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Unit 4

Unit IV covers key object-oriented concepts including abstraction, encapsulation, class hierarchy, inheritance, multiple inheritance, polymorphism, relationships, association, and aggregation. Each concept is defined with its purpose and real-world examples, emphasizing their roles in simplifying programming and enhancing code organization. The document highlights the importance of these principles in creating maintainable and reusable code structures.

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11 views19 pages

Unit 4

Unit IV covers key object-oriented concepts including abstraction, encapsulation, class hierarchy, inheritance, multiple inheritance, polymorphism, relationships, association, and aggregation. Each concept is defined with its purpose and real-world examples, emphasizing their roles in simplifying programming and enhancing code organization. The document highlights the importance of these principles in creating maintainable and reusable code structures.

Uploaded by

todoheh805
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit IV

Object Oriented Concepts


Topics to be covered
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Class Hierarchy
• Inheritance
• Multiple Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Relationships and association
• Aggregation
Abstraction
• Definition: Abstraction is the concept of hiding the complex implementation details
of a system and exposing only the essential features to the user.
• Details:
• Purpose: Simplifies interaction with objects by focusing on what they do rather
than how they do it.
• Real-World Example: A TV remote allows you to control the TV (change channels,
adjust volume) without knowing the internal workings of the TV.
• In Programming: Abstract classes and interfaces are often used to achieve
abstraction.
Encapsulation
• Definition: Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes) and methods that
operate on that data into a single unit or class, and restricting access to some of
the object's components.
• Details:
• Purpose: Protects the integrity of the data by preventing direct access to it from
outside the class.
• Access Modifiers: Private, protected, and public keywords are used to control
access to class members.
Class Hierarchy
• Definition: Class hierarchy refers to the arrangement of classes in a hierarchical
tree where the topmost class is the most general, and the lower classes are more
specialized.
• Details:
• Super classes and Subclasses: A superclass (or parent class) is at a higher level in
the hierarchy, and a subclass (or child class) inherits from it.
• Inheritance Relationship: A subclass inherits attributes and methods from its
superclass.
Inheritance
• Definition: Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP where a new class (subclass) inherits
properties and behaviors (attributes and methods) from an existing class (superclass).
• Details:
• Purpose: Promotes code reuse and establishes a natural hierarchy between classes.
• Types of Inheritance:
• Single Inheritance: A subclass inherits from one superclass.
• Multilevel Inheritance: A subclass inherits from another subclass, creating a chain.
• Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass.
Multiple Inheritance
• Definition: Multiple inheritance refers to a scenario where a class inherits from
more than one class. While not supported directly in Java, it can be achieved using
interfaces.
• Details:
• Diamond Problem: Multiple inheritance can lead to ambiguity when two
superclasses provide the same method, which Java avoids by not supporting
multiple inheritance with classes.
• Interfaces in Java: Multiple inheritance can be simulated using interfaces.
Polymorphism
• Definition: Polymorphism means "many forms," and it allows objects of different
classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. It enables a single action
to behave differently based on the object performing it.
• Details:
• Types of Polymorphism:
• Compile-Time (Static) Polymorphism: Achieved through method overloading.
• Run-Time (Dynamic) Polymorphism: Achieved through method overriding.
• Purpose: Increases the flexibility and maintainability of code.
Relationships and Association
• Definition: Relationships in OOP define how different classes or objects are
connected to each other. Association is a specific type of relationship that
represents a connection between two classes.
• Details:
• Types of Associations:
• Unidirectional Association: One class knows about another class, but the reverse
is not true.
• Bidirectional Association: Both classes know about each other.
• Multiplicity: Describes how many objects are involved in the relationship (e.g.,
one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many).
Aggregation
• Definition: Aggregation is a type of association where one class contains a
reference to another class. It represents a "has-a" relationship and implies
ownership without lifecycle dependency.
• Details:
• Weak Relationship: The contained object can exist independently of the container.
• Example: A university has a collection of departments, but if the university is
deleted, the departments may still exist.
!!..Thank You.!!

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