PHYS-E0483

Advances in New Energy

Technologies
(5 cr)

Spring 2018 (III-IV)

Peter Lund
Sami Jouttijärvi
Sannamari Pilpola
 Course Outline
• Mission: To understand the role of new energy technologies
in future energy systems and how these can be integrated in
large-scale into existing energy systems.

• Assessment: 1) Passing of course in spring 2018:

prereading task accepted + 10 out of 12 home exercises
accepted + project work accepted (the course grade will be
the same as the project work grade); or 2) by exam in April
2018 (home exercises give extra points, max 6 points); or 3)
later by exam only; Grades 0-5 apply. Project work topics will
be issued soon, 2-3 persons per group.

• Exercises: Friday 2:15-4 pm, K215 (Mechanical Engineering

1, Otakaari 4). First exercise 12 Jan 2018
• Lectures: Wed 2:15-4 pm (K215). First lecture 10 Jan 2018
PHYS-E0483 # 1 Peter Lund
2018
 Course content
• Overview of the main principles of energy and power
systems (energy chains, end-use, supply-demand balance,
grids, response)
• Characteristics of RE power (resource variability; spatial
and temporal variation; sizing and principles)
• Energy flexibility options: Demand side management
(DSM), Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Electricity-to-Thermal (E2T),
Power-to-Gas (P2G), Smart Grid (SG) strategies, other
balancing technologies
• Energy storage technologies (physical principles,
characteristics, models, applications)
• 80-100% renewable energy systems (cases, computer
modeling, planning of remaining power system)

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2018
 Course topics and material
1. New technologies and systems for energy
2. Spatial and temporal variations in energy
3. Principles of power systems and integration
4. Energy chain analysis
5. Basic flexibility strategies
6. Advanced flexibility strategies
7. Demand side management
8. Energy storage technologies I
9. Energy storage technologies II
10. Spatiotemporal variations and multi-carrier energy networks
11. Energy systems with a high VRE share in the power system
12. Smart Power systems (guest lecture from industry)
Further reading:
• Jacob Klimstra, Power supply challenges – Solutions for Integrating
Renewables. Wärstilä, 2014, 190 pages. The book can be downloaded:
https://www.smartpowergeneration.com/content-center/books/power-
supply-challenges-(english) Review Articles (e.g. Wiley WIRE which will be
enclosed)
• Lecture notes or slides PHYS-E0483 # 1 Peter Lund
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 Lecture #1
New technologies and
systems for energy

PHYS-E0483_ Peter Lund 2015

 Contents Lecture # 1

• Energy drivers
• New energy technologies and their characteristics
• New energy technologies in the energy system

TOOL: Order of merit on electricity market

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 Nomenclature in energy
• CSP= concentrating solar plant (solar thermal)
• DSM= Demand side management
• EE= energy efficiency
• P2X= power-to-X-conversion (X=….)
• PV= photovoltaics (solar cells)
• RE= renewable energy
• RES= renewable energy sources
• V2G= vehicle-to-grid
• VRE= variable renewable electricity

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New energy in broader
perspective

PHYS-E0483_ Peter Lund 2015

Drivers in energy

1. Climate change
2. Technology
3. Globalization

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Global Climate Change

Paris Climate Agreement

COP21 Dec 2015

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 Implications from
Paris Climate Agreement
COP21 Paris December 2015

• Paris Climate Accord à CO2

sources = sinks >2050
à Negative CO2 emissions?

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Source : IPCC
 BAU energy evolution:
Fossil fuels dominate far into the future
Business-as-usual:
C/H:
0.5 1) Fossil fuels now
>80% of all energy

1 2) Hydrocarbons now
>90% of all energy
4
3) Oil 1/3
2
4) 200+ yrs of reserves
PHYS-E0483 # 1 Peter Lund 2018
 Energy revolution
• Fossil fuels 2016 >80%; year 2100 22%
http://www.shell.com/global/future-energy/
scenarios/new-lens-scenarios.html

IEA transition scenario

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 Forthcoming energy transition
• RES & PV constitute major part of future power investment
• RES & EE constitute most of the measures for the Paris Accord

IEA WEO 2017 IEA 2015

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Examples of new energy
progress

MIT Technology
Management 2017
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Variable renewable generation

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Digitalization in energy

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Digitalization helps to link
consumers & prosumers

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Blockchain

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Digitalization in energy

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Digitalization helps to integrate
new energy (e.g. smart grid)

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 Cities
&
energy
&
climate

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Globalization in clean energy

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Company examples in clean
energy

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Reflections on energy
systems: big changes ahead
Traditional power system
• Hierarchiesà Communities
• Big units à Units similar to load
• Single units àSmall integr. systems
• Commodityà Service (prosumers,
enabling grids, adaptive generation, new
market logic)
Future energy system
• No communication à Production &
consumption communicate (stability)
• Subsidies à Cost-parity
• High marginal cost à Nil cost
• Tangible assets à Intangible
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New energy technologies
and their characteristics

PHYS-E0483_ Peter Lund 2015

What is the energy used for?

Source: PWC, 2013

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Energy conversion process/output
Primary energy Energy Final
or Fuel Conversion energy

Fossil fuels Electricity

Energy
Renewables Heat/Cool
technologies
Nuclear Transport fuel
Rule: 50H/30E/20T
Final Energy or Power Output from the
Energy Conversion device:

P= η×F; η = efficiency, F= ’fuel’

η(X), X= technical parameters PHYS-E0483 # 1 Peter Lund
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General characteristics of old and
new energy technologies (1)
• Traditional energy conversion:
• Physical principle based on relasing the chemical energy of the (fossil)
fuel and employing thermodynamic cycles to turn heat into mechanical
energy
• ΔHà heatà mechanical energyà electricity
• Efficiency bound by the 1 and 2 law of thermodynamics
• Steam turbines, gas turbines, boilers, etc.

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General characteristics of old and
new energy technologies (2)
• Advanced energy conversion:
• Sophisticated physio-chemical processes to convert natural (free)
energy streams into useful energy
• Technologies often without moving parts, modular, and NO FUEL
• Efficiency bound by the physical or chemical processes
• Examples: Solar cells, fuel cells, wind power, thermoelectrics, etc.

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Examples of traditional
energy production

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 Helsinki (Finland, 60 deg N)

• District heating 92%, CHP 98%, Fossil

Fuels dominate
• Energy networks: Power, Gas, Heat, and
Cold

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Picture: Helsinki Energy Annual Report 2010 2018
Examples of new energy technologies
1 wind turbine = 3-25 GWh/a
electricity (ca1000-10000 households)

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Photovoltaics in cities

J. Mikkola, J. Salpakari, J. Ypyä, P. Lund PHYS-E0483 # 1 Peter Lund 2018

 Solar cities

Scientific American, 2010

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 Wind Power
• Wind’s kinetic energy = ½ mv2; power density= ½ ρ v3
• Wind power plant(WPP) output P(v)=g(v)*v, v= wind speed, g=power curve
• One WPP 1-8 MW, WPP farm up to 1 GW, on- or off-shore
• >500,000 MW globally in use, ca 1,000 MW in Finland

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 Solar Power
• Solar radiation power 0-1 kW/m2, photovoltaic effect (PV) convert light into
electricity.
• Solar power plant’s output P=η× Isol , η= PV system efficiency (15-20%); Isol
= solar radiation on PV panel
– Equivalent circuit to PV: Photocurrent = I(U)= IL – ID = IL-I0 exp(eU/kT-1);
power P = U × I; U=voltage, I=current
• One PV system 0.1 kWp- 100 MWp
• >300,000 MWp in use, ca 20 MWp in Finland

ID U
IL

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 Fuel cell
• Electrochemical conversion of fuel’s chemical energy into electricity
– H2+1/2 O2 à H2O + electricity (1.22 V)
– Max ηI = ΔG(T)/ΔH; ΔG=Gibbs free energy, ΔH=enthalpy of fuel
– Theoretical ΔG/ΔH ≈ 90-95% (T=25 C); real η=40-50%
– ΔG= n F E0,´n= number of electrons in the reaction, F=Faraday
constant, E0=cell potential (=voltage)
• Losses in charge transfer àE=real voltage(I>0)< E0, Power=E×I;I =current
• Different types of fuel cells PEMFC, SOFC; Unit size 1mW…100 kW…1 MW
• Not yet fully commericial

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 Thermoelectric cell
• Temperature gradient develops a voltage between a cold and hot plate
• Thermoelectric converter consists of alternate n- and p-type TE elements
connected electrically in series; Bi2Te3, PbTe
• Seebeck coefficient S= ΔV/ΔT; Figure-of-Merit Z=S2/ρκ ; ρ=resistivity
κ=thermal conductivity
• Typical efficiency at present 5-10%
• Unit size 1mW…1 a few kW
• Not yet fully commericial

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New energy technologies in
the energy system
 Effects of variable renewable
electricity (RE) on load profiles

No RE

Much RE

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 New (Electricity) Market Dynamics
§ Present: Renewables↑; Avg. elec. price↓, Volatility ↑
§ Smart Infra: Renewables↑; Avg. elec. price→; Volatility ↓

German electricity market (EEX)

Traditional Solar Wind

Source: Fraunhofer
Institute, Germany
Effects of ’fuel-less’ power on the electricity
market
Marginal cost principle: start
with cheapest, end with most
expensive power production
forms

Wind power is in left Marginal cost = change in the

corner and push the
whole curve to the right
total cost when adding one unit

Variable cost = fuel cost +

O&M+ etc. ≈ Marginal cost

Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal

Lähde: H. Holttinen, VTT, luentokalvot = almost 0 marginal cost

Calculator for Merit Order of

Power Plants
http://www.energy101.com/
calculators/
PHYS-E0483 # 1 Peter Lund 2018
 VRE on the electricity market
45 hydro nuclear coal gas • Value of VRE= zero-
Supply+VRE marginal cost option
40
Supply
Price/cost (€/MWh)

35
• Price = decreases average
30 Dem
and electricity price
25
decrease

20 • Redistribution= consumer
Price

15 prices ê, utility revenues ê

10
• Other effects = earning
5 +ΔVRE
logic, willingess to invest
0
0 5000 10000
Power (MW) 15000

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Peter Lund 2018
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 U.S. Renewable Electricity Futures
Study (RE Futures)

• Renewable electricity is
more than adequate to
supply 80% of U.S.
electricity in 2050;

• Increased electric system

flexibility is needed
(supply- and demand-
side options);

• Multiple combinations of
renewable technologies
possible.

Source: NREL: Exploration of High-Penetration Renewable Electricity Futures, 2012

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 Integration of new energy
technologies into an energy system

International Energy Agency (2014), Energy Technology

Perspectives 2014, OECD/IEA, Paris
PHYS-E0483_#2
Peter Lund 2018
 Solutions for improved energy
system flexibility&integration
1. RE in urban context
2. Grid infrastructures
3. Smart Grids 4
1 2
4. Electricity markets
5. Co-generation (CHP)
6. Electricity-to-Thermal 3
7. Electricity-to-Gas
8. RE+Gas integration
9. Demand flexibility 5
10. Energy storage
6
10

7
8
9
PHYS-E0483_#2 Peter Lund 2018