The document is a lecture on Vector Analysis as part of the Electromagnetic Theory I course, covering fundamental concepts such as scalar and vector quantities, vector algebra, and coordinate systems. It explains the importance of vector analysis in understanding electromagnetic fields and introduces various coordinate systems like Cartesian, Circular Cylindrical, and Spherical coordinates. Additionally, it discusses vector fields, including concepts of curl and divergence, which are essential for analyzing physical quantities in electromagnetism.
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TN 225 Lecture 1
The document is a lecture on Vector Analysis as part of the Electromagnetic Theory I course, covering fundamental concepts such as scalar and vector quantities, vector algebra, and coordinate systems. It explains the importance of vector analysis in understanding electromagnetic fields and introduces various coordinate systems like Cartesian, Circular Cylindrical, and Spherical coordinates. Additionally, it discusses vector fields, including concepts of curl and divergence, which are essential for analyzing physical quantities in electromagnetism.
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINERING
TN 225 : ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY I
(7.5 CREDITS) Lecture 1: Topic: Vector analysis By Dr. Johevajile K. Mazima Introduction • Electromagnetic theory • charges at rest and in motion. • for the understanding, analysis and design of various electrical, electromechanical and electronic systems. • deals directly with the electric and magnetic field vectors where as circuit theory deals with the voltages and currents. Introduction… • Voltages and currents are integrated effects of electric and magnetic fields respectively. • Electromagnetic field problems involve • three space variables along with the time variable and hence the solution tends to become correspondingly complex. Introduction… • Vector analysis is the required mathematical tool with which electromagnetic concepts can be conveniently expressed and best comprehended. • Since use of vector analysis in the study of electromagnetic field theory is prerequisite, first we will go through vector algebra. Scalar Quantity • The quantity with only magnitude and no direction • Is one dimensional quantity • Can be divided with another scalar quantity • Number (magnitude) and unit is only required to represent scalar quantity • Obeys algebraic addition operations • Quantity whose value may be represented by a single (positive or negative) real number • E.g. Time, Temperature, Mass, Height, Speed, Electric potential, Energy Vector Quantity • Quantity with both magnitude and direction in space • Is more than one dimensional quantity • Can not be divided with another vector quantity • Number (magnitude), direction (Unit Vector) and unit is required to represent vector quantity • E.g. Velocity, Force • Usually represented by a direction ray Vector Quantity … • Obeys Vector laws of addition Vector Quantity … • The physical quantities which do not follow simple algebra are vectors Vector Algebra Vector Addition Vector Addition… Vector Addition… Vector Addition… Vector Addition… Vector Addition… Vector Addition… Vector Subtraction Vector Subtraction… Vector Subtraction… Vector Subtraction… Vector Subtraction… Vector Subtraction… Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar Quantity Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar Quantity… Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar Quantity… Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar Quantity… Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar Quantity… Product of Vectors
• Product of Vectors
• Resultant of the Dot Product of the Two Vector is a
Scalar Quantity Product of Vectors • Cross Product
• Resultant of the Cross Product of the Two Vector is
a Vector Quantity Vector Component and Unit Vector Vector Component and Unit Vector… The Cartesian coordinate system • The cartesian coordinate system is a mathematical system that tells about how to represent a point uniquely in the n-dimensional coordinate plane • Cartesian coordinates allow one to specify the location of a point in the plane, or in three- dimensional space. • The Cartesian coordinates (also called rectangular coordinates) of a point are a pair of numbers (in two-dimensions) or a triplet of numbers (in three- dimensions) that specified signed distances from the coordinate axis. The Cartesian coordinate system… • The coordinate system is used to locate the position of a point in a plane using two perpendicular lines. • Points are represented in the form of coordinates (x, y) in two-dimension with respect to x- and y- axes • Any given point’s position can be described based on its distance from the origin along each axis. • A Cartesian coordinate system in a plane has two perpendicular lines (the x-axis and y-axis); in three- dimensional space, it has three (the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis). The Cartesian coordinate system… • Quadrants • the axes divide the plane into four parts and these four parts are called quadrants (one-fourth part). • Thus, we have four quadrants numbered I, II, III and IV anticlockwise from OX The Cartesian coordinate system… • Cartesian Plane • A plane consists of axes and quadrants. • Thus, we call the plane the Cartesian Plane, or the Coordinate Plane, or the x-y plane. • The axes are called the coordinate axes Cartesian coordinates of the plane… • The y coordinate specifies the distance above (if y is positive) or below(if y is negative) the x axis Cartesian coordinates of three-dimensional space… Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate System • Triplet order (x,y,z) Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate System… Rectangular Coordinate System… Rectangular Coordinate System… Circular Cylindrical coordinates System Circular Cylindrical coordinates System… Circular Cylindrical coordinates System… Circular Cylindrical coordinates System… • Triplet Order (ρ, ϕ, z) • p (ρ, ϕ, z) Circular Cylindrical coordinates System… Circular Cylindrical coordinates System… Circular Cylindrical coordinates System… Spherical Coordinates System Spherical Coordinates System… Spherical Coordinates System… Spherical Coordinates System… Spherical Coordinates System… • Triplet Order (r, θ, ϕ) Spherical Coordinates System… Vector Field Vector Field… • Vector fields can be used to represent many physical quantities: • the vector at a point may represent the strength of some force • gravity, • electricity, • magnetism or • a velocity (wind speed or the velocity of some other fluid) • Means Vector fields explain forces such as wind and water currents in the ocean, which are directly related to navigation • They also explain electric fields, force fields, and gravity on Earth Vector Field… •v Vector Field… Vector Field… • The curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal circulation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space • The curl at a point in the field is represented by a vector whose length and direction denote the magnitude and axis of the maximum circulation • The curl of a field is formally defined as the circulation density at each point of the field Vector Field… Vector Field… Vector Field… • The curl of a vector field is again a vector field. The curl of a vector field is obtained by taking the vector product of the vector operator applied to the vector field F(x, y, z). • i.e., Curl F(x, y, z) = ∇ × F(x, y, z) where • F(x,y,z) = a Vector Field… • The divergence of a vector field is the extent to which the vector field flux behaves like a source at a given point • Is a local measure of its "outgoingness" the extent to which there are more of the field vectors exiting from an infinitesimal region of space than entering it • A point at which the flux is outgoing has positive divergence, and is often called a "source" of the field • A point at which the flux is directed inward has negative divergence, and is often called a "sink" of the field • The greater the flux of field through a small surface enclosing a given point, the greater the value of divergence at that point • A point at which there is zero flux through an enclosing surface has zero divergence Vector Field… Vector Field… • A positive divergence means that the vector field is growing in strength • A negative divergence means that the vector field is decreasing in strength • A zero divergence means that the vector field is not changing in strength