TN 207

DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

LECTURE #5
FOURIER SERIES
 Lecture #5 Outline
► Introduction
► Trigonometric Fourier Series
► Exponential Fourier Series
► Properties of Fourier Series
► Discrete Frequency Spectra
 Introduction
 Fourier Series: A Fourier series is a
representation of a signal using a series of
sinusoidal signals of different “frequencies”.

 They are especially useful to in representing

signals that are periodic in nature.

 Theconcept was first developed by the French

mathematician Joseph Fourier (1768-1830).
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► Consider a signal expressed as

x  t   2 cos  2 f1t   1.5cos  2 {2 f1}t   3cos  2 {3 f1}t 

► We can represent the signal by plotting its

amplitude as a function of time (time-domain
representation). See Fig. 1 for f1  1 Hz .
 Trigonometric Fourier Series

► Fig. 1: Time-domain representation of x(t)

 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► We can also represent the signal by plotting
amplitudes of its sinusoidal components as a
function of frequency (frequency-domain
representation). See Fig. 2 for f1  1 Hz .
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
►A signal x(t) is periodic if for all t there exists a
constant such that

x t   x t  nT 0  n  0

► The constant To is the fundamental period of

the signal X(t) and fo=1/To is the fundamental
frequency.
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
►A periodic signal X(t) with fundamental
frequency fo can be expressed as a linear
combination of sinusoids of frequencies nfo.
n=1,2,3…..∞

x t   a0    an cos  n0t   b n sin  n0t  , 0  2 f 0
n 1

► This is called a trigonometric Fourier series

representation of X(t) .
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► The constants an and bn are the Fourier
coefficients.
Determination of the Fourier Series
coefficients ao.
► Integrate both sides with respect to t over To
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► Determination of the Fourier Series
coefficients an.
1. Multiply both sides of the expansion by
cos(mwot)
2. Integrate both sides with respect to t over
To.
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► Determination of the Fourier Series
coefficients bn.
1. Multiply both sides of the expansion by
sin(mwot)
2. Integrate both sides with respect to t over
To
 Trigonometric Fourier Series

► Summary
 Trigonometric Fourier Series

► Examples:
1. Find the trigonometric Fourier series representation of
the periodic train of rectangular pulses of duration T
and fundamental period To shown below.
 Trigonometric Fourier Series

Example:2. Find the Fourier series

representation of a signal defined as.

Example:3.Consider a periodic signal below


 1, t  T1
X (t )  
 T 1 t 
To
 0 ,
2

Sketch the signal and find its Fourier series

 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► Fourier series representation of X(t) over
the interval −T≤ x ≤ T
 Let the function x(t) be defined on the interval
-T≤ x ≤ T. Where To=2T
 Then the Fourier coefficients an and bn in the Fourier
series representation of X(t).

 n t n t 
X (t )  a 0    a n cos  bn sin 
n 1  T T 
Trigonometric Fourier Series
T
1
a 0 
2T 
 T
X (t )d t

n t
T
1
a n 
T 
 T
X (t ) c o s
T
dt

n t
T
1
b n 
T 
 T
X (t ) s in
T
dt

n t m t  0 for m  n 
T

 T cos T cos T dt   T2Tforformm n n 0 0 

 Note That:
n t m t
T


T
sin
T
cos
T
dt  0,  m , n

n t m t
 
T

 T sin T sin T dt 
0 for m  n
T for m  n
Trigonometric Fourier Series
Example: Find the Fourier series representation of
X(t) = t + 1 for −1 ≤ t≤ 1.
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► Fourier series of even and odd
functions.
 If X(t) is an even function defined on the
interval −T ≤ x ≤ T, then

 n t 
X (t )  a0   an cos 
n1  T 

With and n t
T T
 1 2
a0   X (t )dt an   X (t )cos dt
T0 T0 T
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► Proof
 consider an even function X(t) defined over the
interval −T ≤ x ≤ T.
 By definition,
T T
 1 = 1
0
+ 1
a0  
2T T
X (t )dt

2T T
X (t )dt 
2T 0
X(t)dt

 Setting t = −u in the first integral on the right gives

0
0 1
1

2T T
X (t )dt = - 
2TT
X(udu
)
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
 As X(t) is an even function, X(−u) = X(u), so
using this result, changing the sign of the
integral by interchanging its limits, and then
replacing the dummy variable u by t gives.
T T
1 1
a0 
2T 
T
X ( t ) dt 
T  X (t ) dt
0
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
► The Fourier coefficients bn are given by
n t n t n t
T 0 T
1 1 1
bn   X (t )sin dt   X (t )sin dt   X (t )sin dt
T T T T T T T0 T

 Setting t = −u in the integral taken over the

interval −T ≤ x ≤ 0 gives
n t  n u
0 0
1 1
T 
T
X (t ) sin
T
dt  
T T X ( u ) sin T du
 Trigonometric Fourier Series

 We now use the fact that f is an even

function, so X(−u) = X(u), together with the
fact that the sine function is an odd
function.
 Reversal of the limits coupled with changing
the sign and replacing u by t gives
n t n t
0 0
1 1

T T
X (t )sin
T
dt    X (t )sin
TT T
dt
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
Finally, using this result in the original
expression for bn gives
n t n t
T T
1 1
bn   X (t )sin dt   X (t )sin dt  0 for n  1,2..
T0 T T0 T

 A similar argument shows that if X(t) is an

odd function over −T ≤ x ≤ T, then
n t
T
2
a n = 0 for n = 0, 1, 2, . . And bn   X (t ) sin dt
T 0 T
Trigonometric Fourier Series
Example:1. Given a signal X(t)= |t| in the
interval −T≤ x ≤ T.
a. Sketch the signal
b. State whether the signal is even or odd
c. Find the Fourier series representation of
X(t).
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
Example:2. Find the Fourier series
representation of X(t) = t on the interval
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Quiz: Prove that if X(t) is an odd function all
the Fourier coefficients an = 0.
 Harmonic Form Fourier Series

 When Fourier series are applied to periodic

physical phenomena with period To, it is
convenient to work in terms of the angular
frequency ω defined as w o  2 
0

T o
 Harmonic Form Fourier Series

The Fourier series representation of a function X(t)

defined on the interval −T≤ t ≤ T with the
corresponding period To = 2T is givens as

X (t )  a 0   a
n 1
n c o s n w o t  bn s in n w o t 

Where
T T T
1 1 1
ao   X  t dt an   X  t  cos nwotdt bn   X  t  sin nwotdt
2T T T T T T
 Harmonic Form Fourier Series

► Using
the trigonometric identity cos(P + Q)
= cosP cos Q− sin P sin Q, and defining
1
 bn 
Co  ao Cn   a  b 2
n 
2 2
n and n  arctan  
 an 
► Weobtain a cosine representation of X(t)
which contains sinusoidal of frequency wo,
2wo …. That is

X (t )  C 0  
n 1
C n c o s n w o t   n 
 Harmonic Form Fourier Series

► When the Fourier series representation of

X(t) is expressed in this form, the set of
numbers ω0, 2ω0, 3ω0, . . .is called the
frequency spectrum of the function X (t).
► The number nω0 is called the nth harmonic
frequency of X(t), and the number the nth
phase angle n of X(t).
 Harmonic Form Fourier Series

► The set of numbers C0, C1, C2, . . . ,where C0 =

|a0|, is called the amplitude spectrum of X(t), and
the function
function cos nwto n  is called the nth
► the
harmonic of the signal X (t).
 Harmonic Form Fourier Series

► The amplitude spectrum can be displayed

graphically by drawing lines of height C0,
C1, C2, . . , against the respective harmonic
frequencies ω0, 2ω0, 3ω0, . .
► This is called a discrete spectrum,
because the amplitude is only defined at the
discrete frequencies in the frequency
spectrum.
 Harmonic Form Fourier Series

► Example:Find the harmonics and amplitude

 
spectrum of signal x  t   t where  2  t  2
Complex Exponential Fourier Series

► From Euler identities,

inwot inwot
inwot
e e e inwot
e
cos  nw0t   and sin  nw0t  
2j 2j
► Usingthis result Fourier series
representation of X(t) over the interval −T
≤ x ≤ T, becomes
   e jnwot  e jnwot   e jnwot  e jnwot 
x  t   ao   an    bn  
n 1   2j   2j 
Complex Exponential Fourier Series

► After grouping the terms:


 an  jbn jnwot   an  jbn  jnwot 
x  t   ao   e   e 
n1  2   2 
an  jbn an  jbn
f we define co  ao cn  cn  for n  1,2..
2 2
► The Fourier series representation of X(t)
become. 
Xt  ce
n 
n
jnwo t

► This is the complex or exponential form of the

Fourier series representation of X(t).
Complex Exponential Fourier Series

► Ifreal functions X(t) are considered, the

Fourier coefficients an and bn are real,and
thus cn and c−n are complex conjugates,
Such that
cn  cn ; an  2Re  cn  ; bn  2Im cn 
*
Complex Exponential Fourier Series

► Determination of the Fourier Series

coefficients Cn.
 jmwot
► Multiply by e followed by integration
over−T ≤ x ≤ T and use of the below
orthogonality condition  e e dt   
T

T

jnwot  jmwot 0 for mn
2 for mn

gives 1 T
2T 
 jnwo t
Cn  x (t ) e dt
T
 Properties of Fourier Series
► Linearity Property
 If z  t    x  t    y  t  , T0x  T0 y  T0

 then cnz   cnx   cny

► Time Shifting Property
 If z  t   x  t  t 0 
 jn0t0
 then cn  e cnx
z

► Frequency Shifting Property

 If   x  t  Then c n  c n  k 
jk t
z t  e 0
z x
 Properties of Fourier Series
► Time Differentiation Property
d
 If z  t   x  t  then cn  jn0cn
dt z x

► Time Integration Property

t
cn
 If z     
t  x  d  then cn  x

jn0 z

 Multiplication Property
 If z  t   x  t  y  t  , T0  T0  T
x y
Then
z  t   x  t  y  t  , T0x  T0 y  T0
 Properties of Fourier Series
 Perserval Theorem:
 If X(t) is a periodic signal with fundamental
period T, then the average normalized
power P of the signal is
2 2

1
P   x  t  dt   cn
T0 T n 

 where cn is the discrete power spectrum.

2
 Discrete Frequency Spectra
► The complex Fourier coefficients are in
j
general complex expressed as n n c  c e
n

► The amplitude spectrum of the period

signal X(t) is a plot of cn versus the angular
frequency .
► The phase spectrum of the period signal
X(t) is a plot of n versus the angular
frequency .
 Discrete Frequency Spectra
► The frequency and phase spectra of a
periodic signal x t with fundamental angular

frequency 0 are defined only at discrete
frequencies n0 , n  0, 1, 2,... They are referred
to as discrete frequency spectra or line
spectra.
 Discrete Frequency Spectra
► Example: Find and sketch the magnitude
spectrum for the periodic train of
rectangular pulses of duration T and
fundamental period To shown below.
Discrete Frequency Spectra