q1'Q0' )' (CQ0' )' Q0 + Q1'Q0' + CQ0'
= (Q1+Q0) (C'+Q0) Q0 + Q1'Q0' + CQ0'
= C'Q1Q0 + Q1Q0 + C'Q0 + Q0 + Q1'Q0' + CQ0'
= Q0 + Q1'Q0' + CQ0'

Output equations:
a = Q1'Q0
b = Q 1Q 0

00
ab=00 C=0
C=1

Next State C=× C=1

Current State Output 11 01
Q1next Q0next C=0
Q 1Q 0 ab=01 ab=10
C=0 C=1 a b
00 01 11 0 0
01 11 01 1 0 C=1 C=0
10 10 11 0 0 10
11 11 11 0 1 ab=00

(a)

80
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Excitation equations:
J1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
K1 = C'Q1
Next State
J0 = Q1'Q0' Current State Output
Q1next Q0next
K0 = CQ0 Q 1Q 0
C=0 C=1 a b
Characteristic equation for the JK flip-flop: 00 01 11 0 0
Qnext = K'Q + JQ' 01 11 00 1 0
10 00 10 0 0
Next-state equations: 11 01 10 0 1
Q1next = K1'Q1 + J1Q1'
= (C'Q1)'Q1 + (CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0)Q1'
= (C+Q1' )Q1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
= CQ1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
00
Q0next = K0'Q0 + J0Q0' ab=00 C=0
C=1
= (CQ0)'Q0 + (Q1'Q0' )Q0'
= (C' +Q0' )Q0 + Q1'Q0' C=1
C=0
= C'Q0 + Q1'Q0'
11 01
ab=01 C=0 ab=10
Output equations:
a = Q1'Q0 C=0
b = Q 1Q 0 C=1 C=1
10
ab=00
(b)

Excitation equations:
S1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
R1 = C'Q1
Next State
S0 = Q1'Q0' Current State
Q1next Q0next
R0 = CQ0 Q 1Q 0
C=0 C=1
Characteristic equation for the SR flip-flop: 00 01 11
Qnext = S + R'Q 01 11 00
10 00 10
Next-state equations: 11 01 10
Q1next = S1 + R1'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + (C'Q1)'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + (C + Q1' )Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + CQ1 + Q1'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + CQ1 00
ab=00 C=0
C=1
Q0next = S0 + R0'Q0
= Q1'Q0' + (CQ0)'Q0 C=1
C=0
= Q1'Q0' + (C' + Q0' )Q0
= Q1'Q0' + C'Q0 + Q0'Q0 11 01
ab=01 C=0 ab=10
= Q1'Q0' + C'Q0
C=0
Output equations: C=1 C=1
a = Q1'Q0 10
b = Q 1Q 0 ab=00
(c)

81
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 Excitation equations:
S1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
R1 = C'Q1
Next State
J0 = Q1'Q0' Current State
Q1next Q0next
K0 = CQ0 Q 1Q 0
C=0 C=1
Characteristic equation for the SR flip-flop: 00 01 11
Qnext = S + R'Q 01 11 00
10 00 10
Characteristic equation for the JK flip-flop: 11 01 10
Qnext = K'Q + JQ'

Next-state equations:
Q1next = S1 + R1'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + (C'Q1)'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + (C + Q1' )Q1 00
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + CQ1 + Q1'Q1 ab=00 C=0
C=1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + CQ1
C=0 C=1
Q0next = K0'Q0 + J0Q0'
= (CQ0)'Q0 + (Q1'Q0' )Q0' 11 01
ab=01 C=0 ab=10
= (C' +Q0' )Q0 + Q1'Q0'
= C'Q0 + Q1'Q0' C=0
C=1 C=1
Output equations: 10
a = Q1'Q0 ab=00
b = Q 1Q 0
(d)

6.3.
Next-state (Implementation) table: Excitation equations:
D1
Next State
Current Q1Q0
(Implementation) A 00 01 11 10
State
Q1next Q0next (D1 D0)
Q 1Q 0 0 1
A=0 A=1
00 11 10 1 1 1 1
01 01 11
10 01 01 Q1next = D1 = Q1'Q0' + AQ0
11 00 10
D0
Q1Q0
A 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1

1 1 1

Q0next = D0 = A'Q1' + Q1'Q0 + Q1Q0'

82
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 A

D1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(a)

Next-state (Implementation) table: Next-state/Excitation equation:

Qnext = D = K'Q0 + JQ0'
Next State
Current (Implementation)
State Q0next (D0)
Q0 JK = J D0 Q0 Q
K
00 01 10 11 Clk
0 0 0 1 1 Clock Q'0 Q'
1 1 0 1 0
(b)

Next-state (Implementation) table: Next-state/Excitation equation:

Qnext = D = TQ' + T'Q = T ⊕ Q
T Q Qnext Qnext'
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 D Q Q
T
1 0 1 0 Clk Clk
1 1 0 1 Q' Q'
(c)

Next-state (Implementation) table: Next-state/Excitation equation:

Qnext = D = S + R'Q
S R Q Qnext Qnext'
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
R
0 1 0 0 1 D Q Q
S
0 1 1 0 1 Clk Clk
1 0 0 1 0 Q' Q'
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 × ×
1 1 1 × ×
(d)

83
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Next-state (Implementation) table: Next-state/Excitation equations:
Q1next = D1 = (Z ≠ 0)' + Q0
Next State Q0next = D0 = Q1 + Q0'
Current
(Implementation)
State
Q1next Q0next (D1 D0) Output equations:
Q 1Q 0
(Z ≠ 0)' (Z ≠ 0) YLoad = Q1'Q0'
00 11 01 XLoad = Q1'Q0
01 10 10 Zmux = Q1'Q0'
10 11 01 out = Q1Q0'
11 11 11
(Z ≠ 0)

YLoad
D1 Q1
Clk Zmux

Clear
Q'1 XLoad
out
D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(e)

Next-state (Implementation) / Output table: Next-state/Excitation equations:

Q2next = D2 = Q2'Q1'Q0 + Q2'Q1'C'
Next State Q1next = D1 = Q2'Q1Q0' + Q2Q1'Q0' = Q0' (Q2⊕Q1)
Current (Implementation) Q0next = D0 = Q2'Q1'Q0'C + Q2'Q1Q0'C' + Q2'Q1Q0
Output
State Q2nextQ1nextQ0next (D2D1D0) + Q2Q1'Q0'C
X
Q 2Q 1Q 0 C= = Q1'Q0'C + Q2'Q1Q0 + Q2'Q1Q0'C'
0 1
000 100 001 0 Output equation:
001 100 100 1 X = Q2' (Q1+Q0)
010 011 010 1
011 001 001 1
100 010 011 0
101 000 000 0
110 000 000 0
111 000 000 0

84
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 C

X
D2 Q2
Clk
Q'2
Clear

D1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(f)

Next-state (Implementation) table: Output table:

Next State Output

Current (Implementation) Current State A
State Q1nextQ0next (D1D0) Q 1Q 0 (x = 0), (x = y)
Q 1Q 0 (x = 0), (x = y) 00 01 10 11
00 01 10 11 00 0 0 1 1
00 10 10 01 01 01 0 0 0 0
01 11 11 11 11 10 1 1 1 1
10 11 11 11 11 11 1 0 1 0
11 01 00 01 00
Output equation:
Next-state/Excitation equations:
D1 A
(x = 0)(x = y) (x = 0)(x = y)
Q1Q0 00 01 11 10 Q1Q0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00 1 1

01 1 1 1 1 01

11 11 1 1

10 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1

Q1next = D1 = Q1'Q0 + Q1Q0' + Q1'(x = 0)' A = Q1Q0' + Q0'(x = 0) + Q1(x = y)'

85
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 D0
(x = 0)(x = y)
Q1Q0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1

01 1 1 1 1

11 1 1

10 1 1 1 1

Q0next = D0 = Q1'Q0 + Q1Q0' + Q1'(x = 0) + Q1(x = y)'

(x = 0) (x = y)

D1 Q1
Clk

Clear
Q'1 A

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(g)

6.4.
State diagram: Next-state (Implementation) table:
Count, Up = 0× 0×
10 Next State (Implementation)
Current State Q1next Q0next (D1 D0)
00 01 Q1 Q0 Count, Up =
11 00 01 10 11
00 00 00 11 01
10 11 11 10 01 01 01 00 10
10 10 10 01 11
11
11 11 11 10 00
11 10

0× 10
0×

86
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 Next-state/Excitation equations:
D1 D0
Count, Up Count, Up
Q1Q0 00 01 11 10 Q1Q0 00 01 11 10

00 1 00 1 1

01 1 01 1 1

11 1 1 1 11 1 1

10 1 1 1 10 1 1

Q1next = D1 = Count'Q1 + Count(Up ⊕ Q1 ⊕ Q0)' Q0next = D0 = Count'Q0 + CountQ0' = Count ⊕ Q0

Count Up

D1 Q1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

6.5.
State diagram: Next-state (Implementation) table:
0
Count = 0 Next State (Implementation)
1 Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
001 Q2 Q1 Q0 Count =
000 1 0 1
0 000 000 001
001 001 010
1 010
010 010 011
011 011 100
1 100 100 000
100
011
1 Next State/Excitation equations:
0
Q2next = D2 = Count'Q2 + CountQ2'Q1Q0
0 Q1next = D1 = Count'Q1 + Count(Q1 ⊕ Q0)
Q0next = D0 = Count'Q0 + CountQ2'Q0'

87
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 Count

D2 Q2 Q2
Clk
Q'2
Clear

D1 Q1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

6.6.
State diagram: Next State (Implementation) table:
0×
Count, Up = 0× Next State (Implementation)
11 Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
001 Q2 Q1 Q0 Count, Up =
000 11 00 01 10 11
10 0× 000 000 000 100 001
10
001 001 001 000 010
11 10 010
010 010 010 001 011
10
011 011 011 010 100
10 11 100 100 100 011 000
100
011
11
0×
0×
Next State/Excitation equations:
Q2next = D2 = Count'Q2 + CountUp'Q2'Q1'Q0' + CountUpQ2'Q1Q0
Q1next = D1 = Count'Q1 + CountUp'Q1Q0 + CountUp'Q2 + CountUp(Q1 ⊕ Q0)
Q0next = D0 = Count'Q0 + CountUp'Q1Q0' + CountUp'Q2 + CountUpQ2'Q0'

88
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 Count Up

D2 Q2 Q2
Clk
Q'2
Clear

D1 Q1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear

Clock
Reset

6.7.
Since we’re using the flip-flop content to represent the count and the largest number is 7, we need three (3) bits
even though there are only four numbers in the sequence.

State diagram: Next-state (Implementation) table:

C=0 0
1 Next State (Implementation)
Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
011 111 Q2 Q1 Q0 C=
0 1
All Unused
000 011 011
States 1 1 001 011 011
010 010 110
011 011 111
110 010 100 011 011
1 101 011 011
0 110 110 011
0
111 111 010

Next State/Excitation equations:

Q2next = D2 = CQ2'Q1 + C'Q2Q1
Q1next = D1 = 1
Q0next = D0 = Q1' + Q2'Q0 + C'Q0 + CQ2Q0'

89
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Other documents randomly have
different content
it, and received him in the presence of Gardiner and the Marquis of
Winchester only. She dismissed him curtly—almost rudely—and told
him that after committing such a breach of etiquette as to deliver a
letter to her sister before presenting his credentials, he had better
go home and never come back to England with such a message as
that again. Before Feria left England to see his master in July, 1558,
he visited Elizabeth at Hatfield, and did his best to persuade her that
she had all Philip’s sympathy, and that her safe course would be to
adhere to the Spanish connection. He was no match for her in
diplomacy even then, and got nothing but smiles and genial
generalities. In November Mary was dying, and Dassonleville, the
Flemish agent, wrote to the King begging him to send Feria back
again to forward Spanish interests, “as the common people are so
full of projects for marrying Madam Elizabeth to the Earl of Arundel
or some one else.” On the 8th of November a committee of the
Council went to Hatfield to see Elizabeth and deliver to her the dying
Queen’s message, begging her “when she should be Queen to
maintain the Catholic Church and pay her (Mary’s) debts.” Elizabeth
would pledge herself to nothing. She knew now that she must
succeed, with or without Mary’s good-will, and she meant to have a
free hand. Before the Queen died even, Feria, who had arrived when
she was already almost unconscious, hastened to Hatfield to see the
coming Queen. So long as he confined himself to courteous
commonplace she answered him in the same spirit, but as soon as
he began to patronise her and hint that she owed her coming crown
to the intervention and support of Philip, she stopped him at once,
and said that she would owe it only to her people. She was equally
firm and queenly when Feria thus early hinted at her marriage with
her Spanish brother-in-law before the breath was out of Mary’s body,
and showed a firm determination to hold her own and resist all
attempts to place her under the tutelage of Philip. A week
afterwards the Queen died, and then began the keen contest of wits
around the matrimonial possibilities of Elizabeth, which ended in the
making of modern England.
 The first letter that Feria wrote to Philip after the new Queen’s
accession indicated how powerless had been all his blandishments to
pledge Elizabeth. “The new Queen and her people,” he says, “hold
themselves free from your Majesty, and will listen to any
ambassadors who may come to treat of marriage. Your Majesty
understands better than I how important it is that this affair should
go through your hands, which ... will be difficult except with great
negotiation and money. I wish, therefore, your Majesty to keep in
view all the steps to be taken on your behalf; one of them being that
the Emperor should not send any ambassador here to treat of this,
for it would be inconvenient enough for Ferdinand to marry here
even if he took the titbit from your Majesty’s hand, but very much
worse if it were arranged in any other way. For the present, I know
for certain they will not hear the name of the Duke of Savoy
mentioned, as they fear he will want to recover his estates with
English forces, and will keep them constantly at war. I am very
pleased to see that the nobles are beginning to open their eyes to
the fact that it will not do to marry this woman in the country
itself.... The more I think over this business the more certain I am
that everything depends upon the husband this woman may take. If
he be a suitable one, religious matters will go on well, and the
kingdom will remain friendly with your Majesty, but if not it will all be
spoilt. If she decide to marry out of the country she will at once fix
her eyes on your Majesty, although some of them here are sure to
15
pitch upon the Archduke Ferdinand.” Feria was wrong in his
estimate of Elizabeth’s character. From the first she had determined
to be a popular sovereign, and all observers remarked her almost
undignified anxiety to catch the cheers of the crowd. She knew that
the most unpopular step she could take would be one that bound
her interests to Spain, and particularly a marriage with Philip. A
French marriage was impossible, for the heir to the crown of France
was married to Mary Stuart, whose legal right to the English throne
was undoubtedly stronger than that of Elizabeth herself.
So the Englishmen began to pluck up heart and to think that the
great prize might fall to one of them. Early in December the Earl of
Arundel came over from Flanders, and Feria remarks in one of his
letters that he had seen him at the palace, “looking very smart and
clean, and they say he carries his thoughts very high.” He was a
widower of mature age, foppish and foolish, but, with the exception
of his son-in-law, the Duke of Norfolk, the only English noble whose
position and descent were such as to enable him without impropriety
to aspire to mate with royalty, and for a short time after his arrival
he was certainly looked upon by the populace as the most likely
husband for the young Queen.
 CHAPTER II.
The Spanish policy with regard to the Austrian match—
English suitors for the Queen’s hand—Arundel and
Pickering—Philip II.—The Archduke Ferdinand—Lord
Robert Dudley—The Prince of Sweden—Philip’s attitude
towards the Austrian match—The Archduke Charles—
Pickering and Dudley—The Earl of Arran—Dudley’s
intrigues against the Archduke Charles’ suit—Death of
Lady Robert Dudley—Prince Eric again.

In the same ship that brought Arundel from Flanders came that
cunning old Bishop of Aquila, who was afterwards Philip’s
ambassador in England. He conveyed to Feria the King’s real wishes
with regard to Elizabeth’s marriage, which were somewhat at
variance with those which appeared on the surface. Philip had now
definitely taken upon himself the championship of the Catholic
supremacy, and his interests were hourly drifting further away from
those of his Austrian kinsmen, who were largely dependent upon the
reforming German princes. This was the principal reason why Sussex
and other moderate Protestants in England were promoting an
Austrian marriage which, it was assumed, would conciliate Philip
without binding England to the ultra-Catholic party. The Bishop’s
instructions were to throw cold water on the scheme whilst
outwardly appearing to favour it, but if he saw that such a marriage
was inevitable, then he was to get the whole credit of it for his
master, who was to subsidise his impecunious cousin, the Archduke,
and make him the instrument of Spain. Feria confessed himself
puzzled. If he was not to forward the Archduke Ferdinand, he did
not know, he said, whom he could suggest. Everybody kept him at
arm’s length and he could only repeat current gossip. Some people
thought the Earl of Arundel would be the man, others the Earl of
Westmoreland; then Lord Howard’s son, and then Sir William
Pickering; “every day there is a new cry raised about a husband.” “At
present,” he said, “I see no disposition to enter into the discussion of
any proposal on your Majesty’s own behalf, either on her part or that
of the Council, and when it has to be approached it should be
mentioned first to her alone.” The first step, he thought, should be
to arouse the jealousy of each individual councillor of the Queen’s
marriage with any Englishman; and at the same time to work upon
the Queen’s pride by hinting that she would hardly stoop to a
marriage inferior to that of her sister. He thought, however, that a
marriage with Philip would scarcely be acceptable, as he could not
live in England, and Feria was still in hope that if they took any
foreigner the Archduke Ferdinand would be the man. Feria’s plan of
campaign was an ingenious one. After he had aroused Elizabeth’s
jealousy of her dead sister and deprecated the idea of the
degradation to the Queen of a marriage with a subject, “we can take
those whom she might marry here and pick them to pieces one by
one, which will not require much rhetoric, for there is not a man
amongst them worth anything, counting the married ones and all. If,
after this, she inclines to your Majesty, it will be necessary for you to
send me orders whether I am to carry it any further or throw cold
water on it and set up the Archduke Ferdinand, for I see no other
16
person we can propose to whom she would agree.”
Philip had sent to the Queen a present of jewels by the Bishop of
Aquila, with which she was delighted, and assured Feria that those
who said her sympathies were French told an untruth. She was
indeed quite coquettish with him sometimes, but he felt that he was
outwitted. He could get no information as he did in the last reign.
The councillors fought shy of him, anxious as ever for bribes and
pensions, but willing to give no return for them, for the very good
reason that they had nothing to give, they being as hopelessly in the
dark as every one else as to the Queen’s intentions. “Indeed I am
afraid that one fine day we shall find this woman married, and I shall
be the last man in the place to know anything about it,” said Feria.
In the meanwhile Arundel was ruining himself with ostentatious
expenditure; borrowing vast sums of money from Italian bankers
and scattering gifts of jewels of great value amongst the ladies who
surrounded the Queen. He was a man far into middle age at the
time, with two married daughters, the Duchess of Norfolk and Lady
Lumley, and was in antiquity of descent the first of English nobles;
but one can imagine how the keen young woman on the throne
must have smiled inwardly at the idea of the empty-headed, flighty
old fop, aspiring to be her partner. “There is a great deal of talk
also,” writes Feria, “lately about the Queen marrying the Duke
Adolphus, brother of the King of Denmark. One of the principal
recommendations they find in him is that he is a heretic, but I am
persuading them that he is a very good Catholic and not so comely
as they make him out to be, as I do not think he would suit us.” At
last, after the usual tedious deliberation, the prayers and invocations
for Divine guidance, Philip made up his mind that he, like another
Metius Curtius, would save his cause by sacrificing himself. He
approached the subject in a true spirit of martyrdom. Feria had been
repeating constantly—almost offensively—how unpopular he was in
England, ever since Mary died. He had, he was told, not a man in his
favour, he was distrusted and disliked, and so on, but yet he so
completely deceived himself with regard to the support to be
obtained by Elizabeth from her people through her national policy
and personal popularity, as to write to Feria announcing his gracious
intention of sacrificing himself for the good of the Catholic Church
and marrying the Queen of England on condition of her becoming a
Catholic and obtaining secret absolution from the Pope. “In this way
it will be evident and manifest that I am serving the Lord in marrying
her and that she has been converted by my act.... You will, however,
not propose any conditions until you see how the Queen is disposed
towards the matter itself, and mark well that you must commence to
broach the subject with the Queen alone, as she has already opened
a way to such an approach.” It must have been evident to Feria at
this time (January, 1559) that the Queen could not marry his master
without losing her crown. The Protestant party were now
paramount, the reformers had flocked back from Switzerland and
Germany, and Elizabeth had cast in her lot with them. To
acknowledge the Pope’s power of absolution would have been to
confess herself a bastard and an usurper. There was only one
possible Catholic sovereign of England and that was Mary Queen of
Scots, and it is difficult to see what could have been Philip’s drift in
making such an offer, which, if it had been accepted, would have
vitiated his wife’s claim to the crown of England and have
strengthened that of the French candidate.
In any case Elizabeth perceived it quickly enough, and when
Feria approached her and delivered a letter from Philip to her, she
began coyly to fence with the question. She knew she could not
marry Philip; but she was vain and greedy of admiration, and it
would be something to refuse such an offer if she could get it put
into a form which would enable her to refuse it. So she began to
profess her maiden disinclination to change her state; “but,” says
Feria, “as I saw whither she was tending, I cut short the reply, and
by the conversation which followed ... as well as the hurry she was
in to give me the answer, I soon understood what the answer would
be ... to shelve the business with fair words.” The end of it was that
he refused to take any answer at all, unless it were a favourable
one, and so deprived Elizabeth of the satisfaction of saying she had
actually rejected his master’s offer—which was a grievance with her
for many years afterwards.
Of all this the multitude knew nothing. They were busy with
speculation elsewhere. “Il Schafanoya,” the Italian gossip-monger,
gives an interesting account of the coronation ceremony and the
self-sufficient pomposity of Arundel, who was Lord Steward, “with a
silver wand a yard long, commanding everybody, from the Duke (of
17
Norfolk) downwards.” Lord Robert Dudley as Master of the Horse
“led a fair white hackney covered with cloth of gold after the
Queen’s litter,” but no one as yet seemed to regard him as her
possible consort. That came afterwards. Schafanoya, writing to the
Mantuan ambassador in Brussels (January, 1559), says: “Some
persons declare that she will take the Earl of Arundel, he being the
chief peer of this realm, notwithstanding his being old in comparison
with the Queen. This report is founded on the constant daily favours
he receives in public and private from her Majesty. Others assert that
she will take a very handsome youth, eighteen or twenty years of
age and robust, judging from passion, and because at dances and
other public places she prefers him to any one else. A third opinion
is that she will marry an individual who until now has been in France
on account of his religion, though he has not yet made his
appearance, it being well known how much she loved him. He is a
very handsome gallant gentleman whose name I forget. But all are
agreed that she will take an Englishman, although the ambassadors
of the King of Sweden seek the contrary.”
The “very handsome youth” was perhaps the Earl of Oxford; the
“handsome gentleman” was certainly Sir William Pickering, who for a
time was the favourite candidate. It is known that there had been
love passages long before between Elizabeth and him, but to what
extent was never discovered. He can hardly have been a very stable
character, for he had fled to France under Mary, but had very soon
entered into treacherous correspondence with the Spanish party to
spy upon the actions of the Carews and the rest of the Protestant
exiles. Shortly before Mary’s death he had been commissioned to go
to Germany and bring thence to England a regiment of mercenaries
which had been raised for Mary. They were, however, used by Philip
for his own purposes, and when Elizabeth ascended the throne,
Pickering thought proper to have a long diplomatic illness at Dunkirk,
to learn how he would be received in England after his more than
doubtful dealings. As soon as he was satisfied that bygones would
be bygones, he came to England in fine feather. Tiepolo writes to the
Doge, February 23rd: “Concerning her marriage it still continues to
be said that she will take that Master Pickering, who from
information received by me, is about thirty-six years of age, of tall
stature, handsome, and very successful with women, for he is said
18
to have enjoyed the intimacy of many and great ones.” Parliament
had sent a deputation to the Queen to urge her to marry, and to
represent the disadvantages of a foreign match, to which the Queen
had given a sympathetic but cautious answer. This had raised the
hopes of Pickering to a great height, and in the early spring he made
his appearance. He had lingered too long, however. Lord Robert
Dudley had already come to the front. Feria wrote to Philip on the
18th of April: “During the last few days Lord Robert has come so
much into favour that he does whatsoever he pleases with affairs,
and it is even said that her Majesty visits him in his chamber day and
night. People talk of this so freely that they go so far as to say that
his wife has a malady in one of her breasts and the Queen is only
waiting for her to die to marry Lord Robert. I can assure your
Majesty that matters have reached such a pass that I have been
brought to consider whether it would not be well to approach Lord
Robert on your Majesty’s behalf, promising him your help and favour
and coming to terms with him.” At the same time the Swedish
ambassador was again pressing the suit of Prince Eric; but he must
have been extremely maladroit, for he offended Elizabeth at the
outset by saying that his master’s son was still of the same mind,
and asked for a reply to the letter he had sent her. “What letter?”
said the Queen. “The letter I brought your Majesty.” Elizabeth replied
that she was now Queen of England, and if he required an answer
he must address her as such. She added that she did not know
whether his master would leave his kingdom to marry her, but she
could assure him that she would not leave hers to be the monarch of
the world, and in the meanwhile she would say neither yes nor no. A
messenger was sent off with this cold comfort, and came back with
fine presents of furs and tapestries, and for a time Swedish money
was lavished on the courtiers very freely—and it is curious that the
King of Sweden is always spoken of as being one of the richest of
monarchs—but the ambassador became a standing joke and a
laughing-stock of the Court ladies as soon as his presents ran out. A
more dignified embassy from Eric shortly afterwards arrived with a
formal offer of his hand, but they were, as the Bishop of Aquila says,
treated in a similar manner, and ridiculed to their own faces in Court
masques represented before them.
A much more serious negotiation was running its course at the
same time. When the Emperor had been informed that Philip had
desisted from the pursuit of the match for himself, he begged him to
support the suit of the Archduke Ferdinand. It was considered
unadvisable to mention at first which of the Archdukes was the
suitor, but Philip himself made no secret of his preference to
Ferdinand, who was a narrow bigot of his own school; so the
Spanish ambassador in England was instructed to forward the matter
to the best of his ability, in conjunction with an imperial ambassador
who was to be sent for the purpose. When the instructions arrived,
matters had gone so far that a secretary had already come to
London from the Emperor with letters for the Queen and a portrait
of Ferdinand. This had been arranged by Sir Thomas Challoner, who
had recently been in Vienna; but much doubt existed as to the
sincerity of Philip’s professions of good-will towards the affair.
Indeed, those who were most in favour of it appear to have thought,
not unreasonably, that the marriage would become impossible if it
were hampered with conditions dictated by Spain. The Austrian
match certainly had influential support at Court. Cecil, Sussex, and
all of Dudley’s many enemies thought at the time that it offered the
best way of checking his growing favour, and forwarded it
accordingly. In April Feria wrote: “They talk a great deal about the
marriage with the Archduke Ferdinand and seem to like it, but for
my part I believe she will never make up her mind to anything that
is good for her. Sometimes she appears to want to marry him, and
speaks like a woman who will only accept a great prince; and then
they say she is in love with Lord Robert and never lets him leave her.
If my spies do not lie, which I believe they do not, for a certain
reason which they have recently given me, I understand she will not
bear children; but if the Archduke is a man, even if she should die
without any, he will be able to keep the kingdom with the support of
your Majesty.”
When Pickering finally arrived, therefore, he found the field
pretty well occupied, but his advent caused considerable stir. He was
at once surrounded by those who for various reasons were equally
against Dudley and a Catholic prince. Two days after his arrival
Dudley was sent off hunting to Windsor, and Sir William was secretly
introduced into the Queen’s presence; and a few days afterwards
went publicly to the palace and stayed several hours by the Queen’s
side. “They are,” wrote Feria, “betting four to one in London that he
will be king.... If these things were not of such great importance and
19
so lamentable, they would be very ridiculous.”
Pickering’s arrival at Court is thus spoken of by Schafanoya,
writing on the 10th of May, 1559: “The day before yesterday there
came Sir William Pickering, who is regarded by all people as the
future husband of the Queen. He remains at home, courted by many
lords of the Council and others, but has not yet appeared at Court. It
is said they wished in Parliament to settle what title they should give
him and what dignity, but nothing was done. Many deem this to be a
sign that she will marry the Archduke Ferdinand, but as yet there is
no foundation for this, although the news comes from Flanders.
Meanwhile my Lord Robert Dudley is in very great favour and very
intimate with her Majesty. On this subject I ought not to report the
opinion of many persons. I doubt whether my letter may not
miscarry or be read, wherefore it is better to keep silence than to
20
speak ill.” When Challoner had returned from Vienna he had
brought with him full descriptions of the Emperor’s sons. Ferdinand
was a bigot and a milksop, and Charles, the younger Archduke, was
said to have narrow shoulders and a great head. So when Baron
Ravenstein arrived in London on his matrimonial embassy the Queen
was quite ready for him. Ravenstein himself was as devout a
Catholic as his master, and was received very coolly at first. The
Queen told him she would marry no man whom she had not seen,
and would not trust portrait painters; and much more to the same
effect. To his second audience Ravenstein was accompanied by the
Bishop of Aquila, as it was desirable that, if anything came of the
negotiation, Spain should get the benefit of it. It soon became clear
to the wily churchman that Ferdinand would never do. He says: “We
were received on Sunday at one, and found the Queen, very fine, in
the presence-chamber looking on at the dancing. She kept us there
a long while, and then entered her room with us.” The Bishop
pressed her, in his bland way, to favourably consider the offers of the
Emperor’s ambassador; “but I did not name the Archduke, because I
suspected she would reply excluding them both. She at once began,
as I feared, to talk about not wishing to marry, and wanted to reply
in that sense; but I cut short the colloquy by saying that I did not
seek an answer, and only begged her to hear the ambassador.” He
then stood aside and chatted with Cecil, who gave him to
understand that they would not accept Ferdinand, “as they have
21
quite made up their minds that he would upset their heresy,” and
went on to speak of the various approaches that had already been
made to the Queen; politely regretting that affinity and religious
questions had made the marriage with Philip impossible. In the
meanwhile poor Ravenstein was making but slow progress with the
Queen, who soon reduced him to dazed despair, and the Bishop
again took up the running, artfully begging her to be plain and frank
in this business, “as she knew how honestly and kindly the worthy
Germans negotiated.” And then, cleverly taking advantage of what
he had just heard from Cecil, he said that he had been told that the
Archduke had been represented to her as a young monster, very
different from what he was; “for, although both brothers are comely,
this one who was offered to her now was the younger and more
likely to please her than the one who had been spoken of before. I
thought best to speak in this way, as I understood in my talk with
Cecil that it was Ferdinand they dreaded.” The Queen at this pricked
up her ears, and asked the Bishop of whom he was speaking. He
told her the Archduke Charles, who was a very fit match for her as
Ferdinand was not available. “When she was quite satisfied of this,”
says the Bishop, “she went back again to her nonsense, saying that
she would rather be a nun than marry a man she did not know, on
the faith of portrait painters.” She then hinted that she wished
Charles to visit her in person, even if he came in disguise. Her thirst
for admiration and homage was insatiable, and, popular parvenue as
she was, the idea of princes of spotless lineage humbling themselves
before her very nearly led her into a quagmire more than once. She
probably had not the slightest intention of marrying Charles at the
time, but it would have been a great feather in her cap if she could
have brought a prince of the house of Austria as a suitor to her feet.
But the Bishop was a match for her on this occasion. “I do not know
whether she is jesting ... but I really believe she would like to
arrange for this visit in disguise. So I turned it to a joke, and said we
had better discuss the substance of the business.... I would
undertake that the Archduke would not displease her.” The Bishop
having soothed the Queen with persiflage of this sort, disconsolate
Ravenstein was called back rather more graciously, and told that, on
the Bishop’s request, the Queen would appoint a committee of the
Council to hear his proposals.
In the meanwhile Dudley and Pickering were manœuvring for
the position of first English candidate. Sir William had now a fine
suite of rooms in the palace, and was ruffling bravely, giving grand
entertainments, and dining in solitary state by himself, with minstrels
playing in the gallery, rather than feast, like the other courtiers of his
rank, at one of the tables of the household. He pooh-poohed
Ravenstein and his mission and said that the Queen would laugh at
him and all the rest of them, as he knew she meant to die a maid.
Pickering appears to have rather lost his head with his new grandeur,
and soon drops out of the scene, upon which only the keenest wits
could hope to survive. His insolence had aroused the indignation of
the greater nobles, but somehow it was only the least pugnacious of
them with whom he quarrelled. The Earl of Bedford, who from all
accounts seems to have been a misshapen monstrosity with an
enormous head, said something offensive about Pickering at a
banquet, and a challenge from the irate knight was the immediate
result; Dudley, of all men, being the bearer thereof, always at this
time ready to wound the extreme Protestant party, to which Bedford
belonged. But Pickering was as distasteful to Catholics as to
Protestants. On one occasion he was about to enter the private
chapel inside the Queen’s apartments at Whitehall, when he was
met at the door by the Earl of Arundel, who told him he ought to
know that that was no place for him, but was reserved for the lords
of the Council. Pickering answered that he knew that very well, and
he also knew that Arundel was an impudent knave. The Earl was no
hero, and Pickering went swaggering about the Court for days telling
the story. With such a swashbuckler as this for a rival, it is not
surprising that the handsome and youthful Dudley rapidly passed
him in the race for his mistress’s favour. Dudley played his game
cleverly. His idea was first to put all English aspirants out of the
running by ostensibly favouring the match with the Archduke, whilst
he himself was strengthening his influence over the Queen, in the
certainty that, when matters of religion came to be discussed,
difficulties might be raised at any moment which would break off the
Austrian negotiations. In the meanwhile the Queen coquetted with
dull-witted Ravenstein, and persuaded him that if the Archduke
would come over and she liked him, she would marry him, although
she warned the ambassador not to give his master the trouble of
coming so far to see so ugly a lady as she was. Instead of paying
her the compliment for which she was angling, he maladroitly asked
her whether she wished him to write that to the Archduke. “Certainly
not,” she replied, “on my account, for I have no intention of
marrying.” She jeered at Ferdinand and his devotions, but displayed
a discreet maidenly interest in Charles, and, it is easy to see,
promptly extracted from Ravenstein all the knowledge he possessed,
much to Bishop Quadra’s anxiety. Feria had gone back to Philip, with
the assurance that she never meant to marry, and that it was “all
pastime,” but Quadra thought that she would be driven into
matrimony by circumstances. “The whole business of these people is
to avoid any engagement that will upset their wickedness. I believe
that when once they are satisfied about this they will not be averse
to Charles. I am not sure about her, for I do not understand her.
Amongst other qualities which she says her husband must possess is
that he should not sit at home all day among the cinders, but should
in time of peace keep himself employed in warlike exercises.” For
many reasons it suited Elizabeth to show an inclination to the match;
for she could thus keep the English Catholics in hand,
notwithstanding the religious innovations and her severity, whilst
satisfying others “who want to see her married and are scandalised
at her doings.” But the Bishop disbelieved in the marriage unless she
were driven to it. Whilst Ravenstein was being caressed and
befooled, the French were doing their best to hinder an
understanding with him. There were sundry French noblemen in
London as hostages—and very troublesome guests they were—who
industriously spread the idea that it was ungrateful of the Queen to
disdain to marry one of her own subjects who had raised her to the
throne. When Ravenstein discussed this view with her, “she was very
vexed, and repeated to him that she would die a thousand deaths
rather than marry one of her subjects; but for all this,” says the
Bishop, “he does not seem to have got any further than usual with
his master’s affair.” And Bishop Quadra and his master were
determined he should not do so, except with Spanish intervention
and on Spanish terms, which would make the marriage impossible in
England. Things were thus going prosperously for Dudley. The
Swedish embassy had come and gone, “much aggrieved and
offended ... as they were being made fun of in the palace, and by
the Queen more than anybody. I do not think it matters much
22
whether they depart pleased or displeased.” It was clear that
Elizabeth would have nothing to do with “Eric the Bad,” and the
Archduke was now the only serious competitor; which exactly suited
Dudley, as he knew the insuperable religious obstacles that could be
raised to him.
But Dudley was not by any means the only artful or self-seeking
man in Elizabeth’s Court, and was not allowed to have all his own
way. The real difficulties of the marriage with the Archduke,
hampered as he would be by unacceptable Spanish conditions, were
soon obvious to the Protestant party, who tried a bold stroke, which,
if their weapon had been a strong instead of a lamentably weak one,
might have altered the whole course of English history. To a French
Catholic princess, as Queen of Scotland and heiress to the crown of
England, the natural counterpoise was a close alliance between
England and Spain; but the Protestants saw that, from a religious
point of view, one position was as bad as the other, and conceived
the idea of encouraging the claims of a son of the house of
Hamilton, who, after Mary, was next heir to the crown of Scotland.
The Earl of Arran, son of the Duke of Chatelherault was in France;
and Cecil’s henchmen, Randolph and Killigrew, were sent backwards
and forwards to him and to Throgmorton, in Paris, to urge him to
action. If he could raise a revolution in Scotland against papists and
foreigners, and seize the crown, he might, thought Cecil, marry
Elizabeth, unite the two countries, and defy their enemies. Trouble in
Scotland was easily aroused; but the King of France, just before his
own death, which raised Mary Stuart to the throne of France as well,
learnt of the plan and ordered Arran’s capture alive or dead. Killigrew
managed to smuggle him out of France disguised as a merchant,
and took him to Geneva and Zurich, where he sat at the feet of
Peter Martyr and other reformers, and then as secretly was hurried
over to England in July, 1559. The Spanish party and the Emperor’s
ambassador soon got wind of it, and were in dismay. The Earl was
hidden first in Cecil’s house, and was afterwards conveyed secretly
to the Queen’s chambers at Greenwich. The news soon spread, and
the marriage was looked upon, all through August and part of
23
September, as a settled thing; and, although Bedford and Cecil
went out of their way to buoy up the hopes of a marriage with the
Archduke, it was clear to the Spanish party that Arran was the
favoured man, the more especially that Mary Stuart’s husband had
now become King of France. But this did not suit Dudley. Early in
September Lady Mary Sidney, Dudley’s sister, came to the Spanish
ambassador with a wonderful story that a plot had been discovered
to poison the Queen and Dudley at a dinner given by the Earl of
Arundel. This, she said, had so alarmed the Queen, who had now a
war with France on her hands, that she had determined to marry at
once, and awaited the ambassador at Hampton Court with the offer
of the Archduke, whom she would accept. Lady Sidney professed to
be acting with the Queen’s consent, and emphatically insisted that, if
the matter were now pushed and the Archduke brought over at
once, it could be concluded without delay. The cunning Bishop
himself was for once taken in. Before going to Hampton Court he
saw Dudley, who placed himself entirely at the disposal of the King
of Spain, “to whom he owed his life.” He said the Queen had
summoned him and his sister the night before, and had directed
them how to proceed. The marriage, he assured the Bishop, was
now necessary and could be effected.
The Bishop wrote to Cardinal de Granvelle directly after the
interview: “Lord Robert and his sister are certainly acting splendidly,
and the King will have to reward them well—better than he does me
—and your Lordship must remind him of it in due time. The question
of religion is of the most vital importance, as is also the manner of
the Archduke’s marriage and its conditions and ceremonies. In view
of these difficulties it would be better for the wedding to be a
clandestine one. I do not know how he will get over the oath that he
will have to take to conform with the laws of the land, which are
24
some of them schismatic.”
The Bishop’s interview with the Queen, however, fairly mystified
him. She blew hot and cold as usual. “She hoped to God that no
harm would come to the Archduke on his incognito visit; she would
be glad to see him; but mind,” she said, “I am not bound to marry
him if he come,” which the Bishop assured the Emperor “was only
dissimulation, and she really meant to marry him.” She was very
careful to repeat that she had not invited the Archduke, and was not
bound to marry him, and went so far as to say she could not trust
Quadra to state this clearly, and would write to the Emperor herself.
But whilst she said it in words she took equal care to contradict it in
looks and gestures that could never be called up in witness against
her. The Bishop was at last completely won over, and strongly urged
the Emperor to send his son and seize the prize. This new turn of
events hardly pleased Cecil, but it was necessary for him to
dissemble, for Elizabeth was now at war with France and Scotland,
and she could not afford to give the cold shoulder to Spain as well.
When the Bishop saw him on leaving the Queen, he says: “I listened
to him (Cecil) for some time, and seeing that he was beating about
the bush, I begged that we might speak plainly to each other, as I
was neither blind nor deaf, and could easily perceive that the Queen
was not taking this step, to refuse her consent after all. He swore
that he did not know, and could not assure me,” and with this, and
vague protestations of Cecil’s personal wish for the Archduke’s
success, the Bishop had to be contented. He faithfully conveyed the
Queen’s words to the Emperor, but her looks and gestures could not
be put upon paper, so that it is not surprising that his Majesty could
see no further assurance than before that he was not to be fooled
after all. Feria was more deeply versed in the ways of women than
was the Bishop, and on receiving the news, answered: “It seems
that the Emperor up to the present refuses leave for his son to go,
and, to tell the truth, I cannot persuade myself that he is wrong, nor
do I believe that she will either marry him, or refuse to marry him
whilst the matter at issue is only his visit.... As to what Lord Robert
and his sister say, I do not believe more than the first day that the
only thing the Queen is stickling for is the coming of the lad.” There
was one point touched upon by the Queen in her interview with the
Spanish ambassador, which, as he tells his own master, he dared not
refer to in his letter to the Emperor. After much fencing and fishing
for compliments respecting her personal attractions, and expressed
doubts on the Queen’s part as to whether the Archduke would be
satisfied when he saw her, she said that even if he were, he might
be displeased with what he heard about her, as there were people in
the country who took pleasure in maligning her. The Bishop wrote
that she displayed some signs of shame when she said this, whilst
he parried the point diplomatically, and hastened to change the
subject. “I saw she was pleased, as she no doubt thought that if the
Archduke heard any of the idle tales they tell about her (and they
tell many) he might take advantage of them to the detriment of her
honour if the match were broken off, although, from this point of
view, I was not sorry, as the fear may not be without advantage to
us.” But to the Queen he expressed himself shocked that she should
think of such a thing as he had done previously when Lady Sidney
had hinted at a similar doubt. For the next two months an elaborate
attempt was made to keep up the appearance of cordiality towards
the Archduke’s match, and the Spanish party was still further
beguiled by the sudden tendency of the Queen to smile on
Catholicism. Candles and crucifixes were placed on the altar in the
Chapel Royal, and the Queen entertained the Bishop with long
religious discussions, for the purpose of inducing him to believe that
she was a Catholic in her heart. But they could not deceive the
Bishop for very long; nothing definite could be got from the Queen,
from whose side Dudley never moved, and by the middle of
November (1559) the Bishop satisfied himself that he was being
played with. A new Swedish embassy had arrived, and was being
entertained with hopes for the first time, particularly by Dudley, who
thought that the Austrian suit, having now served his turn and
eclipsed Arran, was becoming too hot to be safe for him. The Bishop
writes: “I noticed Lord Robert was slackening in our business, and
favouring the Swedish match, and he had words with his sister
because she was carrying our affair further than he desired. I have
heard from a certain person who is in the habit of giving me
veracious news that Lord Robert had sent to poison his wife.
Certainly all the Queen has done with us and with the Swede, and
will do with all the rest in the matter of her marriage, is only to keep
Lord Robert’s enemies and the country engaged with words, until
this wicked deed of killing his wife is consummated. I am told some
extraordinary things about this intimacy which I would never have
believed, only that now I find Lord Robert’s enemies in the Council
making no secret of their evil opinion of it.” The Queen tried to face
the Bishop with her usual blandishments, but his eyes were opened,
and when he pressed the point closely, she became coolly dignified,
surprised that she had been misunderstood, and threw over Lady
Sidney and Dudley, who reciprocally cast the blame upon each other.
The Bishop and the Emperor’s ambassador were furious; and, as the
best way to checkmate Dudley, approached the Duke of Norfolk,
who had been declaiming for some time against the insolence of the
rising favourite, saying that if he did not abandon his plans he
should not die in his bed, and so forth. The Duke, who was the most
popular as well as the most exalted of the English nobles, listened
eagerly to anything that should injure Dudley, and promised all his
influence and personal prestige in favour of the Archduke. He
recommended that the latter should at once come openly in state to
England, and he, the Duke, wagered his right arm if he did “that all
the biggest and best in the land should be on his side.” Whatever
may have been passing in Norfolk’s mind, there is no doubt as to
what the Bishop’s own plan was, to avenge himself for the trick
played upon him. He says: “I am of opinion that if the Archduke
comes and makes the acquaintance, and obtains the goodwill of
these people, even if this marriage—of which I have now no hope
except by force—should fall through, and any disaster were to befall
the Queen, such as may be feared from her bad government, the
Archduke might be summoned to marry Lady Catharine (Grey) to
whom the kingdom comes if this woman dies. If the Archduke sees
Catharine he should so bear himself that she should understand this
design, which, in my opinion, will be beneficial and even necessary.”
The “design” evidently was the murder of the Queen and Dudley,
and the securing of Catharine Grey to the Spanish interest. A daring
plan, but requiring bold instruments and swift action. Weak, unstable
Norfolk was no leader for such an enterprise, as he proved years
afterwards. Whilst Quadra was plotting and sulking at Durham
House, Dudley’s opponents strove to checkmate him by keeping the
Archduke’s match afoot. Count Helfenstein had come from the
Emperor before the fiasco, and it was now proposed to send special
English envoys to Austria and to the King of Spain, the purpose of
course being to frighten the French into the idea that the matter was
settled. One day at Court Dudley and Norfolk came to high words
about it. He was neither a good Englishman nor a loyal subject who
advised the Queen to marry a foreigner, said Dudley; and on another
occasion, Clinton and Arundel actually fell to fisticuffs on the subject.
The Swedes had stood less on their dignity than the Austrians, and
Eric’s brother, the young Duke of Finland, had come over to press his
brother’s suit. When he arrived with vast sums of money for gifts, as
before, he preferred rather to become a suitor himself, but with little
success. When he begged for a serious audience he was kept so
long outside in an antechamber alone that he went away in a huff.
The Venetian Tiepolo writes on December 15th, giving an account of
Arran’s defeat in Scotland by the French, which, with his growing
dementia, spoilt him as a suitor; and Tiepolo goes on to say: “The
Queen is still undecided about her marriage, though amongst all the
competitors she showed most inclination for the Archduke Charles.
The Duke of Finland, second son of the King of Sweden, is with her.
He came to favour the suit of his elder brother, and then proposed
himself, but the man’s manners did not please the Queen. The
second son also of the late John Frederick of Saxony, who heretofore
was proposed to the Queen by the French, but was afterwards
deserted by them because they wished her to marry an Englishman
... has not relinquished his pretensions, and has sent Count
Mansfeldt to propose to the Queen. The King of Denmark, in like
manner, has not failed to exert himself, although the general opinion
is that if the affairs of the Earl of Arran prosper he will prevail over
25
all competitors.”
All through the winter of 1559–60 matters thus lingered on. The
Bishop plotting and planning for the invasion of England from
Flanders, and completely undeceived with regard to the Queen’s
matrimonial intentions, whilst the English still desired to keep up an
appearance of cordial friendship with the Spanish party, as a
counterpoise to the King of France, with whom they were at war in
Scotland. The Bishop gives an account of an interview which he and
Helfenstein, the new imperial ambassador had with the Queen in
February, and it is clear that at this time she was again very anxious
to beguile the Emperor into sending his son on chance. But
Helfenstein was a very different sort of ambassador from
Ravenstein, and she could not do much with him; his idea being to
hold her at arm’s length until she was forced to write to the Emperor
herself, as she promised to do, in which case it would not, he
thought, be difficult to construe something she might say into a
pledge which she could be forced to fulfil. “I do not,” says the
Bishop, “treat this matter with her as I formerly did, as I want her to
understand that I am not deceived by her.” Nor was he for a time
deceived by Dudley. “The fellow is ruining the country with his
vanity.” “If he lived for another year he” (Dudley) said “he would be
in a very different position,” and so forth. During the summer an
envoy named Florent (Ajacet) was sent by Catharine de Medici and
her son to propose as a husband for Elizabeth a son of the Duke de
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