PART 1: MECHANICS

I. Physics and Measurement

- Quick quiz 1.1: The aluminum cam is larger because aluminum is less dense than iron.
- Quick quiz 1.2: True. Dimensional analysis proportionality in an algebraic expression, thus
providing insight into their numerical values.
- Quick quiz 1.3: To convent miles to kilometers
=> 1 mile = 1.60934 km so 100 mile = 160.934 km. Therefore, the number of km between the two
cities is larger than 100 miles.
18. To an order of magnitude, how many piano tuners reside in New York City? The physicist
Enrico Fermi was famous for asking questions like this one on oral Ph.D. qualifying examinations
Solution:
According to wikipedia, the population of NYC until 2022 is 8.336 million people and the
percentage of peole who can play piano according to Gitnux website is 7%. Thus, we can assume
that there are about 7 people in 100 owns a piano. Assume that in 1 year a single piano tuner can
service about 1000 pianos, and each piano is tuned once per year.
7 𝑝𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 1 𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠
 The number of tuners: ( )( ) (8.336 ∗ 106 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒) ≈ 584 𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠
100 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 1000 𝑝𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠
II. Motion in One Dimension
- Quick quiz 2.1: a) The distance the car moved
- Quick quiz 2.2: c) Reversing direction. Because Average speed = total distance / time
Average velocity = displacement / time
Reversing direction makes displacement smaller than total distance. Since speed uses total distance,
it will always be greater than or equal to the magnitude (absolute value) of velocity considering
direction changes.
- Quick quiz 2.3: b) Because, speeding tickets are based on your speed at a moment in time, which
is your instantaneous speed. So, highway patrol cares more about your instantaneous speed.
- Quick quiz 2.4: Since the car goes back and forth (Figure 2.1a), the graph will have alternating
positive and negative segments.
Even without exact values, we know the car travels far in a short time (A to B or B to E). This
suggests high velocity, possibly exceeding the speed limit (30 km/h or 8.33 m/s).
Therefore:
The car likely exceeds the speed limit within 50 seconds (True).
- Quick quiz 2.5:
+ Eastward: This is the direction the car is currently traveling in.
+ Westward: This is the opposite direction to the car's motion.
+ Slowing down: This indicates a decrease in the car's eastward velocity.
According to Newton's first law of motion, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
In this case, the car is slowing down, which means its velocity (eastward) is decreasing. To cause
this decrease, a force needs to act in the opposite direction of the car's motion.
Therefore, the force causing the car to slow down must be acting in the westward direction.
- Quick quiz 2.6:
+ b) Slowing down means negative acceleration, regardless of direction. This is true.
+ a) is false because eastward motion can have eastward or westward acceleration (speeding up
vs slowing down).
+ c) is false because constant negative acceleration can stop a moving object.
- Quick quiz 2.7:
 + vx-t graph (a) matches with ax-t graph (e).
+ vx-t graph (b) matches with ax-t graph (d).
+ vx-t graph (c) matches with ax-t graph (f).
- Quick quiz 2.8:
i) Acceleration: (b) decreases as gravity pulls the ball back down.
ii) Speed: (c) increases then decreases due to gravity's influence.
36. A woman is reported to have fallen 144 ft from the 17th floor of a building, landing on a metal
ventilator box that she crushed to a depth of 18.0 in. She suffered only minor injuries. Ignoring air
resistance, calculate:
(a) The speed of the woman just before she collided with the ventilator
(b) Her average acceleration while in contact with the box.
(c) Modeling her acceleration as constant, calculate the time interval it took to crush the box
Solution:
(a) We know that the starting speed (𝑣0 ) is 0, height (𝑠) is 144ft and we take 𝑎 = 𝑔 = 9,8 𝑚/𝑠 2 =
32 𝑓𝑡 ∕ 𝑠 2
1 1
→ 𝑠 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0𝑡 + (32) 𝑡 2 = 144𝑓𝑡 => 𝑡 = 3𝑠
2 2
 Her velocity just before impact is: 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑔𝑡 = 0 + 32 (3) = 96 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
(b) While crushing the box, her 𝑣0 = 96 𝑓𝑡/𝑠, final velocity (𝑣) = 𝑂 𝑓𝑡 ∕ 𝑠 and 𝑠 = 18 ⅈ𝑛 =
1,5 𝑓𝑡. We know that:
𝑣 2 −𝑣02 0−962
𝑣 2 − 𝑣02 = 2𝑎𝑠 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2𝑠
= 2 (1.5) = −3072 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2
(c) Time to crush box:
𝑣−𝑣0 0−96 1
Knowing that: 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 => 𝑡 = = = = 0.03125𝑠
𝑎 −3072 32
III. Vectors
- Quick quiz 3.1: Vector quantities need both magnitude and direction. Such as: (b) acceleration, (c)
velocity.
Scalar quantities only need magnitude. Such as: (a) your age, (d) speed, (e) mass.
- Quick quiz 3.2:
Largest magnitude = A + B = 12 units + 8 units = 20 units
Smallest magnitude = |A - B| = |12 units - 8 units| = 4 units
- Quick quiz 3.3: For the sum of A and B (resultant) to be zero, they must cancel each other out.
This only happens when A and B have the same magnitude but are in opposite directions. So, the
answer is (b).
- Quick quiz 3.4: The correct answer is (b) never.
A component of a vector represents the projection of the vector onto a specific axis. It can never be
larger than the magnitude of the original vector itself.
- Quick quiz 3.5: If C represents a unit vector on the y-axis or a multiple of it, then the magnitude
can be equal to the y-component (-3j).
Therefore, the answer is (c) C = -3j.
38. Two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵⃗⃗ have precisely equal magnitudes. For the magnitude of 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗ to be larger
than the magnitude of 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗ by the factor 𝑛, what must be the angle between them?
Solution:
We know that |𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗| = 𝑛|𝐴⃗ − 𝐵⃗⃗|  √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 = 𝑛√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑
Besides, 𝐴⃗ = 𝐵
⃗⃗ => √2𝐴2 + 2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 = 𝑛√2𝐴2 − 2𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑
 √2𝐴2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑) = 𝑛√2𝐴2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑)
𝜑 𝜑
 √2𝐴2 (2 cos 2 2 ) = 𝑛√2𝐴2 (2𝑠ⅈ𝑛2 2 )
 𝜑 𝜑
 2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 𝑛2𝐴 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 2
𝜑
cos 𝜑
 𝜑
2
= cot = 𝑛 => 𝜑 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑛
sin 2
2
IV. Motions in Two Dimensions
18. In Example 4.6, we found the centripetal acceleration of the Earth as it revolves around the Sun.
From information on the endpapers of this book, compute the centripetal acceleration of a point
on the surface of the Earth at the equator caused by the rotation of the Earth about its axis.
Solution:
We know that the radius of Earth at equator is 6,400km and The Earth revolves around itself 2𝜋 per
day (86,4000s)
𝛥𝜃 2𝜋
➔ The angular velocity of rotation is: 𝜔 = 𝛥𝑡
= 86,400 = 7.27 × 10−5 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
➔ The centripetal acceleration is: 𝑎 = 𝑟𝜔2 = 6,400 × (7.27 × 10−5 )2 ≈ 3.38 × 10−5 𝑚/𝑠 2
V. The Laws of Motion
34. A block of mass 3.00 kg is pushed up against a wall by a
force 𝑃⃗⃗ that makes an angle of 𝜃 = 50.0∘ with the
horizontal as shown in Figure P5.34. The coefficient of
static friction between the block and the wall is 0.250.
(a) Determine the possible values for the magnitude of 𝑃⃗⃗ that
allow the block to remain stationary.
(b) Describe what happens if |𝑃⃗⃗| has a larger value and what
happens if it is smaller.
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b), assuming the force makes an
angle of 𝜃 = 13.0° with the horizontal.
Solution:
a) To find the maximum possible value of P, imagine
impending upward motion as case 1.
Setting ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 50.0° − 𝑛 = 0
with 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑛: 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 50.0° =
0.250 ∗ 0.643𝑃 = 0.161𝑃
Setting ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑃 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 50.0° − 0.161𝑃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 48,6𝑁
To find the minimum possible value of P, consider
impending downward motion. As in case 1
𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.161𝑃
Setting ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑃 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 50.0° − 0.161𝑃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0

b) If P > 48.6N, the block slides up the wall. If P <

31.7N, the block slides down the wall.
c) Consider impending upward motion as case
Setting∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 13° − 𝑛 = 0
with 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑛: 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 13° =
0.250 ∗ 0.974𝑃 = 0.244𝑃
Setting ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑃 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 13° − 0.244𝑃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −1580𝑁
 The push cannot really be negative. However large or small it is, it cannot produce upward motion.
To find the minimum possible value of P, consider impending downward motion.
As in case 1,
𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.244𝑃
°
Setting ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑃 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 13 − 0.244𝑃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 62.7𝑁
If P >= 62.7N, the block slides up the wall. If P < 62.7N, the block slides down the wall.
VI. Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws
12. One end of a cord is fixed and a small 0.500-kg object is attached
to the other end, where it swings in a section of a vertical circle of
radius 2.00 m as shown in Figure P6.12. When 𝜃 = 20.0°, the speed
of the object is 8.00 m/s. At this instant, find (a) the tension in the
string, (b) the tangential and radial components of acceleration, and
(c) the total acceleration. (d) Is your answer changed if the object is
swinging down toward its lowest point instead of swinging up? (e)
Explain your answer to part (d)
Solution
a) Consider radial forces on the object, taking inward as positive
𝑚𝑣 2
𝛴𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟 : 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 =
𝑟
2
⇒𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 0.500 ∗ 9.80 ∗ cos2.00
20.0°
= 20.6𝑁

b) We already found the radial component of acceleration

𝑣2 8.00
𝑎𝑟 = = = 32𝑚 ∕ 𝑠 2 inward.
𝑟 2.00
Consider the tangential forces on the object:
∑𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡 : 𝑚𝑔 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡
Solving for the tangential component of acceleration gives
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝑎 = 9.80 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 20.0° = 3.35 𝑚/𝑠 2
downward tangent to the circle.
c) The magnitude of the acceleration is

𝑎 = √𝑎𝑟2 + 𝑎𝑡2 = 32.0 ∗ 3.35 = 32.2𝑚 ∕ 𝑠 2

at an angle of
3.35
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (32.0) = 5.98°
Thus, the acceleration is 32.2𝑚/𝑠 2 inward and below the cord at 5.98°
(d) No change.
(e) If the object is swinging down it is gaining speed, and if the object is swinging up it is losing
speed, but the forces are the same; therefore, its acceleration is regardless of the direction of
swing
VII. Energy of a System
17. When different loads hang on a spring, the spring stretches to different lengths as shown in
the following table. (a) Make a graph of the applied force versus the extension of the spring. (b)
By least-squares fitting, determine the straight line that best fits the data. (c) To omplete part (b),
do you want to use all the data points, or should you ignore some of them? Explain. (d) From the
 slope of the best-fit line, find the spring constant k. (e) If the spring is extended to 105 mm, what
force does it exert on the suspended object?

Solution:
a)
200

150
F (N)

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
L (mm)

b) By least-squares fitting, its slope is approximately 0.117 N/mm = 117N/m

c) To draw the straight line we use all the points listed and also the origin. If the coils of the
spring touched each other, a bend or non-linearity could show up at the bottom end of the graph.
If the spring were stretched too far, a nonlinearity could show up at the top end. But there is no
visible evidence for a bend in the graph near either end.
d) In the equation 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥, the spring constant 𝑘 is the slope of the graph
=> k = 117N/m
e) 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 = 116 ∗ 0.105 = 12.3𝑁
VIII. Conservation of Energy
27. Consider the block–spring–surface system in part (B) of
Example 8.6. (a) Using an energy approach, find the position x of
the block at which its speed is a maximum. (b) In the What If?
section of this example, we explored the effects of an increased
friction force of 10.0 N. At what position of the block does its
maximum speed occur in this situation?
Solution
a) −𝑘𝑥 − 𝑓𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎 = 0
=> 𝑘𝑥 = −𝑓𝑘 = 1000 ∗ 𝑥 = −4
=> 𝑥 = −4𝑚𝑚
b) 𝐹𝑘 = 10𝑁 => 1000 ∗ 𝑥 = 10 => 𝑥 = 10𝑚𝑚
IX. Linear of Momentum and Collisions
5. Two blocks of masses m and 3m are placed on a
frictionless, horizontal surface. A light spring is attached to
the more massive block, and the blocks are pushed together
with the spring between them (Fig. P9.5). A cord initially
holding the blocks together is burned; after
that happens, the block of mass 3m moves to the right with
a speed of 2.00 m/s.
(a) What is the velocity of the block of mass m?
 (b) Find the system’s original elastic potential energy, taking m = 0.350 kg.
(c) Is the original energy in the spring or in the cord?
(d) Explain your answer to part (c).
(e) Is the momentum of the system conserved in the bursting-apart process?
Solution
a) Using Momentum Conservation,
Initial Momentum (𝑝𝑖 ) = Final Momentum (𝑝𝑓 )
0 = − 𝑚 ∗ 𝑣 + 3𝑚 ∗ 2.0 𝑚/𝑠
 𝑣 = 6.0 𝑚/𝑠
b) m = 0.35 Kg
Using Energy Conservation,
Initial Potential Energy = Final Kinetic Energy
1 1
𝑃𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + ∗ 3 ∗ 2.02
2 2
1 1
𝑃𝐸𝑖𝑛 = ∗ 0.35 ∗ 6.02 + ∗ 3 ∗ 0.35 ∗ 2.02 𝐽
2 2
𝑃𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 8.4 𝐽
c) The original energy is in the spring
d) A force had to be exerted over a distance to compress the spring, transferring energy into it by
work. The cord exerts force, but over no distance
e) Momentum of a system is constant if there are no external forces acting on the system. So the
momentum for the system remains conserved in the bursting process.
X. Rotation of a Rigid object About a Fixed Axis
14. Find the net torque on the wheel in Figure P10.14 about
the axle through O, taking a=10.0 cm and b=25.0 cm
Solution
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3
= −10𝑏 − 9𝑏 + 12𝑎
= (−10 ∗ 25) − (9 ∗ 25) + (12 ∗ 10)
= −355𝑁𝑚
XI. Angular Momentum
̂ to prove Equations 11.7.
4. Use the definition of the vector product and the definitions of the unit 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒌
You may assume the x axis points to the right, the y axis up, and the z axis horizontally toward you (not away from
you). This choice is said to make the coordinate system a right-handed system
Solution

We got that 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒌̂ are unit vectors, which means their value is 1
𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂|𝑘̂||𝑖̂| 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝜃 = 1 ∗ 1 ∗ sin 90° = 1 = 𝑗̂
−𝑖̂ × 𝑘̂ = −|𝑖̂| × |𝑘̂| 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝜃 = −1 ∗ 1 ∗ sin 270° = 1 = 𝑗̂
 𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = −𝑖̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑗̂
XV. Oscillatory Motion
 10. To test the resiliency of its bumper during low-speed collisions, a 1 000-kg automobile is
driven into a brick wall. The car’s bumper behaves like a spring with a force constant 5.00 3 106
N/m and compresses 3.16 cm as the car is brought to rest. What was the speed of the car before
impact, assuming no mechanical energy is transformed or transferred away during impact with
the wall?
Solution
Choose the car with its shock-absorbing bumper as the system by conservation of energy:
1 1
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2
𝑘 5.00∗106
 𝑣 = 𝑥√ = 3.16 ∗ 10−2 √ = 2.23 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 103
XVI. Wave Motion
21. Show that the wave function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑏(𝑥−𝑣𝑡) is a solution to Equation 16.27, where b is a
constant.
Solution
𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑2𝑦
First, we have equation 6.27: =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑣 2 𝑑2𝑡 2
And 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑏(𝑥−𝑣𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
 = 𝑏𝑣𝑒 𝑏(𝑥−𝑣𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑦
2
= 𝑏 2 𝑣𝑒 𝑏(𝑥−𝑣𝑡) 𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 => = 2 2 2
𝑑2𝑦 2 𝑏(𝑥−𝑣𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑣 𝑑 𝑡
{ 𝑑2𝑡 2 = (𝑏𝑣) 𝑣𝑒
XVII. Superposition and Standing Waves
16. A sphere of mass M is supported by a string that passes over a
pulley at the end of a horizontal rod of length L (Fig. P17.15). The
string makes an angle 𝜃 with the rod. The fundamental frequency of
standing waves in the portion of the string above the rod is f. Find the
mass of the portion of the string above the rod.
Solution
Length of string over the rod:
𝐿
𝑑=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Tension in string: 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔
1 𝑇
Fundamental frequency: 𝑓 = √ => 𝜇 = 4𝑓 2 𝑇𝑑2
2𝑑 𝜇

Mass string above the rod: 𝑚 = 𝜇𝑑 = 4𝑓 2 𝑇𝑑3

XVIII. Temperature
39. A copper rod and a steel rod are different in length by 5.00 cm at 0°𝐶. The rods are warmed
and cooled together. (a) Is it possible that the length difference remains constant at all
temperatures? Explain. (b) If so, describe the lengths at 0°𝐶 as precisely as you can. Can you tell
which rod is longer? Can you tell the lengths of the rods?
Solution
a) We look at the difference of the lengths at a different temperature than the initial one to see if it
is possible.
𝐿𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐶𝑢 = (1 + 𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑇) − 𝐿0,𝐶𝑢 (1 + 𝑎𝐶𝑢 𝑇)
 𝐿𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐶𝑢 = 5 𝑐𝑚 + 𝑇((𝐿0,𝑠𝑡 𝑎)𝑠𝑡 − (𝐿0 𝑎)𝐶𝑢 )
The difference can stay constant if the contribution in the parentheses is equal to zero. Therefore
for the ratio of the lengths at the initial temperature we need to have:
𝐿0,𝑐𝑢 𝑎𝑠𝑡 11
= =
𝐿0,𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑢 17
b) The lengths of the rods at the beginning can be determined by solving the two equations for
them:
𝐿0,𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿0,𝑐𝑢 = 5𝑐𝑚
𝐿0,𝑠𝑡 = 14.17𝑐𝑚
{ 11 => {
𝐿0,𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿0,𝑐𝑢 = 5𝑐𝑚 𝐿0,𝑐𝑢 = 9.17𝑐𝑚
17
XIX. The First Law of thermodynamics
40. One mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder with a movable piston. The initial
pressure, volume, and temperature are 𝑃𝑖 , 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑖 , respectively. Find the work done on the gas
in the following processes. In operational terms, describe how to carry out each process and show
each process on a PV diagram. (a) an isobaric compression in which the final volume is one-half
the initial volume (b) an isothermal compression in which the final pressure is four times the
initial pressure (c) an isovolumetric process in which the final pressure is three times the initial
pressure
Solution
We are given one mole of an ideal gas contained in a cynlinder with known 𝑃𝑖 , 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑖
𝑉
a) Isobaric compression where 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑖⁄2. Work done is euqal to:
𝑉𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖
𝑊 = 𝑃𝑖 (𝑉𝑓̇ − 𝑉𝑖 ) = 𝑃𝑖 ( − 𝑉𝑖 ) = −
2 2
PV diagram is:

b) Isothermal compression compression where 𝑃𝑖 = 4𝑉𝑖 . Work is equal to:

𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 1
𝑊 = 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑃𝑓 4𝑃𝑓 4
𝑅𝑇
Intitial volume isequal to: 𝑉𝑖 =
𝑃𝑖
𝑅𝑇
Finla volume is equal to: 𝑉𝑓 =
4𝑃𝑖
 𝑉𝑖 = 4𝑉𝑓

PV diagram is:
 c) Isovolumetric process where 𝑃𝑓 = 3𝑃𝑖 . Work done is equal to: W = 0

PV diagram is:

XXI. Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of thermodynamics

26. What change in entropy occurs when a 27.9-g ice cube at 212°C is transformed into steam at
115°C?
Solution
The heat transferred to convert the ice cube to water at 0°C:
𝑞1 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝛥𝐻 = 27.9 ∗ 334 = 9298.6 𝐽
The heat transferred to convert the water at 0°C to steam at 100°C:
𝑞2 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝛥𝐻 = 27.9 ∗ 2260 = 62934 𝐽
⇒ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 = 9298.6 + 62934 = 72232.6 𝐽
115° 𝐶 = 388° 𝐾
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 72232.6
⇒ 𝛥𝑆 = = = 186.34 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇 338
Therefore, the change in entropy when a 27.9 g ice cube at 212°C is transformed into steam at
115°C is 186.34 J/K.