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Force and Motion - Unit 1 Notes

The document provides an overview of motion, including concepts such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration, as well as their graphical representations. It explains Newton's Laws of Motion, detailing the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, and introduces the Law of Conservation of Momentum. The document emphasizes the differences between scalar and vector quantities in the context of motion.

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33 views3 pages

Force and Motion - Unit 1 Notes

The document provides an overview of motion, including concepts such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration, as well as their graphical representations. It explains Newton's Laws of Motion, detailing the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, and introduces the Law of Conservation of Momentum. The document emphasizes the differences between scalar and vector quantities in the context of motion.

Uploaded by

mythriswaminathan6009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction

Motion describes an object's change in position over time. Rest is


relative - an object can be at rest relative to its surroundings but
moving relative to another object (e.g., Earth rotating on its axis). The
simplest type of motion is rectilinear motion, where the object moves
in a straight line. We treat objects as point objects if their size is
negligible compared to the distance traveled.

2. Motion Along a Straight Line

Distance: The total length of the path traveled by the object.


(scalar quantity)
Displacement: The shortest distance between the initial and
final positions of the object, considering direction. (vector
quantity)
Uniform Motion: When an object covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time.
Non-Uniform Motion: When an object covers unequal distances
in equal intervals of time or vice versa.

3. Speed

Speed is the rate of change of position, calculated as the total


distance traveled divided by the time taken. It describes how fast an
object is moving but not its direction. (scalar quantity)

4. Velocity

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, considering both


speed and direction. It describes how fast and in what direction an
object is moving. (vector quantity)

Uniform Velocity: When an object covers equal distances in


equal intervals of time in a specific direction.
Non-Uniform Velocity: When an object's velocity changes in
magnitude or direction.

5. Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, calculated as the


change in velocity divided by the time taken. It describes how quickly
an object's velocity changes. (vector quantity)

Positive Acceleration: When velocity increases.


Negative Acceleration (Deceleration): When velocity
decreases.

6. Graphical Representation of Motion

Distance-Time Graphs: Show the relationship between


distance and time. The slope represents speed.
Velocity-Time Graphs: Show the relationship between velocity
and time. The area under the curve represents displacement. The
slope represents acceleration.

Equations of Motion (used for accelerated motion)

v = u + at (final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time)


s = ut + ½ at² (displacement = initial velocity × time + ½ ×
acceleration × time²)
v² - u² = 2as (final velocity² - initial velocity² = 2 × acceleration ×
displacement)

Force and Laws of Motion

Force: A push or pull that can cause an object to change its state
of rest or motion.
Balanced Forces: When the net force acting on an object is zero
(forces cancel each other out), the object remains at rest or
continues moving at constant velocity.
Unbalanced Forces: When the net force acting on an object is
not zero, the object accelerates (changes velocity). The direction
of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the unbalanced
force.

Newton's Laws of Motion

1. First Law (Law of Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform


motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
The tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion is
called inertia. Greater mass means greater inertia.

2. Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional


to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
(force = mass × acceleration)

3. Third Law: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object,


the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first
object. (for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction)

Law of Conservation of Momentum

The total momentum (mass × velocity) of a closed system (no external


forces acting on it) remains constant before and after any interaction
within the system. Momentum is never created or destroyed. This
law applies to collisions between objects.

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