Engineering Circuit Analysis

Chapter 11. AC Circuit power analysis

Prof. Jungsuk Kim

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Gachon University
[email protected]

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Thomas
Edison

Nikola
Tesla

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 The instantaneous power
is p(t)=v(t)i(t).

At all times t,

power supplied =
power absorbed
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 If in the same RL circuit, the source is Vmcos(ωt), then
i(t) = Im cos(ωt + φ)
Vm −1 ωL
Im = √ and φ = −tan
R 2 + ω2 L 2 R
and so the power will be
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = Vm Im cos(ωt + φ) cos ωt
Vm Im Double
p(t) = [cos(2ωt + φ) + cos φ] Frequency
Constant 2
Term Term
Vm Im Vm Im
= cos φ + cos(2ωt + φ)
2 2
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 The average power over an arbitrary interval from t1 to t2 is
! t2
1
P= p(t) dt
t2 − t1 t1

When the power is periodic with period T, the average power is

od: calculated over any one period:
! tx +T
1
P= p(t) dt
T tx

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If v(t)=Vmcos(ωt+θ) and i(t)=Imcos(ωt+ϕ), then

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P = Vm I m cos(θ − φ )
2

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¡ The average power absorbed by a resistor R is
2
1V m
PR =
2 R

¡ The average power absorbed by a purely

reactive element(s) is zero, since the current
€
and voltage are 90 degrees out of phase:
PX = 0
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Find the average power absorbed by each
element.

Answer: PL=0 W PC=0 W, PR=25 W

Pleft=-50 W Pright=25 W

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An independent voltage source in series with an
impedance Zth delivers a maximum average
power to that load impedance ZL which is the
conjugate of Zth:

ZL = Zth*

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First, solve for the load power:
!
1
2
|Vth |2
R L2 + X 2L " "
XL
##
−1
P= cos tan
(Rth + R L )2 + (X th + X L )2 RL
1 2
| Vth | RL
2
= 2 2
(Rth + RL ) + (X th + X L )
Clearly, P is largest when XL+Xth=0
Solving dP/dRL=0 will show that RL=Rth
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The same power is delivered to the resistor in
the circuits shown.

!
" T
1
Ieff = i 2 dt
T 0
periodic, period T

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¡ The effective value is often referred to as the
root-mean-square or RMS value.
!
" T
1
Ieff = i 2 dt
T 0
1
¡ For sine waves: Veff = Vm ≅ 0.707Vm
2
2
¡ Power is now P = I R eff
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 ¡ If v(t)=Vmcos(ωt+θ) and i(t)=Imcos(ωt+ϕ),
then
1
P = Vm I m cos(θ − φ ) = Veff I eff cos(θ − φ )
2

¡ the apparent power is defined as VeffIeff and is

given the units volt-ampere VŸA
€

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Find the average power being delivered to an
impedance ZL= 8 − j11 Ω by a current I= 5ej20 A.

Only the 8-Ω resistance enters the average-power

calculation, since the j11-Ω component will not
absorb any average power.

Thus,
P = (1/2)(52)8 = 100 W

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 Power factor is defined as

average power P
PF = =
apparent power Veff I eff
¡ for a resistive load, PF=1
¡ for a purely reactive load, PF=0
¡ generally, 0 ≤ PF ≤ 1
€
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¡ Since the power factor for sine waves is
PF = cos(θ − φ )

the information as to whether current leads or

lags voltage is lost, so we add the adjective to
the€power factor term.
¡ An inductive load has a lagging PF.
¡ A capacitive load has a leading PF.

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Define the complex power S as
* j(θ −φ )
S=V I eff eff = Veff I eff e = P + jQ

¡ the real part of S is P, the average power

¡ the imaginary part of S is Q, the reactive power,
which represents the flow of energy back and forth
from the source (utility company) to the inductors
and capacitors of the load (customer)

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Splitting the current phasor Ieff into in-phase and
out-of-phase components is another way of
visualizing the complex power.

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 Complex powers to loads add:
* * * *
S = VI = V(I1 + I2 ) = V(I1 + I2 ) = S1 + S2

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• Most domestic and industrial loads, such as
washing machines, air conditioners, and
induction motors are inductive.
• They have a low, lagging power factor.
• The load cannot be changed, but the power
factor can be increased without altering the
voltage or current to the original load.
• This is referred to as power factor correction.

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• To mitigate the inductive aspect of the
load, a capacitor is added in parallel
with the load.
• Looking at the phasor diagram,
showing before and after adding the
capacitor, the power factor has
improved.

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An industrial consumer is operating a 50 kW induction motor at a lagging PF
of 0.8. The source voltage is 230 V rms. In order to obtain lower electrical
rates, the customer wishes to raise the PF to 0.95 lagging.
Specify a suitable solution.

Answer: deploy a capacitor in parallel with the motor, as shown above.

At 60 Hz, C=1.056 mF

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