Second Quarter

Lesson 2.1 Normal Distribution and It’s Properties

Learning Objectives:

1) illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics (M11/12SP-IIIc1);

2) identify regions under the normal curve that correspond to different standard normal values (M11/12SP-IIc-
3); and
3) solve practice problems that involve normal distribution.

❖ Properties of the Normal Distribution

- The following are the properties that can be observed from the graph of a normal distribution, also
J88known as Gaussian distribution.
1) The graph is a continuous curve and has a domain -∞ < X < ∞.
• This means that X may increase or decrease without bound.
2) The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis. The value of the variable gets closer and closer but will never be
equal to 0.
• As the x gets larger and larger in the positive direction, the tail of the curve approaches but will
never touch the horizontal axis. The same thing when the x gets larger and larger in the negative
direction.
3) The highest point on the curve occurs at x = µ (mean).
• The mean (µ) indicates the highest peak of the curve and is found at the center.
• Take note that the mean is denoted by this symbol µ and the standard deviation is denoted by
this symbol 𝜎.
• The median and mode of the distribution are also found at the center of the graph. This
indicates that in a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode are equal.
4) The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
• This means that the curve will have balanced proportions when
cut in halves and the area under the curve to the right of mean
(50%) is equal to the area under the curve to the left of the mean
(50%).
5) The total area in the normal distribution under the curve is equal to 1.
• Since the mean divides the curve into halves, 50% of the area is to the right and 50% to its left
having a total of 100% or 1.
6) In general, the graph of a normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve with two inflection points, one on
the left and another on the right. Inflection points are the points that mark the change in the curve’s
concavity.
• Inflection point is the point at which a change in the
direction of curve at mean minus standard deviation
and mean plus standard deviation.
• Note that each inflection point of the normal curve is
one standard deviation away from the mean.
7) Every normal curve corresponds to the “empirical rule” (also called the 68 - 95 - 99.7% rule):
• about 68.3% of the area under the curve falls within 1
standard deviation of the mean.
 • about 95.4% of the area under the curve falls within 2
standard deviations of the mean.

• about 99.7% of the area under the curve falls within 3

standard deviations of the mean.

❖ Illustrative Examples
1) Suppose the mean is 60 and the standard deviation is 5, sketch a normal curve for the distribution.
Answer:

2) A continuous random variable X is normally distributed with a mean of 45 and standard deviations of 6.
Illustrate a normal curve and find the probability of the following:
a) 𝑃 (39 < 𝑋 < 51 ) = ? b) 𝑃 (𝑋 > 45 ) = ?

c) P (33 < X < 63) =? d) P (X < 39) =?

❖ Let Us Practice
Instructions: Read, analyze and answer the given involving normal curve.

1) A continuous random variable X is normally distributed with a mean of 56.3 and standard deviation of
7.2. Illustrate a normal curve and find the probability of the following:

a) Construct a normal curve

b) P (34.7 < X < 63.5 ) =?
c) P (X < 41.9) =?
d) 𝑃 (𝑋 > 77.9) = ?
e) P (49.1 < X < 70.7) =?

Solutions:
Lesson 2.2 Areas under the Normal Curve

Learning Objectives

1. identify regions under the normal curve;

2. find the area of z under the normal curve; and
3. discuss the importance of determining our property.

Steps in finding the area under the normal curve given a z – value.
1) Express the given z – value into a three-digit number.
2) Using the z – table, find the first 2 digits on the first column.
3) Find the third digit on the first row on the right.
4) Read the area for probability at the intersection of the row (first 2-digit number) and column (third digit
number). The value observed at the intersection indicates the area of the given z-value.

Illustration

1) Find the area that corresponds to z = 2.

Steps Solution
a. Express the given z – value to a 3-
digit number z = 2 becomes z = 2.00
b. In the table, find the first two-digit
number on the first column. (2.0)
c. Find the third digit on the first row
(.00)
d. Read the probability at the
intersection of row 2.0 and The area at the intersection is 0.4772
column .00
2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.45.
Steps Solution
a. Express the given z – value to a 3-
digit number z = 1.45
(it is already expressed to a 3-digit
number, so just copy the given)
b. In the table, find the first two-digit
number on the first column. (1.4)
c. Find the third digit on the first row
(.05)
d. Read the probability at the
intersection of row 2.0 and The area at the intersection is 0.4265
column .00
3. Find the area that corresponds to z = 0.63
Steps Solution
a. Express the given z – value to a 3-
digit number z = 0.63
(it is already expressed to a 3-digit
number, so just copy the given)
b. In the table, find the first two-digit
number on the first column. (0.6)
c. Find the third digit on the first row
(.03)
d. Read the probability at the
intersection of row 2.0 and The area at the intersection is 0.2357
column .00

LET US PRACTICE
Instructions: Find the area of the region under the curve that corresponds between the given z-values. Then
for each item below, SKETCH the standard normal curve and SHADE IN the area you are being asked to
find.

a) z = 1.32
b) z = 2.08
c) z = 1.70
d) z = 2.56
e) z = 0.97
Lesson 2.3 Shaded AREA under the normal curve

Learning Objectives

1. identify regions under the normal curve;

2. find the shaded region under the normal curve given specific conditions; and
3. discuss the importance of determining our property.

Probability notations are commonly used to express a lengthy idea into symbols concerning the normal
curve.
The following are the most common probability notations used in studying concepts on the normal curve.
𝑷 (𝒂 < 𝒛 < 𝒃) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z – value is between a and
b.
𝑷 (𝒛 > 𝒂) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z – value is above a.
𝑷 (𝒛 < 𝒂) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z – value is below a where a and
b are z – score values.
𝑷 (𝒛 = 𝒂) = 𝟎 this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z – value is equal to a is 0.
This notation indicates that a z – value is equal to exactly one point on the curve. With that single point, a
line can be drawn signifying the probability can be below or above it. That is why, for a z – value to exactly
equal to a value its probability is equal to 0.

Illustration
3.
 LET US PRACTICE
Instructions: Solve for the proportion of the area of the following probability notations. Then, sketch the
normal curve shading the required region of each given notation.

1. 𝑃(−2 < 𝑧 3)
2. 𝑃(𝑧 < −2)
3. 𝑃(𝑧 > −1.5)
4. 𝑃(𝑧 = −1)

Lesson 2.4 Understanding the Z – scores

Learning Objectives

1. identify regions under the normal curve,

2. convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa

For any population, the mean and the standard deviation are fixed. This gives the way to understand that for
every raw score X, there corresponds an exactly one z-score value, and vice versa. Therefore, if we wish to
find the percentage associated with X, we must find its matched z – value using the z formula.
The z formula is given by:
𝑥−𝑢
𝑧= ( z- score for population data)
𝜎
𝑥−
𝑧= (z- score for sample data)
𝑠
Where
X = the raw score
µ = population means
𝑥̅ = sample means
𝜎 = population standard deviation
𝑠 = sample standard deviation

The area of the region under the normal curve represents the probability or percentage or proportion of a
given measurement value. It is computed by subtracting measurement X to the sample 𝑥̅ or population
mean, then dividing the result by the standard deviation. The resulting value gives the z-score. The z-score
 indicates the distance between a given measurement X and the mean expressed in standard deviations. It
is located either within a sample or within a population. But for now, a readily available z-Table is made to
obtain the corresponding area given a z-score.

Steps in finding the z-score given the mean (µ) , standard deviation ( σ ) and the measurement (X)

1. Use the formula for finding the z-score

2. Check the given values: mean (µ) , standard deviation (σ) and the measurement (X)
3. Substitute the values given in the formula
4. Compute for the z-value

Illustration
Solve the following problem.
1) In Mrs. Shirley’s science class, a student gained a score of 46. What is the z-value of his score if test result
has population mean 45 with standard deviation of 2?

2) Leslie got a score of 68 in an examination she participated in. What is the corresponding z-value of her
score if the result has mean = 75 and standard deviation= 5.
3) Mrs. Bastillada conducted a test survey about determining the current level of students’ learning on
Geometry. After checking the test questionnaires, she was amazed that a student attained 50 correct
answers. What is the corresponding z-value of the student’s score if the sample mean of the test results
was 45 and standard deviation is 6?

LET US PRACTICE
Instructions: Answer the problem below.

1) The mean grade of Adrian in the final examination in Mathematics was 85 and the standard deviation
was 7. In Science, his mean grade was 89 and the standard deviation was 13. He scored 90 in
Mathematics and 94 in science. In which subject was his standing higher?
Lesson 2.5 Percentiles Under the Normal Curve

Learning Objectives

1. define percentile;
2. compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table; and
3. share the importance of making inference based on probabilities.

A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given percentage of
observations in a group of observations fall. It is a measure of relative standing as it measures the
relationship of a measurement with respect to the rest of the data.
For instance, you were told by your teacher that your Mathematics grade for the quarter is 92 and your
grade is 88th percentile. This means 88% of your classmates scored lower than 92 and 21% scored more
than 92 in the subject. This explains that 88th percentile is located at a point such that 88% of the total
population lies below that point and 12% lies above.
At this point, we are given with the area or the proportion of the area of the region under the normal curve.
We wish to identify the corresponding z-value of the given area. With this, we need the z-Table to find the z-
value required corresponding to the given area and if not found, we take the nearest value. The number that
corresponds to the first column and first row of the intersection attained from the locating the given area is
the required z-value.

Illustration

1) Find the 86th percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P86 means locating an area before or below the point. We want to know what the z-
value is at this point.
2. Find the 95th percentile of the normal curve.
By definition, the P95 means locating an area before or below the point. We want to know what the z-
value is at this point.
3. Find the 32nd percentile of the normal curve.
By definition, the P32 means locating an area before or below the point. We want to know what the z-value
is at this point.

LET US PRACTICE
Instructions: Solve for the percentile of the following numbers. Then sketch its graph.

1) 30th
2) 52nd
3) 15th