TN 207

DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

LECTURE #7
Fourier Transform - II
 Lecture #7 Layout

► Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals

► Properties of Fourier Transform
 Fourier Transform of
Periodic Signals
► Let the Fourier transform of signal x  t  be of the
form below:
X  j   2   0 

► The signal x  t  is obtained from its Fourier

transform X  j  by inverse Fourier transform, i.e.,

1
x t    X  j e
jt
d
2 


  0
jt j t
     e d   e 0


 Fourier Transform of
Periodic Signals
► In general, if the Fourier transform of signal x  t 
be of the form

X  j    2 c    n 
n 
n 0

► The signal x  t  obtained from the above Fourier

transform X  j  by inverse Fourier transform is of
the form: 
1
x t    X  j e d
jt

2 
  
  n 
c 
n 
  n 0e jt
d   n
c e
n 
jn0t


 Fourier Transform of
Periodic Signals
► Recall: The Fourier series of a periodic signal
x t  
x t   ce
n 
n
jk0t

► Conclusion: The Fourier transform X  j  of a

periodic signal x  t  therefore is given by


X  j    2 c    n 
n 
n 0
 Fourier Transform of
Periodic Signals
► Example: Determine the Fourier transform of a
rectangular periodic signal x  t  below:

x t 

t
T  T1
T
2
T1 T
2 T
 Fourier Transform of
Periodic Signals
► The Fourier series of a periodic signal x  t 

sin  n0T1  jk0t
x t    e
n  n

► The Fourier transform X  j  becomes


sin  n0T1 
X  j    2    n0 
n  n
2
0 
T
 Fourier Transform of
Periodic Signals
Fourier transform of periodic signal x(t) for T  4T1 .

d
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Linearity Property
F
If x  t   X  j 
F
y  t   Y  j 
then
F
ax  t   by  t   aX  j   bY  j 
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Time Shifting Property
F
If x  t   X  j 
F
then y  t   x  t  t0   Y  j   X  j  e  jt0

Proof : Y  j    x  t  t0  e  jt dt


Let   t  t0  t    t0

Y  j   e  jt0  x   e  j dt e  jt0 X  j 

 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Effects of time shift on the Fourier transform of a
signal:

Y  j   X  j  e  jt0
 X  j 
arg Y  j    arg  X  j  e  jt0 
  x     t0

► Time shift in a signal introduces a linear phase in

its Fourier transform.
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
F
If x  t   X  j 
F
then x*  t   X *   j 
1 
Proof: x  t  =  X  j  e d
jt

2 
1  *
x t  =

 X  j  e  jt
d
2 
1  *
Let    , then x  t  =

 X   j  e d
jt

2 
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Alternative proof:

Proof: X  j  =  x  t  e  jt dt


X *
     dt
j = x 
t

e jt

1 
Let    , then X   j  = 
 x*  t  e  jt dt
2 

If x  t   x*  t  (i.e., x  t  is real)
1 
X   j  =

 x  t  e  jt dt  X  j 
2 
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► For real signal x  t 

Magnitude spectrum X  j  is an even function of .

Phase response  x   is an odd function of  .
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Differentiation Property
F
If x  t   X  j 
dx  t  F
then y  t    j X  j 
dt
dx  t  d  1  
Proof: =   X  j  e d 
jt

dt dt  2  
1 
=  j X  j  e d
jt

2 
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Effects of differentiation on the Fourier transform
of a signal:
Y  j   j X  j    X  j 
arg Y  j    arg  j X  j  

  x   
2
► Differentiation
of a signal enhances high frequency
components and shifts the frequency by 2 rad.
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Integration Property
F
If x  t   X  j 
t F 1
then y  t    x  d  X  j    X  0    

j

The impulse term is due to a dc value that might

result from integration.
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Time and frequency scaling property
F
If x  t   X  j 
F 1  j 
then y  t   x  at   X 
a  a 

Proof: F  x  at  =  x  at  e jt dt




Let   at
1   j  a 
 a  x   e d , a  0
F  x  at  = 
1   j  a 

 x   e d , a  0
 a 
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Frequency Shift Property
F
If x  t   X  j 
F
then y  t   e j0t
x  t   X    0 

 

Proof: F e j0t
x  t  =  x  t  e j0t e  jt dt


= x t  e
 j  0 t
dt


 X  j   0  
► Multiplication
by complex exponential function
with frequency 0 results in shifting the spectrum
by same frequency.
 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Parseval’s Relation
F
If x  t   X  j 
 

 x t   X  j 
2 2
then dt  d
 
 
x  t  dt  x  t  x*  t dt
2
Proof: 




  1  * 
=  x  t    X  j e d dt  jt

 2  
1  *  
d
   
2   
 X j x t e  jt
dt

 Properties of Fourier
Transform
► Parseval’sRelation:
 The energy of a signal x(t) can be determined
by computing the energy per unit time x  t 
2

and integrating over all time.

 Similarly, the energy of a signal x(t) can be

determined by computing the energy per unit
frequency X   and integrating over all
2

frequencies.

Hence X   is the energy-density spectrum.

2

 Reading Assignment
► A.V. Oppenheim and A.S. Willsky, “Signals and
Systems”, Prentice-Hall International, Inc., Chapter
4, pp. 284-300.