TN 207

DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

LECTURE #1
INTRODUCTION
 Lecture #1 Outline
► General Course Information
► Background
► Signals and its Classification
► Elementary Signals
► Useful Operations on Signals
 General Course Information
 Lecturer: Dr. Mvuma, A.N.
 Tutorial Assistant: Mr. Faustine, A.
 Lectures: Monday 11:00-13:00
Tuesday 16:00-18:00
 Tutorials: wednesday 14:00-15:00
 Mode of Assessment: Two timed tests (40%)
Final Exam (60%)
 Consultation: Wednesday 14:00-16:00
 General Course Information
► Textbook
B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1983.

► References
1. S. Haykin, Communication Systems, John
Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition, 2001.
2. B. Carlson, P.B. Crilly and J.C. Rutledge,
Communication Systems, McGraw Hill, 2002.
3. M. J. Roberts, Signals and Systems, McGraw Hill,
2004.
 General Course Information
► Course Learning Outcomes:
1) To analyze signals and systems in time
domain with emphasis on communication
systems applications
2) To analyze signals and systems in frequency
domain
3) To model and analyze signals and systems
using transform techniques
4) To use computer packages to simulate
signals and systems
 Topics to be covered
1) Signals classification & operations
2) Systems classification
3) Linear time invariant systems
4) Fourier Series representation of signals
5) Fourier Transform of signals and systems
6) Complex baseband representation of
bandpass signals
7) Sampling theory
 Background
► Telecommunication systems are designed to
convey information from a source to sink a
distant destination/destinations through a
communication channel.

► To transmit information in modern

telecommunication systems, the generated
message (physical manifestation of the
information) is converted to an electrical
signal using an input transducer.
 Background
Block diagram of a communication system
Input Transmitted Received Output
signal signal signal signal

Transmitter Channel Receiver

m t  s t  r t  m̂  t 

n t 
Channel noise
and interference
 Background
►A transmitter converts (processes) the
message-bearing signal m(t) from the input
transducer into a form suitable for transmission
over the communication channel s(t).

► Signal processing at the transmitter include

amplification, filtering and modulation. Others
(in a digital communication system) are
formatting, source coding, channel coding,
encryption, multiplexing, etc.
 Background
►A communication channel is a physical medium
that provides the connection between the
transmitter and the receiver.

► Effectsof channels on a transmitted signal

include attenuation, amplitude and phase
distortion, and corruption by additive noise and
interference.
 Background
► Receiver operates on received signal r(t), which
is a corrupted version of the transmitted signal
to reconstruct a recognizable form of the
original message signal for a user.

► The receiver reverses the signal processing

transformation performed by the transmitter
such as demodulation, filtering, amplification,
etc.
 Background
►A communication system is thus an
interconnection of systems that process
signals to deliver information from source
to user.

► Design,analysis and optimization of efficient

and effective communication systems
require good knowledge in signals and
systems.
 Signals and its Classification
►A signal is a time and/or space-varying
physical phenomenon or quantity, which is
intended to convey information.

► Examples: variation of air pressure with time

(sound), variation of light intensity with spatial
coordinates (still picture), variation of light
intensity with spatial coordinates and time
(moving picture), etc.
 Signals and its Classification
► Signals
can be represented graphically or
mathematically as a function of an
independent variable, e.g.,
u t 

1, t  0 1.0
u t   
0, t  0 t
0
Mathematical Representation Graphical Representation
 Signals and its Classification
► Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
 A continuous-time signal is a real or complex
function of time x(t) with continuous
independent variable t.

 A discrete-time signal is a function where the

independent variable is discrete. A discrete-time
signal x(nT) can be obtained by sampling a
continuous-time signal x(t) where T is the
sampling interval and n is an integer.
Signals and its Classification
 Signals and its Classification
► Analog and Digital Signals
 An analog signal is a signal whose amplitudes take
any value in a continuous range of values  a, b 
where a   and b   .

 A digital signal has amplitudes that take values from

a finite number of distinct values. An analog signal
can be converted to a digital signal using an
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) involving
sampling, quantizing and encoding processes.
 Signals and its Classification
► Deterministic and Random Signals
 A deterministic signal is a signal whose values can
be completely known at any given time. Such
signals can be described using mathematical
functions. Examples: sinusoids, etc.

 A random signal can only be described using

statistical and probabilistic approaches since its
values cannot be known with certainty before the
signal is actually generated. Examples: message-
bearing signals, unwanted channel noise in a
communication system, etc.
 Signals and its Classification
► Periodic and Non-periodic signals
 If there exists a constant T0 such that

x(t)=x(t+nT0)
for all t where n is an integer, then x(t) is
called a periodic signal and the constant is the
period.
 A signal is called non-periodic or aperiodic if for
it is not periodic.
 Signals and its Classification
► Power and Energy Signals
 Average normalized power Px of signal x  t  is defined as

1 T2
Px  lim  T x  t  dt
2

T  T  2

 Total normalized energy E x of a signal x  t  is defined as


x  t  dt
2
Ex  

 Signals and its Classification
► If Px is finite, then a real signal x  t  is a power signal
i.e.
1 T2 2
0  Px  lim  T x  t dt  
T  T  2

is finite, then a real signal x  t  is an energy

► If E x
signal i.e.

0  Ex   x 2  t dt  

 Signals and its Classification
► Real and Complex Signals
 A signal x(t) is a real signal if it assumes real
valued amplitudes for all t.

 A signal x(t) is complex signal if it assumes

complex-valued amplitudes for all t, i.e.,
x t   x r t   jx i t 
x r t  and x i t  are real signals
j  1
 Elementary Signals
► Unit Impulse Function (Dirac Delta Function)
 The unit impulse function is defined as (sifting or
sampling property)

   t dt  1

 t 

 x  t   t  t  dt  x  t  (sifting property)
 0 0

 , t  0
 t   
0, t  0 0
t
 Elementary Signals
► Unit step function
 The unit step function u t  is defined as
u (t )
1, t  0
u t   
0, t  0 1.0
t
 Note that 0

t d
u t       d  and  t   u t 
 dt
 Elementary Signals
► Rectangular Function
 A rectangular function (pulse) is defined as
t
 T  
1, t  T 
 t   2
  T    T 1.0
0, t 
 2
t
T 0 T
 Note that 2 2
t   T   T 
    u t    u t  
T   2  2
 Elementary Signals
► Triangular Function
 A triangular function is defined as t
 
 t T 
 t  1  , t T 1.0
    T
T  
0, t T
T T
t
0
 Elementary Signals
► Complex Exponential Signal
 An exponential signal x(t) is defined as
x t   e j 0t
 cos 0t   j sin 0t 
0 is angular frequency in radians/sec.
 It is periodic with period T 0 where
2
T0 
0
 Elementary Signals
► Sinusoidal Signal
 An exponential signal x(t) is defined as
x t   A cos 0t   


 Re Ae 0t  

0 is angular frequency
in radians/sec.
A is the amplitude
 is the phase angle in radians
 Elementary Signals
► Unit Ramp signal
 A unit ramp signal x t  is defined as

t 0 u 1 (t )
0
u 1 t   
t t 0
t
 It is noted that
t d
u1 t    u   d  u  t   u 1 t 
 dt
 Elementary Signals
► Unit Signum signal
 A unit signum signal, denoted as sgn t  is
defined as sgn(t )

+1 t 0 1.0
sgn t   
-1 t 0 t
1.0
 Signal Characteristics
► Signalsare characterized in numerous ways
including
 dc (direct current) value
 Average Power
 Normalized average power
 Root mean square (RMS) value
 Etc.
 Signal Characteristics
► DCvalue of a signal x(t) is defined as the
average value, which is derived from the
expectation operator defined as
1 T /2
.  Tlim 
 T T / 2
.dt

► The dc value of a signal is therefore given as

1 T /2
x dc  x t   lim  x t dt
x  T T / 2
 Signal Characteristics
► For a periodic signal x(t), the DC value is defined as

1 T 0 / 2 a
x dc  x t    x t dt
T 0 T 0 / 2a
a is an albitrary real constant
T 0 is the signal period
 Signal Characteristics
► Signal power P is an important characteristic of a
signal to telecommunications engineers as it
indicates the strength of the received signal relative
to noise.

► Instantaneous power i(t)

is defined as v(t) Load

p  t   v t  i  t 
 Signal Characteristics
► The average power for given voltage v(t) and current i(t)
is given as

1 T /2
P  p  lim  v t  i t dt
x  T T / 2

► Using Ohm’s Law, instantaneous power p for a resistive

load with resistance R is given by

v 2
t 
p i 2
t  R 
R
 Signal Characteristics
► Assumingthat R=1 ohm, normalized instantaneous
power P becomes

p i  t   v t   x  t 
2 2 2

where x t  is an albitrary signal

► Average normalized power of a signal x(t) P is
therefore given by

1 T /2
P x 2
t   lim
x  T 
T / 2
x 2
t dt
 Signal Characteristics
► Root Mean Square (RMS) value of a signal x(t)
is the square root of its average normalized power,
i.e.,

x rms  x 2
t 
1 T /2
 lim  x 2 t dt
x  T T / 2
 Useful Signal Operations
► Time shifting-I: A signal x(t) is said to be delayed
by T seconds if a new formed signs y(t) is related to
x(t) by

y t   x  t  T 
x (t ) y t 

A A

 t t
0 0 T  T
 Useful Signal Operations
► Time shifting-II: A signal x(t) is said to be
advanced by T seconds if a new formed signs y(t) is
related to x(t) by

y t   x  t  T 
x (t ) y t 

A A

 t t
0 T 0  T
 Useful Signal Operations
► Time scaling-I: A signal x(t) is said to be
compressed by factor of a if a new formed signs y(t)
is related to x(t) by

y t   x  at  , a  1.0
x (t ) y t 

A A

 t   t
0 T 0 a
 Useful Signal Operations
► Time scaling-II: A signal x(t) is said to be
expanded by factor of a if a new formed signs y(t) is
related to x(t) by

t 
x (t ) y t   x   , a  1.0 y t 
a 

A A

 t a t
0 0 
 Useful Signal Operations
► Time inversion (time reversal): A signal x(t) is
said to be inverted in time if time scaling factor is
a=-1 such that a new signal y(t) is related to x(t) by

x (t ) y t   x  t  y (t )

A A

t  0 t
0  T T
 Reading Assignment
► A.V. Oppenheim and A.S. Willsky, “Signals and
Systems”, Prentice-Hall International, Inc., Chapter
1, pp. 1-38.
► L.W. Couch II, “Digital and Analog Communication
Systems”, Prentice-Hall International, Inc., Chapter
2, pp. 33-40.
► B.P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems”, Oxford University Press,
Chapter 2, pp. 14-44.