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Implicit Differentiation

The document provides a lesson on implicit differentiation, outlining its definition, steps to find the derivative, and examples demonstrating its application. It covers finding the first and second derivatives, as well as solving for tangent and normal lines using implicit differentiation. Additionally, it includes practice problems and references for further study.

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Jeanifer Actub
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24 views11 pages

Implicit Differentiation

The document provides a lesson on implicit differentiation, outlining its definition, steps to find the derivative, and examples demonstrating its application. It covers finding the first and second derivatives, as well as solving for tangent and normal lines using implicit differentiation. Additionally, it includes practice problems and references for further study.

Uploaded by

Jeanifer Actub
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 213: Math for Science Teacher 2

Lesson : The Derivative and Differentiation


8. Implicit Differentiation
Intended Learning Outcome:

❑Find the derivative using implicit differentiation

❑Obtain the second derivative of function using implicit


differentiation

❑Solve the equation of the tangent/normal line using


implicit differentiation
Implicit Differentiation
Definition:
Implicit differentiation is the procedure of differentiating an implicit
function/relation with respect to the desired variable x while treating the other
variables as unspecified functions of x.

Steps in solving Implicit Differentiation


𝑑𝑦
To find 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ′ for an equation containing x and y:
𝑑𝑥
1. Differentiate on both sides of the equation with respect to x , keeping in
mind that y is assumed to be a function of x.
𝑑𝑦
2. Place all terms with 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ′ on one side of the equal sign , and all terms
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
without 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ′ on the other side.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. Factor out 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ′ , and solve for 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ′ .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Example 1. Find if 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 10
𝑑𝑥
Solution: Differentiating implicitly with respect to x on both sides.
3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 10
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 10
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now differentiate each term. Think of 3xy as the product of 3x and y and use
the product rule and chain rule. Thus,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(3x) +3 𝑦 +4 2 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 + 3 𝑦 + 8𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 + 8𝑦 = −3𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 −𝟑𝒚
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚
Example 2. Find 𝑦 ′ for 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 2

Solution: Take the derivative on both sides.


𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑦 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = (𝑦 2 )𝑦 ′
1 1
𝑦′ 𝑥+ = (𝑦 2 )𝑦 ′
𝑥2𝑦2
1 1 −1 1 1
−
1
1+ 𝑥2 𝑦 2 𝑦′ + 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦𝑦 ′
2 2
1 1
𝑥2 ′
𝑦2 ′
1 1
1+ 1𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑦𝑦 2𝑦 2 𝑥 2
2𝑦 2 2𝑥 2
1 1 3 1
2𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 4𝑦 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′
′
3 1 1 1
4𝑦 𝑥 2 2 𝑦′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 2
3 1 1 1
𝑦′(4𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑥) = 2𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 2 2 2

𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚 𝟐 𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
𝒚′ = 𝟑 𝟏 or 𝒚′ =
𝟒 𝒚𝟑 𝒙−𝒙
(𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙)
𝑑𝑦
Example 3. Find for 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑑𝑥

Solution: Take the derivative on both sides.


𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥) ∙ (cos 𝑦) + cos 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥 +𝑦∙ cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 −0=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ∙ 1 + 𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (cos 𝑥) =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑥 − x sin 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(cos 𝑥 − x sin 𝑦) − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(cos 𝑥 − x sin 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚
=
𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
Example 4. a. Use implicit differentiation to find the slope of the tangent line
to the curve 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 9 at the point (1, 2).
Solution: 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 = 9
𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 2 = −3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
dy −3x2
=
dx 3y2
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝒅𝒚 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
At point (1,2) = − 𝟐 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟒
b. Find the equation of the tangent line .
1
Solution: 𝑦−2=− 𝑥−1
4
1 1
𝑦−2= − 𝑥+
4 4
Hence the eq’n is: 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎
2 2 𝑑2𝑦
Example 5. Given 4𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 36, find 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦′′ by implicit differentiation.
𝑑𝑥

Solutions: 2 4 𝑥 + 2 9 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
8𝑥 + 18𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
18𝑦𝑦 ′ = −8𝑥
−𝟒𝒙
𝒚′ =
𝟗𝒚

To find 𝑦 ′′ , compute the derivative of a quotient and keep in mind that y is a


function of x.
Substitute the value of 𝑦 ′ into the equation,
9𝑦 −4 −(−4𝑥)(9∙𝑦 ′ )
y ′′ =
81𝑦 2
−4𝑥
−36𝑦+36𝑥 9𝑦
𝑦 ′′ =
81𝑦 2
−36𝑦 2 −16𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ =
81𝑦 3
−𝟒 𝟗𝒚𝟐 +𝟒𝒙𝟐
𝒚′′ =
𝟖𝟏𝒚𝟑
Since any values of x and y satisfying the eq’n must also satisfy the original
equation, we can replace 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 by 36, and obtain

−4(36)
𝑦 ′′ =
81𝑦 3

−𝟏𝟔
′′
𝒚 =
𝟗𝒚𝟑
Let’s Try This!
𝑑𝑦
1. Find using implicit differentiation given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 7𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2. Find the equation of the normal line to the curve 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 2𝑥𝑦 at the
point (1,1)
References:
• Differential Calculus A Mathematical Creativity Development Approach
Worktext (Dennis Roble, Ph.D)
• Basic Calculus by (John Gabriel P. Pelias)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_niP0JaOgHY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-ybCx8gt-8

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