ENR107 Digital Electronics and Microprocessors Winter 2025

Section 2

Weekly Lab Report

Lab: 1

Lab Title: LED Circuit Analysis

Group number: 11

Name Enrolment No

Apurva Kamdar AU2340109

Yagnik Vanodiya AU2440136

Pavitra Chauhan AU2440091

Pratyusha Sharma AU2440012

Akshita Muchhal AU2440081

Jay Bhatt AU2440298

1) Objective:

The overall goal of this lab experiment was to perform the experiment by
following steps: Design, implement and test the circuit using a breadboard,
resistors, LEDs, switches, Jumper wires, & a 5V power supply. The
experiment aimed to perform the working of circuit by placing the resistors,
LEDs, and control the blinking of LEDs by toggling the switches.

2) Materials and equipment:

The experiment involved both hardware components and a simulation

environment for implementing the LED Circuit Analysis. Below is a detailed
list of the materials, software, and equipment used:

●​ Hardware Components:

1. Breadboard: Used to assemble the resistor network circuit.

2. Resistors: 4 resistors with specific values (R) design to form the resistor
network.

3. Jumper Wires: Used to make necessary connections between components

on the breadboard.

4. DC Power Supply: Set to 5V and 5A to provide the necessary input

voltage for the circuit.

5. Multimeter: To measure the output voltage generated.

3) Procedure:Summarize the steps taken during the lab experiment. Include

any important observations made during the process.

1. We begin the procedure by checking if all the equipment is in proper

condition or not, if in case anything is damaged we replace it with a proper
one, we check the multimeter is working or not by setting it on the
 continuity mode and touching the Vcc and ground wires to each other, if
the multimeter makes a beeping sound it is working and current is passing
through it.

2. We start by connecting the switch, the third leg of the switch should
always be connected to the Ground. The middle leg is connected with
Resistor which is further connected to the LED in series.

3. The second switch is connected to the breadboard in a manner that it is

parallel to the first switch.

4. The second switch, resistor and LED are connected to the breadboard
similarly as the last circuit.

5. Now due to deficiency of space on the first terminal strip we connect the
third switch on the other terminal strip of the breadboard and connect it
parallelly to the other two switches using a jumper wire.

6. Now connect two resistors to the middle leg of the switch in series to the
switch and parallel to each other.

7. Connect the LED to the two resistors in series and connect all the 3 LEDs
to the ground using jumper wires.

8. Connect the switches to the Vcc using jumper wires, make sure all the
three switches are parallel and they are connected to the power source.

9. Now turn on the power source to check if the circuit is functioning

properly, the voltage should be less than or equal to 5V. Last step of
making an LED circuit is checking the current across the LED’s using a
multimeter.

10. After making our observations we turn off the power source and
disconnect everything.
4) Observations:Present the observations during the lab in an organised
format (tables, pictures, videos, etc.). Include any significant observations or
anomalies.

LED Resistor Configuration Measured

No. Voltage (V)

1 Single resistor in series with the 1.89

LED

2 Single resistor in series with the 1.05

LED
3 Two parallel resistors in series with 1.97
the LED

For LED 1 (1.89V):

There is one resistor in series with this LED. The resistor limits the
current, and the LED uses some of the 5V provided by the battery to
light up. When the multimeter is connected to the led parallel we get
the reading of 1.89V.

For LED 2 (1.05V):

This LED also has one resistor in series it get the reading of 1.05V
when connected to the multimeter in parallel.

For LED 3 (1.97V):

This LED is connected with two resistors in series and the two resistors
are connected parallel to each other. On the multimeter we get the
reading of 1.97V.

5) Learnings:

1)New Concepts Learned:

1.​ Basic principle of Series and Parallel-

We revised the basic principle of series where the current remains

constant and voltage varies and parallel where the voltage remains
constant and current varies over time.

2.​ Calculation of ohm’s law-

 We learned to calculate the resistors value to ensure proper current flow
through LEDs without damaging them.

3.​ Basic circuit design-

We learned to arrange the components in series and parallel

configurations on the breadboard and understood its internal structure
of terminal stripes of 5 hole rows,centre division and the power
rails.We also learned and kept in mind that the flat side of an LED is
negative terminal and the bulging side is the positive terminal while
connecting it with the resistors and switch in series.

4.​ Working of a switch-

We learned the working of a 3 legged push-button switch, the middle

leg is attached with the resistor while any one of the terminal ends is
connected to the ground.

2) Challenges faced:

1.Connecting the components correctly and in order-

Understanding the circuit diagram,3-leg switch and identifying and

connecting the NO(normally open),NC(normally close) terminals,series and
parallel connection of the components and usage of jumping wires to connect
different rows in parallel and to the power supply was challenging. However,
we as a team were able to work out the problem faced by us together and
successfully understood and connected the components correctly.

2. Proper LED Functioning-

Calculating the correct resistor value for each LED to limit the
current was initially tricky.We determined the current with varying the
voltage,keeping it under 5V, ensuring that current passing through LED isn’t
exceeded.
 3.Fault finding-

When our circuit didn’t work,we didn’t gave up and instead used the
multimeter to troubleshoot connections,verify resistor setup and checking the
continuity until the circuit started working properly and the LED’s glowed
up.

3) Real-world Application:

The use of series resistors,switches connected with LED(s) with parallel

rows are used in household circuit design where multiple devices operate
independently while sharing a common power source and we have the option
of turning the LED turn by turn as we have control over the switches.

6) Conclusion: The project was really interesting and amazing for all the
members of the group. It not only gave us insights into the mechanism of
different components in the circuit but it also taught us about teamwork and
patience.Each of the team members contributed throughout the project which
made it really fun to complete. We also got to learn about the working of
Breadboard, multimeter, jumper wires, resistors, and LEDs. The
professor,Maryam Kaveshgar and the TAs helped us throughout the project
and taught us about the series and parallel circuits in a simple and easy to
understand manner. In the end we really enjoyed the entire project and we all
look forward to do many more circuit projects in the future.

Images of our circuit: