Module 2

Chapter 9.15 and 9.16

Operators in C
An operator is a symbol that specifies the mathematical, logical, or relational operation to be performed.
The different operators supported in ‘C’ are:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Equality Operators
 Logical Operators
 Unary Operators
 Conditional Operator
 Bitwise Operator
 Assignment Operators
 Comma Operator
 sizeof Operator

Arithmetic Operators: The different arithmetic operators are:

Operator Name Result Syntax Example (b=5, c=2)
+ Addition Sum b+c 7
- Subtraction Difference b-c 3
* Multiplication Product b*c 10
/ Division Quotient b/c 2
% Modulus Remainder b% c 1

Relational Operators: These are used to compare two quantities. The output will be either 0
(False) or 1(True). The different relational operators are:
Operator Name Syntax Example
(b=5, c=2)
< Lesser than b<c 0 (False)
> Greater than b>c 1 (True)
<= Lesser than or Equal to b <= c 0 (False)
>= Greater than or Equal to b >= c 1 (True)

Equality Operators:

== operator returns 1, if both the operands are same, otherwise returns 0.

!= operator returns 1,if both the operands are different, otherwise returns 0.

1
 Operator Name Syntax Example (b=5, c=2)
== Equal to b == c a = 0 (False)
!= Not equal to b!= c a = 1 (True)

Logical Operators: C language supports three logical operators- logical AND (&&), logical
OR (||), and logical NOT (!). These are used to test more than one condition and make
decision.
Logical AND (&&) The output is true only if both inputs are true. It accepts two or more
inputs.
Input Output
X Y X && Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Logical OR (||) The output is true only if any of its input is true. It accepts two or more
inputs.
Input Output
X Y X || Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Logical NOT (!) The output is true when input is false and vice versa. It accepts only
one input.
Input Output
X !X
0 1
1 0

2
Unary Operators: Unary operator acts on single operands. C language supports three
unary operators-unary minus, increment and decrement operators.
When an operand is preceded by a minus sign, the unary operator negates its value.
For example:
int a, b = 10;
a= -(b)
then result of the expression is a=-10

Increment (+ +): It adds one to the operand.

Pre-increment (prefix) Post-increment (postfix)
First value of the operand is First value of the operand is used
incremented for evaluationthen, it is
incremented (added) by 1.
(added) by 1 then, it is used for
evaluation.
Ex: ++a Ex: a++

Decrement (- -): It subtracts one from the operand.

Pre-decrement (prefix) Post- decrement (postfix)
First value of the operand is First value of the operand is used
decremented(subtracted) by 1 then, forevaluation then, it is
it is used for evaluation. decremented (subtracted) by 1.
Ex: - -a Ex: a- -

For example:
int x = 10, y;
y = x++;
is equivalent to writing
y=x;
x=x+1;

whereas,
y = ++x;
is equivalent to writing
x=x+1;
y=x;

Conditional Operators: It is also known as ternary operator. The syntax of conditional

operator:
exp1? exp2: exp3

3
exp1 is evaluated first. If it is true, then exp2 is evaluated and becomes the result of the
expression, otherwise exp3 is evaluated and becomes the result of the expression.
For example,
large = (a> b)? a: b
First exp1, that is (a > b) is evaluated. If a is greater than b, then large = a, else large = b.
Hence, large is equal to either a or b but not both

Bitwise Operators:
Bitwise operators are those operators that perform operations at bit level. These operators
include: bitwise AND, bitwise OR, bitwise XOR, and shift operators.
Bitwise AND (&), Bitwise OR (|), Bitwise XOR (^)
X Y X&Y X|Y X^Y
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0

Bitwise NOT (~)

X ~X
0 1
1 0

Shift Operators
C supports two bitwise shift operators. They are shift-left (<<) and shift right (>>). The syntax
for a shift operation can be given as:
operand op num
where the bits in operand are shifted left or right depending on the operator.
For example, if x = 0001 1101, then x << 1 produces 0011 1010
When operator is shift left, then MSB of x will be lost and LSB are set to 0.
For example, if x = 0001 1101, then x >>1 produces 0000 1110
When operator is shift right, then LSB of x will be lost and MSB are set to 0.

Assignment Operators:
These are used to assign the result or values to a variable. The different types of assignment
operators are:

4
 Simple Assignment a = 10
Shorthand Assignment a += 10 equal to a = a + 10
Multiple Assignment a = b = c = 10

Comma Operator: It can be used as operator in expression and as separator in

declaring variables.
For example:
int a=2, b=3, x=0;
x= (++a, b+=a) . The value of x=6 after the evaluation

Sizeof Operator: It is used to determine the size of variable or value in bytes. For ex:
int a = 10;
unsigned int result;
result = sizeof(a);

Example of C program to illustrate all the operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=18,b=2;
printf("%d %d %d %d %d\n",a+b,a-b,a*b,a/b,a%b); //arithmetic operators
printf("%d %d %d %d\n",a<b,a>b,a>=b,a<=b);//Relational operators
printf("%d %d\n",a==b,a!=b);//Equality operators
printf("%d %d %d\n",(a<b)&&(b<a),(a<b)||(b<a),!(a<b));//Logical operators
printf("%d %d\n",b++,++b);//Unary increment operator
printf("%d %d\n",a--,--a);//Unary Decrement operator
printf("%d\n",(a<b?a:b));//conditional opeartor
printf("%d %d %d %d %d %d\n",a&b,a|b,a^b,~a,a<<1,a>>1);//Bitwise operators
printf("%d\n",(b++,b+=4));//comma operator
printf("%ld",sizeof(char));
return 0;
}

Output:
20 16 36 9 0
0110
01
011
34
17 16
4
0 20 20 -17 32 8
9
1

5
 Evaluate the following expressions step by step
1. A=x*2+y/5-z*y where x=3, y=5, z=7
A=x*2+y/5-z*y
=3*2+5/5-7*5
=6+5/5-7*5
=6+1-7*5
=6+1-35
=7-35
=-31
2. A=++x*(y-3)/2-z++*y where x=3, y=5, z=7
A=++x*(y-3)/2-z++*y
=++x*(5-3)/2-z++*5
=++x*2/2-7*5
=4*2/2-7*5
=8/2-7*5
=4-7*5
=4-35
=-31

Operator Precedence Chart

C operators have two properties: priority and associativity. Associativity defines the
direction in which the operator acts on the operands. It can be either left-to-right or right-
to-left. Priority is given precedence over associativity to determine the order in which the
expressions are evaluated. The below table lists the operators that C language supports
in the order of their precedence (highest to lowest).

Table: Operator Precedence

Operator Associativity Operator Associativity
() left to right & left to right
[]
.

++(postfix) right to left ^ left to right
--(postfix)
++(prefix) right to left | left to right
--(prefix)

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 +(unary)
-(unary)
!
~
(type)
*(indirec
tion)
&(addres
s)
sizeof
*/ % left to right && left to right
+ - left to right || left to right
<< >> left to right ?: right to left
< <= left to right = right to left
> >= += -=
*= /=
%= &=
^= |=
<<=
>>=
== != left to right (comma) left to right

Type Conversion and Typecasting

Type conversion is done when the expression has variables of different data types. To evaluate
the expression, the data type is promoted from lower to higher level where the hierarchy of data
types (from higher to lower) can be given as: double, float, long, int, short, and char. Below
Figure depicts type conversions in an expression:

7
Typecasting: It is also known as forced conversion. Typecasting an arithmetic
expression tells the compiler to represent the value of the expression in a certain way.
For ex:
float salary = 10000.00;
int sal;
sal =(int) salary;
In this example floating point numbers are converted to integer by typecasting.

8
 MODULE 2
Chapter 10
Decision Control and Looping Statements
Introduction to Decision Control or Branching Statements
 The statements that transfer the control from one place to other place in the program
with or without any condition are called branch statements or selection statements.
 The branching statements are classified into two types:
i. Conditional branch statements
ii. Unconditional branch statements

(i) Conditional branch statements

 The statements that transfer the control from one place to another place in the program
based on some conditions are called Conditional branch statements.

Simple- if

if-else

Conditional Nested-if
Branch statements
if-else-if

switch

(ii) Unconditional branch statements

 The statements that transfer the control from one place to another place in the program
without any condition are called Unconditional branch statements.

goto

break
Unconditional
Branch statements continue

return

Conditional Branching Statements

if Statement
 The ‘if’ statement is the simplest form of decision control statement.
 When a set of statements have to be executed when an expression (condition) is evaluated to
true or skipped when an expression (condition) is evaluated to false, then if statement is used.
 It is used whenever there is only one choice (alternative). Hence it is also called as “One-
way decision or selection statement”.

1
Syntax of if statement

if(test Expression)
{ test
Expression False
Statement 1;
Statement 2; True
... Statement 1
Statement 2
…
…
… …
…
Statement n; Statement n
}

Statement x; Statement x

 The ‘if’ structure may include one statement or ‘n’ statements enclosed within curly brackets.

Working Principle
 First the test expression is evaluated. If the test expression is true, then the statements of ‘if’
block (statement 1 to n) are executed. Otherwise these statements will be skipped and the
execution will jump to statement x.

Rules for if-statement

a) ‘if’ must be followed by an expression and the expression must be enclosed within
parenthesis.
b) If multiple statements have to be executed when the expression is true, then all those
statements must be enclosed within braces.
c) No semicolon is required for an if-statement.
if(a<b); // statement indicates a NULL statement. It will ‘do nothing’.

Example Programs for ‘if’ statement

1. Write a C program to determine whether a person is eligible to vote or not.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int age;
printf(“Enter the age:”);
scanf(“%d”,&age);
if(age>=18)
printf(“\nThe person is eligible to vote”);
if(age<18)
printf(“\nThe person is not eligible to vote”);
}

2
 2. Write a C program to check whether the number is even or odd and print the
appropriate message.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
printf(“Enter a number:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n%2==0)
printf(“Number is even”);
if(n%2=0)
printf(“Number is odd”);
}

3. Write a C program to print the largest of two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“Enter the two numbers:”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
if(a>b)
printf(“\n a is greater than b”);
if(b>a)
printf(“\n b is greater than a”);
}

if-else statement
 If one set of activities have to be performed when an expression is evaluated to true and another
set of activities have to be performed when an expression is evaluated to false, then if-else
statement is used.
 The is-else statement is used when we must choose between two choices (alternatives).
Hence is also called as “Two-way Decision or Selection Statement”.












3


Syntax of if-else statement:

if(test Expression)
{
Statement block 1; True False
Test
Expression
}

else
Statement block 1 Statement block 2
{

Statement block 2;
}
Statement x
Statement x;

Working Principle
 According to the if-else construct, first the ‘test expression’ is evaluated.
 If the expression is true then Statement block 1 is executed and Statement block 2 is skipped.
 If the expression is false the Statement block 2 is executed and Statement block 1 is ignored.
 Now in any case after the Statement block 1 or 2 gets executed the control will pass to
Statement x. It is executed in every case.

Example Programs for ‘if-else’ statement

1. Write a C program to determine whether a person is eligible to vote or not.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int age;
printf(“Enter the age:”);
scanf(“%d”,&age);
if(age>=18)
printf(“\nThe person is eligible to vote”);
else
printf(“\nThe person is not eligible to vote”);
}

4
2. Write a C program to check whether the number is even or odd and print the
appropriate message.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
printf(“Enter a number:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n%2==0)
printf(“Number is even”);
else
printf(“Number is odd”);
}

3. Write a C program to enter a character and then determine whether it is a vowel or not.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter any character:”);
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
if(ch==’a’||ch==’e’||ch==’i’||ch==’o’||ch==’u’||ch==’A’||ch==’E’||ch==’I’||ch==’O’||ch==’U’)
printf(“\n Character is a vowel”);
else
printf(“\n Character is a consonant”);
}

4. Write a C program to find whether a given year is leap year or not.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int year;
printf(“Enter any year:”);
scanf(“%d”,&year);
if(((year%4==0)&&(year%100!=0))||(year%400==0))
printf(“%d is a leap year”,year);
else
printf(“%d is not a leap year”,year);
}

5
Nested if-else statement
 An if-else statement within if statement or an if-else statement within else statement is
called “nested if or if-else statement”.
 When an action has to be performed based on many decisions involving various types of
expressions and variables, then this statement is used. So it is called as “Multi-way decision
statement”.
Syntax for nested if-else statement:
if(test Expression1)
{
if(test Expression2) True Test False
{ Expression1

Statement block 1;
}
else True False Statement
Test
{ Expression2 block 3
Statement block 2;
} Statement Statement
} block 1 block 2
else
{
Statement block 3;
Statement x
}

Statement x;

Working Principle
 If the test expression 1 is evaluated to true, then the test expression 2 is checked for true or
false. If the test Expression2 is evaluated to true, then the statements in block 1 are executed,
otherwise the statements in block 2 are executed. After executing the inner if-else the control
comes out and the statement x is executed.
 If the test expression1 itself is false, then the statements in block 3 are executed. After
executing these statements, the statement x is executed.

Example Programs for ‘nested if-else’ statement

1. Write a C program to find the largest of three numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“Enter the three numbers:”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b)
{

6
 if(a>c)
printf(“Max=%d”,a);
else
printf(“Max=%d”,c);
}
else
{
if(b>c)
printf(“Max=%d”,b);
else
printf(“Max=%d”,c);
}
}

if-else- if Statement
 It is a special case of nested-if statement where nesting takes place only in the else part.
 The orderly nesting of if-else statement only in the else part is called ‘else-if-ladder’.
 When an action has to be selected based on the range of values, then this statement is used.
So it is called “Multi-way Decision or Selection Statement”.
Syntax :
if (test expression1)
{
Statement block 1; T Test F
Expression1
}
else if (test expression2)
{ T Test
Statement block 2; Statement Expression 2

} block 1
….
else Statement
….
{ block 2
Statement block n; Statement
block n
}

Statement x;
Statement x

Working Principle
 The ‘Expressions’ are evaluated in order. If any expression is true then the statement associated
with it is executed and this terminates the whole chain and statement x is executed.
 The last ‘else’ part is executed when all the test expression are false.

7
Example Programs for ‘cascaded if-else’ statement
1. Write a C program to demonstrate the use of cascaded if structure.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y;
printf(“Enter the values of x and y:”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
if(x==y)
printf(“\n The two numbers are equal”);
else if(x>y)
printf(“\n %d is greater than %d”,x,y);
else
printf(“\n %d is less than %d”,x,y);
}

2. Write a C program to print whether the number is positive, negative or zero.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
printf(“Enter a number:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n==0)
printf(“Number is zero”);
else if(n>0)
printf(“Number is positive”);
else
printf(“Number is negative”);
}

8
 3. Write a C program to input 3 numbers and then find the largest of them using ‘&&’
operator.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“Enter the three numbers:”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b && a>c)
printf(“\n %d is the largest number”,a);
else if(b>a && b>c)
printf(“\n %d is the largest number”,b);
else
printf(“\n %d is the largest number”,c);
}

4. Write a C program to display the examination results.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int marks;
printf(“Enter the marks:”);
scanf(“%d”,&marks);
if(marks>=75)
printf(“\n First Class with Distinction”);
else if(marks>=60&&marks<75)
printf(“\n First Class”);
else if(marks>=50&&marks<60)
printf(“\n Second Class”);
else if(marks>=40&&marks<50)
printf(“\n Third Class”);
else
printf(“\n Fail”);
}

switch statement
 The ‘switch’ statement is a control statement used to select one alternative among several
alternatives.
 It is a “multi-way decision statement” that tests whether an expression matches one of the
case values and branches accordingly.

9
 switch statement syntax True Statement
switch(expression) Value1
block 1
{
False
case value-1: Statement block 1;
break; True
Value2 Statement
case value-2: Statement block 2; block 2
break;
….. False
… ….
…..
… ….
case value-n: Statement block n;
break; True
Valuen Statement
default: Statements;
block n
} False
Statement x;
default Statements

Statement x

Working Principle
 First the expression within switch is evaluated.
 The value of an expression is compared with all the case values.
 The value of an expression within switch is compared with the case value-1. If it matches
then the statements associated with that case are executed. If not then the case value-2 is
compared, if it matches then the associated statements are executed and so on.
 The “default” statements are executed when no match is found.
 A default is optional.
 The ‘break’ statement causes an exit from the switch. ‘break’ indicates end of a particular case
and causes the control to come out of the switch. [Significance of break within switch
statement]

Example Programs for ‘switch’ statement

1. Write a C program to display the grade.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{ char grade;
printf(“Enter the grade:”);
scanf(“%c”,&grade);
switch(grade)
{

10
 case ‘O’: printf(“Outstanding”);
break;
case ‘A’: printf(“Excellent”);
break;
case ‘B’: printf(“Good”);
break;
case ‘C’: printf(“Fair”);
break;
case ‘F’: printf(“Fail”);
break;
default : printf(“Invalid grade”);
}
}

2. Write a C program to enter a number from 1 to 7 and display the corresponding day of
the week using switch.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{ int day;
printf(“Enter any number:”);
scanf(“%d”,&day);
switch(day)
{
case 1: printf(“Sunday”);
break;
case 2: printf(“Monday”);
break;
case 3: printf(“Tuesday”);
break;
case 4: printf(“Wednseday”);
break;
case 5: printf(“Thursday”);
break;
case 6: printf(“Friday”);
break;
case 7: printf(“Saturday”);
break;
default : printf(“invalid input”);
}
}

11
 Iterative Statements or Loops
 A set of statements may have to be repeatedly executed for a specified number of times or till
a condition is satisfied.
 The statements that help us to execute a set of statements repeatedly for a specified
number of times or till a condition is satisfied are called as Iterative statements or looping
constructs or loop control statements.
 These statements are also called as Repetitive or Iterative Statements.
while loop

Loop Statements for loop

do-while loop

while Loop
 It is a control statement using which the programmer can give instructions to the
computer to execute a set of statements repeatedly as long as specified condition is
satisfied.
 The expression is evaluated to TRUE or FALSE in the beginning of the while loop. Hence it
is called as “Entry-Controlled Loop”.

Syntax of while loop

False
while(test expression) while (test
{ expression)
Statements;
}
True
Statement x;
Statements

Statement x

Working principle
 The test expression is evaluated first, if it is TRUE then the set of statements within the body
of the loop are executed repeatedly as long as specified test expression is TRUE.
 If the test expression is false, then the control comes out of the loop by skipping the execution
of the statements within the body of the loop, by transferring the control to the Statement x.

12
Example programs of ‘while’ loop
1. Write a C program to print the natural numbers from 1 to 10.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1;
while(i<=10)
{
printf(“%d\n”,i);
i++;
}
}

2. Write a C program to print the natural numbers from 1 to n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0,n;
printf(“Enter the value of n:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
while(i<=n)
{
printf(“%d\n”,i);
i++;
}
}

3. Write a C program to print the natural numbers from n to 1.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i;
printf(“Enter the value of n:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
i=n;
while(i>=1)
{
printf(“%d\n”,i);
i--;
}
}

4. Write a C program to calculate the sum of the first 10 natural numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()

13
 {
int i=1,sum=0;
while(i<=10)
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}
printf(“\nSum=%d”,sum);
}

5. Write a C program to print the characters from A to Z.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch= ‘A’;
while(ch<= ‘Z’)
{
printf(“%c\t”,ch);
ch++;
}
}

6. Write a C program to find the factorial of a given number using while statement.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int fact=1,i=1,n;
printf(“Enter the value of n:\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
while(i<=n)
{
fact=fact*i;
i++;
}
printf(“Factorial of a given number is=%d”,fact);
}

7. Write a C program to read a number and determine whether it is palindrome or not.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{ int digit,rev=0,num,n;
printf("Enter the number:\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
n=num;
while(num!=0)
{

14
 digit=num%10;
rev=rev*10+digit;
num=num/10;
}
printf("The reversed number is=%d\n",rev);
if(n==rev)
printf(“ The number is a palindrome”);
else
printf(“The number is not a palindrome”);
}

8. Program to find GCD and LCM of 2 numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{ int a,b,m,n,gcd,lcm,rem;
printf("Enter the value for m and n :\n");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
m=a;
n=b;
while(n!=0) OUT PUT:
{ Enter the value for m and n:
rem=m%n; 6
m = n; 12
n = rem; The GCD of 6 12 numbers is= 6
The LCM of 6 12 numbers is= 12
}
gcd = m;
lcm = ( a * b ) / gcd;
printf("The GCD of the numbers is=%d\n", gcd );
printf("The LCM of the numbers is=%d\n", lcm );
}

for Loop (Counter- Controlled Loop)

 It is a control statement using which the programmer can give instructions to the
computer to execute a set of statements repeatedly for a specific number of times.
 It is also called as entry-controlled loop or pretest

loop. Syntax of for loop

for(initialization ;test expression; increment/decrement)
{
Statements;
}
Statement x;

15
Flowchart

for(initialization ;test expression; increment/decrement)

False

True
Statements

Statement x

Working Principle
 initialization: In this section loop variable is initialized, like i=0, n=0, i=1,n=1. (i and n are
loop variables).
 test expression: The test expression may be a relational expression or logical expression or
both, which is evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. Depending on the value of the test expression,
the body of the loop is executed. If the test expression is TRUE, then the body of the loop is
executed. This process of execution of body of the loop is continued as long as the expression
is TRUE. When the test expression becomes FALSE, execution of the statements contained in
the body of the loop are skipped, thereby transferring the control to the Statement x, which
immediately follows the for loop.
 increment/decrement: This section increments or decrements the loop variables after
executing the body of the loop.

Infinite Loop
 A for loop without a test expression is an Infinite loop.
Ex: for(i=0; ;i++)
{
………
} is an “infinite” loop.

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Example programs of ‘for’ loop
1. Write a C program to print the natural numbers from 1 to 10.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf(“%d\n”,i);
}
}

2. Write a C program to print the natural numbers from 1 to n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n;
printf(“Enter the value of n:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf(“%d\n”,i);
}
}

3. Write a C program to compute the sum of the series 1+2+3+……+n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,sum=0,n;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter the number of terms:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf(“\nSum of the series=%d”,sum);
}

17
4. Write a C program to generate ‘n’ Fibonacci numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,f1,f2,f3,i;
f1=0;
f2=1;
printf(“Enter the value of n:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n==1)
printf(“%d”,f1);
else
{
printf(“%d\t%d\t”,f1,f2);
for(i=3;i<=n;i++)
{

f3=f1+f2;
printf(“%d\t”,f3);f1=f2;
f2=f3;
}
}
}

}
}

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 do-while Loop
 do- while loop is used when a set of statements have to be repeatedly executed at least
once.
 Since the test expression is evaluated to TRUE or FALSE at the end of do-while loop, the do-
while loop is called as exit-controlled loop.
 The while and for loop test the expression at the top.
 The do-while tests the expression at the bottom after making each passes through the loop
body.

Syntax of do-while loop
Statements

do{
Statements;

} while(test expression); True

while(test expression);
Statement x;
False

Statement x

Working Principle
 It is a post-test or bottom-testing loop and hence the statements contained within the body of
the loop are executed first and then the expression is evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. If it is
TRUE, then the statements contained within the body of the loop are executed once again
and the expression is evaluated. This is repeated until the expression is evaluated to FALSE.
 If the expression is FALSE, then the control comes out of the loop by skipping the execution
of the statements within the body of the loop, by transferring the control to the Statement x.

2.6.1 Difference between while loop and do-while loop

while loop do-while loop
1 It is entry controlled loop. (top-testing) It is exit controlled loop. (bottom-testing)
2 It is pre-test loop. It is post-test loop.
3 Syntax: Syntax:
while(expression) do {
{ Statements;
Statements; } while(expression);
}

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4 Working Principle: If the expression is Working Principle: On reaching do
evaluated to true, then the statements within the
statement, it proceeds to execute the
body of loop are executed. If the expression is
statements within the body of the loop
false, then the statements within the body of the
irrespective of the test expression. If the
loop are not executed. expression is evaluated to true, then the
statements within the body of loop are
executed once again. If the expression is false,
then the statements within the body of
the loop are not executed.
5 In while loop, while statement does not end In do-while loop, while statement ends with
with semicolon (;). semicolon (;).
6 Ex: Ex:
int i=0,sum=0; int i=0,sum=0;
while(i<=n) do{
{ sum=sum+i;
sum=sum+i; i=i+1;
i=i+1; }while(i<=n);
}

Example programs of ‘do-while’ loop

1. Write a C program to print the natural numbers from 1 to n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1,n;
printf(“Enter the value of n:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
do
{
printf(“%d\n”,i);
i++;
}while(i<=n);
}

2. Write a C program to calculate the sum and average of first ‘n’ numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i=0,sum=0;
float avg=0.0;
printf(“Enter the value of n:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
do
{
sum=sum+i;

20
 i++;

}while(i<=n);
avg=sum/n;
printf(“The sum of numbers=%d”,sum);
printf(“The average of numbers=%f”,avg);
}

Nested Loops
 The loops that can be placed inside other loops.
 It will work with any loops such as while, do-while and for.
 Nested loop is commonly used with the for loop because this is easiest to control.
 The ‘inner for loop’ can be used to control the number of times that a particular set of
statements will be executed.
 The ‘outer for loop’ can be used to control the number of times that a whole loop is repeated.
Example Program: Write a C program to print the following output.
1
1 2
#include<stdio.h> 1 2 3
void main( ) 1 2 3 4
{ 1 2 3 4
int i,j;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf(“\n”);
Outer for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
for loop { Inner
printf(“%d”,j); for loop
}
}
}

21
Unconditional Branch statements
break statement
 In C, break statement is used to terminate the execution of the nearest enclosing loop in
which it appears.
 It is ‘jump’ statement which can be used in switch statement and loops.
 The break statement in switch statement causes the control to come out of the switch
statement and transfers the control to the statement which follows the switch statement.
Ex:
switch(ch)
{
case 1: printf(“1st statement”);
break;
case 2: printf(“2nd statement”);
break;
default: printf(“nth statement”);
}

If ‘case 1’ is selected by the programmer then the output will be 1st statement only. It
will directly come out of the switch.

 If break is executed in a loop (for/while/do-while) then the control comes out of the loop
and the statement following the loop will be executed.
Syntax
1. while(…)
{
……
if(condition)
break;
……
} Transfers the control out of the while loop
……

2. do
{
……
if(condition)
break;
…… Transfers the control out of the do-while loop
}while(condition);
……

22
 3. for(…)
{
……
if(condition)
break;
……
} Transfers the control out of the for loop
……

Example programs of ‘break’ statement

1. Write a C program to print the numbers (0 to 4) using break.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
while(i<=10)
{
if(i==5)
break;
printf(“%d\n”,i);
i=i+1;
}
}

continue statement
 During execution of a loop, it may be necessary to skip a part of the loop based on some
condition. In such cases, we use continue statement.
 The continue statement is used only in the loops to terminate the current iteration and
continue with the remaining iterations.

Syntax:
1. while(… )
{
if(condition) Transfers the control to the expression of the while loop
continue;
……….
}
……….

2. do
{
……
if(condition)
continue;
…… Transfers the control to the expression of the do-while loop
}while(condition);

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 ……
3. for(…)
{
……
if(condition) Transfers the control to the expression of the for loop
continue;
……
}
……

Example programs of ‘continue’ statement

1. Write a C program to display the output in the following form 1 3 4 5
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
if(i==2)
continue;
printf(“%d”,i);
}

Output: 1 3 4 5 [if i==2 then the continue statement is executed and the statements following
continue are skipped]

goto statement
 The goto statement is a ‘jump’ statement that transfers the control to the specified
statement (Label) in a program unconditionally.
 The specified statement is identified by ‘label’( symbolic name ). Label can be any valid
variable name that is followed by a colon (:).
Syntax

goto label; label:

………… Statements
…………. …………
label: …………
Statements goto label;
Forward Jump Backward Jump

24
Example programs of ‘goto’ statement
1. Write a C program to calculate the sum of all numbers entered by the user.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,sum=0;
printf(“Enter the number:\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
sum=i=0;
top: sum=sum+n;
i=i+1;
if(i<=n) goto top;
printf(“Sum of Series=%d”,sum);

25