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OSI Model

The OSI model is a framework that standardizes network communication into seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Each layer has specific functions, such as the Physical layer managing the physical connection and bit transmission, the Data Link layer ensuring error-free node-to-node delivery, and the Network layer handling data routing between different networks. This model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and is widely adopted in the telecommunications industry.

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14 views3 pages

OSI Model

The OSI model is a framework that standardizes network communication into seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Each layer has specific functions, such as the Physical layer managing the physical connection and bit transmission, the Data Link layer ensuring error-free node-to-node delivery, and the Network layer handling data routing between different networks. This model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and is widely adopted in the telecommunications industry.

Uploaded by

sanjpb30
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSI model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven


layers that computer systems use to communicate over a
network. It was the first standard model for network
communications, adopted by all major computer and
telecommunication companies.
The OSI reference model was developed by ISO – ‘International
Organization for Standardization

Seven layers of the OSI model are :


1. Physical layer
2. Data link layer
3. Network layer
4. Transport layer
5. Session layer
6. Presentation layer
7. Application layer

Let's understand each layer.


1. Physical layer
- The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer.
- It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the
devices.
- The physical layer contains information in the form of bits and is
responsible for transmission of the raw data, while taking care of
bit rate control.

- Functions of the Physical Layer


Bit Synchronization:
The physical layer synchronizes bits with clock for sender or
receiver.
Bit Rate Control:
It also defines the transmission rate i.e. the number of bits sent
per second.
Physical Topologies:
It specifies how the different, devices are arranged in a network
i.e. bus, star, or mesh topology.
Transmission Mode:
The physical layer also defines how the data flows between the
two connected devices. The various transmission modes possible
are Simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.

2. Data link layer.


- The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery
of the message.
- It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to
destination.
- The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is
error-free from one node to another, over the physical layer.
- This layer is composed of two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC),
which identifies network protocols, performs error checking and
synchronizes frames, and Media Access Control (MAC) which uses
MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to
transmit and receive data.

- Functions of the data link layer


Framing:
Data link layer performs framing to send meaningful bits and
identify start and end of frame.
Physical Addressing:
After creating frames, the Data link layer adds physical addresses
( MAC addresses ) of the sender and/or receiver in the header of
each frame.
Error Control:
The data link layer provides the mechanism of error control in
which it detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.
Flow Control:
Flow control ensures constant data rate to prevent data
corruption.
Access Control:
MAC sub-layer manages control of communication channels when
multiple devices share it.

3. Network layer
- The network layer works for the transmission of data from one
host to the other host located in different networks.
- It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest
path to transmit the packet, from the number of routes available.
- The sender's and receiver's IP addresses are placed in the
header by the network layer.
- Functions of the Network Layer
Routing:
Network layer protocols determine the best route from source to
destination.
Logical Addressing:
Network layer assigns unique IP addresses to devices for
identification, included in the header for sending and receiving
data.

4. Transport layer
- The transport layer provides services to the application layer
and takes services from the network layer.
- The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments . It is
responsible for the end-to-end delivery of the complete message.

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