Scribd
Upload
3 views27 pages

Logic Midterm

The document provides an overview of logic, focusing on its principles, the distinction between correct and poor reasoning, and the validity of arguments. It covers mathematical logic, propositions, and various types of logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, implication, and biconditional. Additionally, it includes examples to illustrate these concepts and their applications in forming compound statements.

Uploaded by

halle ayden
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views27 pages

Logic Midterm

The document provides an overview of logic, focusing on its principles, the distinction between correct and poor reasoning, and the validity of arguments. It covers mathematical logic, propositions, and various types of logical connectives such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, implication, and biconditional. Additionally, it includes examples to illustrate these concepts and their applications in forming compound statements.

Uploaded by

halle ayden
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

LOGIC

❑Is the study of principles of correct


reasoning.
❑helps differentiate correct reasoning from
poor reasoning.
❑allows us to determine the validity of
arguments in and out of mathematics.
❑illustrates the importance of precision and
conciseness of the language of mathematics.
MATHEMATICAL
LOGIC
❑is a branch of mathematics with close
connections to computers.
❑it includes both mathematical study of
logic and the applications of formal
logic to other areas of mathematics.
STATEMENT OR
PROPOSITION
❑a declarative sentence that is true or
false but not both.
❑Propositional variables such as p, q, r,
s, t, etc. are used to represent
propositions.
EXAMPLES:
Determine which of the following statements are propositions and
which are not.
1.San Fernando City is the capital of La Union.
Answer: PROPOSITION because it has a true value(TRUE)
2.Where are you going?
Answer: NOT PROPOSITION because the sentence is interrogative.
3. 1 + 1 =2.
Answer: PROPOSITION because the sentence has a true value
(TRUE)
4. Sketch the graph of f.
Answer: NOT PROPOSITION because it is neither true or
false.
5. 𝑥> 5 if 𝑥=3.
Answer: PROPOSITION because the sentence has a truth
value. (FALSE)
6. Make a venn diagram that shows the relationship of set A
and B.
Answer : NOT PROPOSITION because it is neither true or
false.
REMARKS:
If a proposition is true,
then we say its truth value
is true, and if a
proposition is false, we say
its true value is false.
SENTENTIAL
CONNECTIVES
❑used to combine simple propositions
to form compound statements.
4.Implication
1.Conjunction *Converse
2.Disjunction *Inverse
3.Negation *Contrapositive
5. Biconditional
•Let p and q be propositions.
1.Conjunction (∧)
The conjunction of the proposition p and q
is the compound statement “p and q”
denoted as p∧q which is true only when
both p and q are true, otherwise, it is
false.
p: Squares are rectangles.
q: Rectangles have four sides.
p∧q: Squares are rectangles and rectangles have four sides.

p: Sam had pizza last night.


q: Chris finished her homework.
r: Pat watched the news this morning.
p∧q: Sam had pizza last night and Chris finished her homework.
p∧r: Sam had pizza last night and Pat watched the news this morning.
2.Disjunction (∨)
The disjunction of the proposition p and q
is the compound statement “p 𝐨𝐫 q”
denoted as p∨𝒒 which is false only when
both p and q are false, otherwise, it is
true.
p: All squares are rectangles.
q: Quadrilaterals have 11 sides.

p∨q: All squares are rectangles or quadrilaterals have 11 sides.

r: All numbers are integers.


s: Squares are rectangles.
t: Some negative numbers are integers.

r∨s: All numbers are integers or squares are rectangles.

r∨t: All numbers are integers or some negative numbers are


integers.
3.Negation (¬ or ~)
-The negation of the statement p is
denoted by ¬𝒑where ¬ is the symbol for
“not”.
-The truth value of the negation is always
the reverse of the original statement.
p: 0.75 is a terminating decimal.
q: Singleton set has only one element.
r: Non- terminating and non- repeating decimals are irrational
numbers.

~p: 0.75 is not a terminating decimal.

¬q: Singleton set does not have only one element.

~ r: Non- terminating and non- repeating decimals are not


irrational numbers.
4.Implication (→)
The implication of the propositions p and
q is the compound statement “if p, then
q.” denoted as p → q which is false only
when both p is true and q is false.
For every implication or
conditional statement, you
can construct its converse,
inverse and contrapositive.
Suppose we have the following statements for P and Q.
P: It rains Q: They can cancel school.
Implication: P→ Q If it rains, then they can cancel school .
Converse: Q → P If they cancel school, then it rains.
Inverse: ¬ P → ¬ Q If it does not rain, then they do not
cancel school.
Contrapositive: ¬ Q→ ¬ P If they do not cancel school,

then it does not rain.


5. Biconditional (↔)
The biconditional of the propositions p
and q is the compound statement “p if
and only if q.” denoted as p ↔ q which
is true only when both p and q have the
same truth values.
p: A polygon is a triangle.
q: It has exactly 3 sides.
p↔q: A polygon is a triangle if and only if it has exactly 3 sides.

s: x + 2 = 7
t: x = 5.
s↔t: x + 2 = 7 iff x = 5.

p: The quadrilateral has four congruent sides and angles.


q: The quadrilateral is a square.

p↔q: The quadrilateral has four congruent sides and angles if and only
if it is a square.
q↔p: The quadrilateral is a square iff it has four congruent sides and
angles.
COMPOUND/
COMPOSITE
STATEMENT
Is a statement that consists of
two or more statements
separated by logical
connectors.
EXAMPLES:
1) 2 is a prime, and 6 is a composite number.

P: “2 is a prime”
C: “6 is a composite number”
IN SYMBOL:

𝑷∧𝑪
2) If the Pirates or the cubs lose and the giants win,
then the Dodgers will be out of first place and,
moreover, I will lose a bet.
P: “The Pirates lose”
C: “The Cubs lose”
G: “The Giants win”
D:“The Dodgers will be out of first place”
B: “I will lose abet”
IN SYMBOL:
((𝑷∨𝑪)∧𝑮)→(𝑫∧𝑩)
3) If labor or management is stubborn, then the
strike will be settled iff the government obtains an
injunction, but troops are not sent into the mills.
L: “Labor is stubborn”
M: “Management is stubborn”
S: “The strike will be settled”
G: “The government obtains an injunction”
¬R: “Troops are not sent into the mills”
IN SYMBOL: (𝑳∨𝑴)→(𝑺↔(𝑮∧(¬𝑹)))
𝑳∨𝑴→(𝑺↔𝑮∧¬𝑹)

You might also like