Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2024, pp. 3770~3778

ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i5.4675  3770

Performance evaluation of software defined networking into

vanets system

Younus Hasan Taher1, Israa Alsaadi2, Mohammed Ayad Saad1,3, Adnan Hussein Ali4, Mohammed
Essa5, Ahmed Hashim Rashid1
1
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
2
Department of Computer Science, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
3
Department of Medical Instrumentations Technique Engineering, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq
4
Middle Technical University, Institute of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
5
Department of Medical Instrumentations Technique Engineering, Jannat Iraq College, Ramadi, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an important topic nowadays. A lot
of research deal and attracts consideration owing to potential for increasing
Received Aug 30, 2022 traffic and travel efficiency, improving road safety for vehicles, providing
Revised Apr 4, 2024 convenience and comfort to both drivers and passengers. The need for a
Accepted May 17, 2024 packet delivery ratio (PDR) and low delivery delay time in communication
are the key elements in modern life especially when traveling in vehicles. To
satisfy these demands; researchs in VANET systems aims to develop some
Keywords: new technologies. One of these technologies is using software-defined-
network (SDN) to enhance communication between vehicles on the road.
Ad hoc on demand distance Because of this, project evaluates using SDN protocol with two most viable
vector VANET protocols which are ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) and
Delivery delay time optimized link state routing (OLSR) in LTE communication. Two
Packet delivery ratio performance metrics are used to evaluate the performances, the PDR and the
Software defined network delivery delay time. The simulation is performed in the varying density
Vehicular ad hoc network network and varying speed vehicles. The simulation results show that SDN
displays better performance than AODV and OLSR in both PDR and
delivery delay time. SDN uses global views of SDN controller to determine
the shortest route with the highest vehicle density. Additionally, it solves the
local maximum issue and adds dense connectivity.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mohammed Ayad Saad
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Bangi, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, research on vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is crucial. Vehicle communication
researchers are interested in a variety of forms of study on this subject since it has the potential to increase
vehicle road safety [1], [2] enhance traffic and travel efficiency, and provide convenience and comfort for
passengers and drivers intelligent transport services (ITS) is an example of an intelligent transportation
system [3]. ITS is the parent of several areas of transportation communication due to the expected growth in
mobile devices and mobile traffic, these areas are the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure
(V2I) communications VANETs can be used to provide a wide range of services [4], both safety-related and
unrelated uses. Examples include services for managing traffic for vehicles, surveillance, and cloud-based
mobile vehicular services [5], [6].

Journal homepage: http://beei.org

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  3771

As previously said, VANETs are significant because to their realism and capacity to accommodate
new services and protocols. Due to its significance, the VANETs system has several difficulties while
creating its applications, such as imbalanced flow traffic among multiple-path topology [7], and ineffective
network use additionally, open, and adaptable automotive designs are essential for improving the
transportation system, as well as for improving the environment's productivity [8], [9]. The control of users,
apps, and network resources. The primary subject to address some of these issues is software-defined
networking (SDN), therefore researchers take it into account [10], [11]. Using OpenFlow, the most popular
SDN protocol, SDN provides a potent method with a methodical means to regulate the network [12], [13].
Figure 1 depicts several VANETs use cases where SDN may be utilised as a flexible controller to meet the
needs of these cases [14], [15].

Figure 1. Software-defined VANET routing framework

In this paper, applying SDN into VANETs is the main core of this thesis with a study of suitable
architecture, operations, and focus on the benefits of SDN in intelligent transportation [16], [17]. The
emerging of SDN into VANETs is suitable in this study because of its highly adaptive, flexible,
programmable, and scalable environments under study. This paper is organized as follows. Section 1
introduces the VANET along with recent studies [18], [19]. Section 2 related work, section 3 presents the
proposed method. Section 4 presents the simulation parameters. Section 5 discusses the simulation results.
Concluding remarks are described in section 6.

2. RELATED WORKS
Simulate the performance of a prediction control scheme called Offloading based on SDN for the
offloading of the V2I as a type of VANETs system. The simulation results show that the performance of the
system proposed for the cellular networks load and traffic is reduced, and the networking quality increased
using IEEE 802.11p network of the roadside unit (RSU). It evaluates the performance of the VANETs system
using 5G and SDN to evaluate the performance tradeoff between network, mobility, performance, and
security features. The results show that the integration between these types of networks can make the system
more secure with very high reliable operation. By simulating the efficient service channel allocation method
to reduce interferences between services supplied on neighbouring channels [20], the performance of the
channel allocation scheme in the SDN-VANETs system was assessed in Radha. By illustrating how VANET
may be simulated on SDN with the availability of WiFi network to assess latency, throughput, and packet
loss between cars, all the necessary performance metrics for the VANETs system are simulated [21].
Improves heterogeneous network (HetNet) management over IEEE 802.11p to minimise signalling overhead
and improve the overall communication quality of the HetNet under the control of SDN by simulating the
performance of SDN into VANETs system with addition to 5G integration [22]. By evaluating the
effectiveness of using SDN in high-performance vehicular networks using the concept of SDVN, which was
described as SDN-based vehicular network architecture [23], and evaluating the effectiveness of SDN into
VANETs system using road architecture with an interactive environment, the mitigation of the overhead of
the SDN-VANETs system is also presented. Results indicate that performance advantages are higher when
compared to conventional VANET systems [24]. To find out how the design of the VANET network can

Performance evaluation of software defined networking into vanets system (Younus Hasan Taher)
3772  ISSN: 2302-9285

effectively support the performance of SDN networking, a variety of propagation and scenario types for
traffic and changing environments are simulated. There are now many different types of services and
applications planned for the automotive setting. The SDN network exhibits improved performance metrics in
the same environment when compared to the current methods used in VANETs systems, and it leverages
SDN architecture in VANETs to control the geographic position of RSUs [25]. This provides a much better
performance statistic for choosing an appropriate placement for RSUs. This article uses 802.11p to calculate
the packet delivery ratio (PDR) based on movement velocity and the number of nodes to assess the efficacy
of integrated SDN-VANETs in data forwarding in a multipath environment.

3. METHOD
The usage of SDN in VANETs is the main topic of this study. The SDN-VANET application's
architecture, operations, and advantages are specifically simulated in this project. As previously indicated, this
combination works well in contexts for highly adaptable, flexible, programmable, and scalable VANETs. The
case being studied is how to route the VANET system effectively utilising SDN for data forwarding in
multipath situations concerning performance parameters like throughput, end-to-end latency, and PDR. The
overall methodology of the system consists of applying SDN to the VANET system by using the components as
follows: i) SDN controller, this is the main component that should illustrate in the scenario proposed to control
the network routing between vehicles of the entire system; ii) SDN wireless node, it is considered the vehicle
under study in which they have performed various activities after receiving the command message from the
SDN controller; and iii) SDN RSU, this is the element that is used for IEEE 802.11p protocol which is used in
this study. RSUs are deployed in a suitable location along with road segments. The simulation starts by applying
the SDN protocol to the general VANET system which consists of 40 to 200 IEEE 802.11p nodes along the
area, and the vehicles travel the simulation area at low speed varies from 5 m/s to 30 m/s which this proposed
scenario performed in a low-speed high-density area like a crossroad.
The flow chart of the simulation is as shown in Figure 2. The simulation starts with initializing and
building the network topology using Quale. Along with the simulation, the performance metrics were simulated
for the changing in moving velocity and for changing the number of nodes. The performance metrics results for
SDN routing will be compared with other traditional ad hoc routing protocols as mentioned.

START

Develop the simulation

scenario using QualNet

Average speed system density

Varying
type

Initialize parameters
Initialize parameters
required (varying
required (#of nodes)
speed)

Initialize IEEE
802.11p
configuration

Applying SDN for

routing message

Applying traditional routing protocols

(AODV, OLSR)

Graph the performance metrics “PDR,

throughput, end-to-end delay” with respect
to vehicles density and vehicle’s speed

Compare the results obtained from traditional ad

hoc protocols with SDN results

END

Figure 2. The flowchart of the method

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Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  3773

4. SIMULATION SCENARIOS AND PARAMETERS

Figure 3 demonstrates the interaction between the parts of our software-defined VANET. The
simulation parameters for the suggested scenario are shown in Table 1. The simulation of SDN-VANETs
performance for the performance metrics listed above under the variation of vehicle speed and numbers of
RSU in the simulation area for the low-speed high-density area with comparison to the results with some
traditional Ad hoc routing protocols are simulated in this performance evaluation study. To create the road
network, the simulation is run over a QualNet as previously explained. To meet the needs of short-range
communication, this road network is a grid-type system with an area of 1,000×1,000 m 2. Each road section is
200 m long. Along the whole simulation region, there are anything from 40 to 200 nodes. Each SDN wireless
node includes short-range IEEE 802.11p wireless ports.

Figure 3. The proposed scenario for SDN-VANET communications

Table 1. Simulation parameters and values

Parameter Value
Simulation area 1000×1000 m2
Road section 200 m
Node number 40–200 nodes
The place for SDN controller The simulation area's core has been equipped with LTE connectivity
Wireless interfaces short-range: 802.11 with the Friis propagation loss model
Packet rate 4 packets/s
Size of the package 1024 byte
Time between messages 500 ms
Moving velocity 5–30 m/s

The transmission range is constrained by the Friis propagation loss model as a result of the shift in
the vehicles' sluggish motion. The 1024-byte packet size is generated at a rate of 4 packets per second. The
period between beacon messages is 500 ms. Vehicles are travelling at speeds ranging from 5 to 30 m/s for
short-range communication. In Table 1, the simulation parameters are shown.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section outlines and discusses the main finding of the work, the simulation results obtained
from the simulation of the project with the simulation parameters mentioned. The results show the
performance evaluation of the PDR, delivery delay time (end-to-end delay), and throughput under changing
the speed of vehicles in the road and the change of node density as mentioned in Table 1. for different types
of routing protocols compared to the proposed SDN routing protocol.

5.1. Packet delivery ratio results

As shown in Table 1, the PDR findings are based on the simulation of a grid-style network with
segments of road of 200 metres each, a simulated region with a node density ranging from 40 to 200, and an
LTE connection with a constant speed of 20 metres per second. The simulation area's centre is where the
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3774  ISSN: 2302-9285

SDN controller LTE access is situated, within wireless range of every SDN wireless node. The simulation is
also run with 120 constant nodes moving at a constant speed between 5 and 30 m/s. To assess the viability of
an SDN in VANET networks, Figure 4 compares the SDN routing protocol to various conventional routing
protocols, such as optimized link state routing (OLSR) and ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV).
Figure 4 shows that the PDR decreases as moving velocity increases. Vehicles move at fast speeds,
which causes network topology to change quickly, increasing the packet loss ratio. Due to the drawbacks of
AODV's flooding mechanism and OLSR's greedy forwarding method, it exhibits relatively poor PDR when
utilising AODV and OLSR. The flooding approach used by AODV consumes a significant amount of system
capacity, leaving less bandwidth available for data transmission and lowering the delivery ratio. Additionally,
the OLSR's greedy technique switches to perimeter mode when the local optimum is trapped, increasing
transmission latency. Results from the SDN routing protocol demonstrate that it provides the best PDR
compared to all other protocols utilised in this simulation. While the OLSR and AODV only provide 75%
and 74% of packets at the same.
These findings demonstrate that the SDN routing protocol works better than the other established
routing methods. As a result, the SDN system reacts to topology change significantly more quickly.
Specifically, as soon as the SDN wireless nodes update the SDN controller with neighbour information, the
SDN controller instantly recognises that the topology has changed and sends out the appropriate control
messages. The SDN controller's accumulated knowledge is the cause of everything. Figure 5 shows the result
of the PDR when changing the number of nodes in the road from 40 to 200. The simulation result shows that
changing the routing protocol will lead to changes in PDR. When using the SDN protocol, the PDR reaches
90% delivering at 200 nodes on the road while the OLSR reaches 80% at the same number of nodes and 70%
for the AODV. According to these findings, the network density significantly affects the PDR. Since a sparse
network cannot provide the necessary connection, PDR rises in crowded network circumstances. The SDN
offers a comprehensive picture of traffic data to help routing strategies choose the quickest route with the
highest vehicle density.

node speed vs. PDR PDR vs. node density

1 1
AODV
OLSR 0.9
0.9
SDN
0.8
0.8
0.7
Packet delivery ratio (%)

Packet delivery ratio (%)

0.7
0.6
AODV
0.6 0.5 OLSR
SDN
0.4
0.5

0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1

0.2 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
node speed (m\s) node density

Figure 4. PDR concerning node speed Figure 5. PDR with respect to changing number of
nodes

5.2. Delivery delay time results

To compare the use of SDN as a routing protocol in this simulation study, this section studies the
use of different routing protocols against the use of SDN concerning delivery delay time under changing the
node density in the simulation area from 50 to 200 and under changing the speed from 5 to 30 m/s. All
simulation parameters are as listed in Table 1. With a packet generation rate of 4 packets/s and packet size of
1,024 byte. The period between beacon messages is 500 ms. At intervals of one second, SDN wireless nodes
will update neighbour data for the SDN controller.
Because the rise in movement velocity causes frequent topology changes in the network, Figure 6
illustrates how the delivery delay time increases as moving speed increases. Instability in the connections
connecting the cars causes an apparent increase in packet retransmission. The SDN protocol has a delivery
delay time of 0.6 seconds, as illustrated in Figure 6, as opposed to 1.6 seconds for the OLSR and 2.4 seconds
for the AODV. The notion that the improvement of SDN's PDR is reflected in the shorter SDN delivery time
can be drawn from this finding. Figure 7 illustrates how the delivery delay time lowers as the road density

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2024: 3770-3778
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  3775

grows. This is because a high vehicle density may provide adequate connection, making the links between
nodes more robust, which will shorten retransmission times and transmission delay. SDN has a substantially
reduced delivery delay time than AODV and OLSR because it uses the SDN controller's global perspective
to solve the local maximum issue and supply dense connection. In terms of PDR and delivery delay time, the
SDN performs better than AODV and OLSR overall. SDN uses the global view of the SDN controller to
determine the shortest route with the highest vehicle density. The local maximum issue is also resolved, and a
dense connection is introduced.

Figure 6. Delivery delay time with respect to node Figure 7. Delivery delay time concerning changing the
speed number of nodes

5.3. Throughput results

To continue to compare the response of the SDN-VANET with other traditional ad hoc routing
protocols, the throughput of the system as a very useful and important performance metric is simulated in this
section with the same parameters used in the previous simulations mentioned in Table 1. Figure 8 shows the
result of the AODV and OLSR routing protocols concerning node speed compared with the SDN routing
proposed. The results also show that SDN routing gives better throughput than other protocols. It reaches
115 kbps at 10 m/s while the OLSR reaches 108 kbps at the same speed. The OLSR protocol still has the
middle performance between the two others. From Figure 8, the throughput of the system decreases as the
speed increase. This is because that the delivery ratio also decreases for the increasing speed as mentioned in
Figure 4. Figure 9 shows the opposite response of the throughput and it is also acceptable to that obtained
from Figure 6 because the delivery ratio increase with the increase in node density so the throughput of the
system increase with the increasing number of nodes.

Figure 8. Relationship between throughput and node Figure 9. Throughput with respect to changing
speed number of nodes

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6. CONCLUSION
The purpose of this paper is to provide a thorough overview and a practical simulation for the use of
SDN as a routing protocol in VANET networks in order to assess the impact of using SDN routing in
comparison to other traditional routing protocols used in MANETs/VaNETs. To do this, we simulate the
PDR and delivery delay time for each routing protocol while varying the node density in the simulation area
and the node speed at 1,000×1,000 m2, with each road segment being 200 m. The outcomes of the simulation
demonstrate that altering the routing protocol would affect PDR. When employing the SDN protocol, the
PDR achieves 90% delivery at 200 nodes in the road, compared to 80% for the OLSR and 70% for the
AODV for the same number of nodes. Additionally, the SDN protocol has a delivery delay time of
0.6 seconds as opposed to 1.6 seconds for OLSR and 2.4 seconds for AODV. This finding supports the idea
that SDN's improved PDR results from its shorter delivery time. The SDN controller's accumulated
knowledge is, in general, the cause of all of this.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Younus Hasan Taher was born in Iraq 1994. He achieved his B.S. degree in
Computer and Communication (2011-2015) from Al Mansour University-Baghdad- Iraq then
He has got his master’s degree in Engineer Telecommunication and Computer from University
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). And now he is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in UKM in
communication and computer engineering. He current research interests in artificial
intelligent, information technology, q-learning, and intelligent transportation system. He can
be contacted at email: [email protected].

Israa Alsaadi received her B.Sc. degree in Computer Science from the University
of Technology (2002-2006) in Baghdad. She obtained her M.Sc. Degree in Computer Science
and Information Technology from the University of Bedfordshire in the United Kingdom
(2012-2014). Currently, she is working at the University of Baghdad, College of Science for
Women, Department of Computer Science. She is a regular reviewer of the International
Journal of Computing and Digital System (IJCDS). Her research interests focus on the
computer vision, pattern recognition, neural networks, machine learning, data analysis, and
identities’ verification. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Mohammed Ayad Saad received his B.S. degree in Computer and

Communication (2011-2015) in Iraq. He earned his master’s degree in Engineer
Telecommunication and Computer from University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). He is
currently pursuing his Ph.D. at University Kebangsaan Malaysia. He is a lecturer of the
University Al-Kitab at Technical Engineering College of the Medical Instruments Technical
Engineering and also the coordinator .He was also appointed as Director of Training and
Development at Al-Kitab University. His research area includes information technology and
wireless communication, VANET, WSN, power electronic circuit systems, wireless
networking, IoT smart healthcare, mobile sink, data gathering e cognitive radio networks,
sensor networks, and network security. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected], [email protected].

Adnan Hussein Ali is Professor at the Middle Technical University, Baghdad,

Iraq, where he has been a faculty member since 2007. Graduated with a B.Sc. degree in
Electronic Engineering from University of Technology- Baghdad, Iraq, in 1987, and an M.Sc.
in Electronic and communication technology from University of Technology Baghdad in
1999, and Ph.D. from Laser and Opto-electronics Department University of Technology
Baghdad in 2007. His research interests in the area of optical communication, cloud
computing, RoF, WSN, and PV. Iam an author/co-author of over 60 research publications. He
can be contacted at email: [email protected] and [email protected].

Performance evaluation of software defined networking into vanets system (Younus Hasan Taher)
3778  ISSN: 2302-9285

Mohammed Essa whose photo is affixed above Received his B.Sc. degree in
Computer Engineering Technology (2017-2018) Form Al-Maaref University. He obtained his
M.Sc. degree in Electric and Computer Engineering from the University of Altinbas
University (2019-2020). Currently, he is working at the Janat Al-Iraq College, Department of
Medical Instrumentation Engineering Tech. He research interests focus on the computer
vision, pattern recognition, neural networks, machine learning, data analysis and identities’
verification. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Ahmed Hashim Rashid was born in Iraq 1994. He has complete graduation B.S.
degree in Computer and Communication from Al Mansour University-Baghdad-Iraq in (2011-
2015). Graduated master’s degree in Engineering Telecommunication and Computer From
University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Currently he doing Ph.D. in UKM in
Communication and Computer Engineering. His research area blockchain, smart healthcare,
cybersecurity, wireless communication, information technology. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2024: 3770-3778