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PCM

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) encodes quantized samples of a signal into digital words, but is considered inefficient due to high bit generation and bandwidth requirements. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) improves efficiency by transmitting the difference between samples, reducing bit rates and bandwidth while increasing system complexity. Delta Modulation (DM) simplifies implementation by oversampling and using a one-bit encoding, trading increased bandwidth for reduced complexity.

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3 views

PCM

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) encodes quantized samples of a signal into digital words, but is considered inefficient due to high bit generation and bandwidth requirements. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) improves efficiency by transmitting the difference between samples, reducing bit rates and bandwidth while increasing system complexity. Delta Modulation (DM) simplifies implementation by oversampling and using a one-bit encoding, trading increased bandwidth for reduced complexity.

Uploaded by

Arunmozhli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pulse Coded Modulation

Jyotsna Bapat
Baseband Communication

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Pulse Code Modulation
• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the name given to the class of
baseband signals obtained from the quantized Pulse Amplitude
Modulated (PAM) signal by encoding each quantized sample into a
digital word.
• The source information is sampled and quantized to one of the L
levels; and each quantized sample is digitally encoded into an l bit
codeword (L = 2l).

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Example
• Consider an analog input signal to PCM whose bandwidth is limited to 4 kHz and varies in
amplitude from -3.8 V to +3.8 V, with an average power of 30mW. The required signal-to-noise
quantization error ratio is given to be 20dB. Assuming uniform quantization, determine the
number of bits required per sample.

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Example
• Signal power, P= 30mW

• required signal-to-noise quantization error ratio, (SNR)Q= P /σ2 = 20 dB= 100

• σ2 = 0.3mW =Δ2/12

• Δ=0.06 = (3.8+3.8)/2R

• R=7 bits.

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“PCM is not an efficient system because it generates too many bits and requires so much
bandwidth to transmit”
Taylor Series Expansion

• Prediction of the (k + 1 )th sample from the two previous samples


Linear Prediction

• This is the equation of an Nth order predictor.


• Larger N would result in better prediction.
Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
• DPCM exploits the fact that most signals seen in practice are highly
correlated, especially if they are oversampled.
• Instead of transmitting the actual signal value, the difference
between current sample and its predicted value is quantized and
transmitted.
• Since the difference is expected to be lower in amplitude compared
to actual signal values, the number of bits required to quantize can be
reduced (reduced bandwidth)

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Simplified DPCM
• Simple DPCM transmitter and receiver diagrams as shown below:

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Quantization Noise
• Quantization error is not limited to one sample (as in PCM).
• Quantization error may accumulate, resulting in considerable noise.

• Consider a sequence x[k] being transmitted using DPCM. Assume the quantizer used to quantize
d[k] is an 8–level quantizer with quantization intervals [–4,–3), [–3,–2), [–2,–1), … , [3,4) and the
output quantization levels are the center points in each interval (–3.5, –2.5, –1.5, … , 3.5).

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Example

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Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM)
Performance of DPCM is typically improved by using a prediction filter,
which predicts the value of the sample based on previous samples.
Summary: DPCM
• DPCM exploits the use of lossy data compression to remove the
redundancy inherent in a message signal, such as voice or
video

• It reduces the bit rate of the transmitted data (and, therefore,


transmission bandwidth) without serious degradation in overall
system response.

• However, this advantages come at the cost of increased system


complexity
Delta Modulation (DM)
• Delta modulation (DM), addresses another practical limitation of PCM, the need for
simplicity of implementation

• DM satisfies this requirement by intentionally “oversampling” the message signal


(typically 4 times Nyquist rate)  increases correlation between adjacent samples.

• It results smaller prediction error that can be encoded using 1 bit (L=2).

• DM is basically 1-bit DPCM

• In effect, increased transmission bandwidth is traded off for reduced system complexity.
DM Transmitter
• In DM, we use a first-order predictor, which, is just a time delay of 𝑇𝑠

Proceeding iteratively, and assuming zero initial condition


(b) Delta modulator receiver

(a) Delta modulator transmitter


E
How to control slope-overload distortion?
• The slope overload noise can be reduced by increasing E (the step size)
• This unfortunately increases the granular noise.
• There is an optimum value of E, which yields the best compromise giving the
minimum overall noise.
• This optimum value of E depends on the sampling frequency fs and the nature of
the signal.
• No slope-overload distortion will occur if the staircase approximation follows a
steep segment of the message signal m(t).
Slope Overload
• Slope overload occurs when quantized signal cannot follow m(t). During sampling
interval Ts, mq^(t) is capable of changing by E (height of the step. Overload will not
occur if,
• 𝑚(𝑡)ሶ < 𝐸𝑓𝑠
• Consider a case of tone modulation, the condition for no overload is
• 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
ሶ
• 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝜔𝐴 < 𝐸𝑓𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸𝑓𝑠
• 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜔

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Example
• A sine wave signal with a frequency of 1 kHz is to be coded using a linear DM with a sampling rate
of 24 kHz. Find the step size required to encode the signal amplitudes of 100mV to ensure that
there is no slope overloading.

• Speech signal is bandlimited to 3 kHz and sampled at the rate of 8 kHz. To achieve the same
quality of distortion PCM requires 8 bits/sample and DPCM requires 4 bits/sample. Determine
the bit rates required to transmit the PCM and DPCM encoded signals

• A DM system is designed to operate at 3 times the Nyquist rate for a signal. The quantizing step
size is 250mV. determine the maximum amplitude of a 1kHz input sinusoid for which the DM does
not exhibit slope overloading.

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