Electronics I

Course Code 212

Electronic and Electrical Circuits Elements

Lecture 2

Ass. Prof. Ali Elmoghazy

Assoc. Prof. Hussam Elbehiery

Fall 2020
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• By the end of this lecture, the students will
be able to:
✓ Know what are the Types of Electronic
Components.

✓ Know the differences between the Active and

Passive components.

✓ What are the Circuit Components Symbols.

✓ What is the Transducers and Sensors.

✓ Know the differences between the Bilateral

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Elements and Unilateral Elements.
Types of Electronic Components
• Active and passive components form the two
main types of electronic circuit elements.

• An Active component supplies energy to an

electric circuit, and hence has the ability to
electrically control the flow of charge.

• A Passive component can only receive energy,

which it can either dissipate or store.

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 Active Components
• All electronic circuits must contain at least one
active component.

• Common examples of active components include:

– Voltage Sources

– Current Sources

– Generators (such as Alternators and DC generators)

– Diodes (such as Zener diodes, photodiodes, Schottky

diodes, and LEDs)
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– Transistors (such as BJT, MOSFET, FET’s)
Symbols for Voltage and
Current Sources

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 Passive Components
• A passive component is an electronic
component which can only receive energy,
which it can either dissipate, or store it .
• Also do not need any form of electrical power to
operate.
• Common examples of passive components
include:
– Resistors
– Inductors
– Capacitors
– Transformers 12
• Resistance
Resistance is designated by the symbol “R”. The
unit of measurement for resistance is ohms (Ω).

Where is the length of the conductor, measured

in meters [m], A is the cross-sectional area of the
conductor measured in square meters [m²], ρ (rho)
is the electrical resistivity (also called specific
electrical resistance) of the material, measured in
ohm-metres (Ω·m).
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Resistance Color designation

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• Capacitance
A capacitor is a component that will store
electric charge. Measured in Farad, mF, uF.

dielectric with permittivity ε

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Capacitor types and symbols

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• Inductor
Inductor is simply a coil of wire. For most
coils the current, (I) flowing through the coil
produces a magnetic flux, (Φ) that is
proportional to this flow of electrical current.
.

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Induction of the circuit Henry

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• Transformers(Passive element)
– Often used to change voltage levels,
remember that power is kept constant.
– When transformers step up (or step down)
voltage, power and energy remain the same
on the primary and secondary side.

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Symbol of Transformer

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• Fuses
If there is a fault in a piece of
equipment then excessive current may flow.
This will cause overheating and possibly a
fire.
Fuses protect against this happening.
Current from the supply to the equipment
flows through the fuse.

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5A Fuse

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• Wires and Cables
Twisted pair Wires come in Standard Wire
Gauges (S.W.G) where the smaller the
diameter of the wire the bigger the SWG.
e.g. 22 swg has a smaller diameter than 16
swg.

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Circuit Components Symbols

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 Transducers and Sensors
• A transducer will convert one form of
power into another and the efficiency of
conversion is important.
• We cannot, for example, convert power in
the form of heat into electrical power with
efficiency above 45%, but we can convert
electrical power into heat with an efficiency
of well above 90%.

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• A sensor also converts power from one
form to another, but the efficiency is not
important. The important factor for a
sensor is linearity, because sensors are
used in detection and measuring actions.

• Examples (temperature – smoke – heat –

gases) sensors.

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 Microphones
• Transducer for sound energy into electrical
energy.

• The overall sensitivity is expressed as

millivolts or, more usually, microvolts of
electrical output per unit intensity of sound
wave.
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Directional vs Omnidirectional
Microphones

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 Switches
• Switches have a low resistance between
contacts in the ON setting, and a very high
resistance in the OFF setting. The value of
resistance when the switch is on (made) is
called the contact resistance.
• Switch contact configurations are primarily
described in terms of the number of poles
and number of throws or ways. A switch
pole is a moving contact, and the throws
or ways are the fixed contacts against
which the moving pole can rest. 30
Types of Switches

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 Examples of switches

Toggle Push-Button Rotary

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 Bilateral Elements
• Conduction of current in both directions in
a circuit element with same magnitude is
termed as a bilateral circuit element. It
offers some resistance to current flow in
both directions.
• Examples: Resistors, inductors, capacitors
etc.

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 Unilateral Elements
• The unilateral circuit element does not
offer same resistance to the current of
either direction. The resistance of the
unilateral circuit element is different for
forward current than that of reverse
current.
• Examples: diode, transistor etc.

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Thank You
Assoc. Prof. Hussam Elbehiery

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